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Ni X, Sun C, Ling Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Ou H, Liang B, Sun Q, Mai S, Zhou S, Zhao J. Origins of atmospheric nitrous acid and their contributions to OH radical from ship plumes, marine atmosphere, and continental air masses over South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175841. [PMID: 39214361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important source of atmospheric hydroxyl radical (OH). However, HONO abundance in the marine boundary layer remain largely unknown. Here, ship-based measurements were performed to characterize the origins of HONO from ship plumes, marine atmosphere, and continental emissions over South China Sea (SCS) during September 2021. The results showed that the HONO concentrations were measured at substantial levels (1.0 ± 0.8 ppbv) in polluted plumes due to generally high NOx concentrations (52.3 ± 52.5 ppbv). Comparably, much lower HONO concentrations (0.086 ± 0.102 ppbv) were observed for marine atmosphere. During nighttime, the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 was the predominant source of HONO and occurred mainly on the sea surfaces through NO2 deposition. The HONO yield from this deposition (the proportion of NO2 that was converted to HONO) was 0.08 and 0.06 for the marine atmosphere and continental emissions, respectively. In contrast, daytime known HONO formation of marine atmospheric origins was mainly attributed to homogeneous OH + NO reaction, although the contribution of heterogeneous NO2 conversion might not be negligible. Approximately half of HONO sources during daytime are unknown, which were likely from photo-enhanced NO2 conversation on the sea surfaces. Our results showed that for marine atmosphere and ship plumes, the daily contributions of HONO photolysis to OH radical formation were about 20.8 % and 72.2 %, respectively, while the contributions from ozone photolysis were 79.2 % and 27.8 %. An average HONO concentration of 0.17 ppbv was measured in close shore regions when air masses originated from mainland China, with the contributions from HONO and ozone to OH radical of 21.4 % and 78.6 % respectively, similar to those for the marine atmosphere. This study suggests that HONO in the SCS has various sources (e.g., marine atmosphere, ship plumes, and continental emissions) and makes significant contributions to the OH abundance which affects the oxidation capacity in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ni
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China; Guangzhou Climate and Agrometeorology Center, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Cuizhi Sun
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China.
| | - Yao Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Yongyun Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Hengjia Ou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Baoling Liang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Qibin Sun
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Shixin Mai
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China.
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2
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Yang W, Ji H, Li F, He X, Zhang S, Nan X, Du T, Li K, Han C. Important yet Overlooked HONO Source from Aqueous-phase Photochemical Oxidation of Nitrophenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15722-15731. [PMID: 39175437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Nitrites (NO2-/HONO), as the primary source of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in the atmosphere, play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. However, the current understanding of the source of NO2-/HONO is insufficient and therefore hinders the accurate quantification of atmospheric oxidation capacity. Herein, we highlighted an overlooked HONO source by the reaction between nitrophenols (NPs) and •OH in the aqueous phase and provided kinetic data to better evaluate the contribution of this process to atmospheric HONO. Three typical NPs, including 4-nitrophenol (4NP), 2-nitrophenol (2NP), and 4-nitrocatechol (4NC), underwent a denitration process to form aqueous NO2- and gaseous HONO through the •OH oxidation, with the yield of NO2-/HONO varied from 15.0 to 33.5%. According to chemical composition and structure analysis, the reaction pathway, where the ipso addition of •OH to the NO2 group on 4NP generated hydroquinone, can contribute to more than 61.9% of the NO2-/HONO formation. The aqueous photooxidation of NPs may account for HONO in the atmosphere, depending on the specific conditions. The results clearly suggest that the photooxidation of NPs should be considered in the field observation and calculation to better evaluate the HONO budget in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hui Ji
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Fu Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xue He
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangli Nan
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Tao Du
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Kun Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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3
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Chong K, Wang Y, Zheng M, Qu H, Zhang R, Lee YR, Ji Y, Huey LG, Fang H, Song W, Fang Z, Liu C, Gao Y, Tang J, Wang X. Observation-Based Diagnostics of Reactive Nitrogen Recycling through HONO Heterogenous Production: Divergent Implications for Ozone Production and Emission Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11554-11567. [PMID: 38885439 PMCID: PMC11223480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding of nitrous acid (HONO) production is crucial to photochemical studies, especially in polluted environments like eastern China. In-situ measurements of gaseous and particulate compositions were conducted at a rural coastal site during the 2018 spring Ozone Photochemistry and Export from China Experiment (OPECE). This data set was applied to investigate the recycling of reactive nitrogen through daytime heterogeneous HONO production. Although HONO levels increase during agricultural burning, analysis of the observation data does not indicate more efficient HONO production by agricultural burning aerosols than other anthropogenic aerosols. Box and 1-D modeling analyses reveal the intrinsic relationships between nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate nitrate (pNO3), and nitric acid (HNO3), resulting in comparable agreement between observed and simulated HONO concentrations with any one of the three heterogeneous HONO production mechanisms, photosensitized NO2 conversion on aerosols, photolysis of pNO3, and conversion from HNO3. This finding underscores the uncertainties in the mechanistic understanding and quantitative parametrizations of daytime heterogeneous HONO production pathways. Furthermore, the implications for reactive nitrogen recycling, ozone (O3) production, and O3 control strategies vary greatly depending on the HONO production mechanism. On a regional scale, the conversion of HONO from pNO3 can drastically enhance O3 production, while the conversion from NO2 can reduce O3 sensitivity to NOx changes in polluted eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Chong
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mingming Zheng
- School
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China
| | - Hang Qu
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruixiong Zhang
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yi Ji
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hua Fang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education
of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Yantai Institute
of Coast Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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4
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Tang MX, He LY, Xia SY, Jiang Z, He DY, Guo S, Hu RZ, Zeng H, Huang XF. Coarse particles compensate for missing daytime sources of nitrous acid and enhance atmospheric oxidation capacity in a coastal atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170037. [PMID: 38232856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Large missing sources of daytime atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO), a vital source of hydroxyl radicals (OH) through its photolysis, frequently exist in global coastal regions. In this study, ambient HONO and relevant species were measured at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, during October 2019. Relatively high concentrations (0.32 ± 0.19 ppbv) and daytime peaks at approximately 13:00 of HONO were observed, and HONO photolysis was found to be the dominant (55.5 %) source of the primary OH production. A budget analysis of HONO based on traditional sources suggested large unknown sources during the daytime (66.4 %), which had a significant correlation with the mass of coarse particles (PM2.5-10) and photolysis frequency (J(NO2)). When incorporating photolysis of the abundant nitrate measured in coarse particles with a reasonable enhancement factor relative to fine particles due to favorable aerosol conditions, the missing daytime sources of HONO could be fully compensated by coarse particles serving as the largest source at this coastal site. Our study revealed great potential of coarse particles as a strong daytime HONO source, which has been ignored before but can efficiently promote NOx recycling and thus significantly enhance atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xue Tang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dong-Yi He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ren-Zhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Yang J, Qu Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Niu H, An J. Dominant physical and chemical processes impacting nitrate in Shandong of the North China Plain during winter haze events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169065. [PMID: 38065496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrate has been a dominant component of PM2.5 since the stringent emission control measures implemented in China in 2013. Clarifying key physical and chemical processes influencing nitrate concentrations is crucial for eradicating heavy air pollution in China. In this study, we explored dominant processes impacting nitrate concentrations in Shandong of the North China Plain during three haze events from 9 to 25 December 2021, named cases P1 (94.46 (30.85) μg m-3 for PM2.5 (nitrate)), P2 (148.95 (50.12) μg m-3) and P3 (88.03 (29.21) μg m-3), by using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry model with an integrated process rate analysis scheme and updated heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on the wet aerosol surface (HET-N2O5) and additional nitrous acid (HONO) sources (AS-HONO). The results showed that nitrate increases in the three cases were attributed to aerosol chemistry, whereas nitrate decreases were due mainly to the vertical mixing process in cases P1 and P2 and to the advection process in case P3. HET-N2O5 (the reaction of OH + NO2) contributed 45 % (51 %) of the HNO3 production rate during the study period. AS-HONO produced a nitrate enhancement of 24 % in case P1, 12 % in case P2 and 19 % in case P3, and a HNO3 production rate enhancement of 0.79- 0.97 (0.18- 0.60) μg m-3 h-1 through the reaction of OH + NO2 (HET-N2O5) in the three cases. This study implies that using suitable parameterization schemes for heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces and nitrate photolysis is vital in simulations of HONO and nitrate, and the MOSAIC module for aerosol water simulations needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongya Niu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Feng J, Ren E, Hu M, Fu Q, Duan Y, Huang C, Zhao Y, Wang S. Budget of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) during the haze and clean periods in Shanghai: Importance of heterogeneous reactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165717. [PMID: 37482358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) plays a significant role in radical cycling and atmospheric oxidative chemistry. While the source and evolution of HONO in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China after 2018 remains largely unknown, this work monitored HONO and other air pollutants throughout 2019 at an urban site (Pudong, PD) and a suburban site (Qingpu, QP) in Shanghai. Episodes with high HONO mixing ratios but different PM2.5 levels, namely haze and clean episodes, were chosen for HONO budget analysis. Using an observation-based photochemical box model, relative importance of different sources and sinks of HONO were evaluated. Gas-phase reaction of NO with OH was found to be one of the most important daytime HONO formation sources, especially during the QPhaze period (accounting for 40.3 % of daytime HONO formation). In particular, heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on ground and aerosol surface was found to be the dominant source for nocturnal HONO. Photo-enhanced NO2 conversion on ground surface plays an important role in daytime HONO production (19.4 % in PDhaze vs. 27.6 % in PDclean, and 19.8 % in QPhaze vs. 25.9 % in QPclean). In addition, photo-enhanced NO2 conversion at the aerosol surface during haze episodes made more significant contributions to HONO formation compared to the clean periods (20.9 % in PDhaze vs. 17.1 % in PDclean, and 19.7 % in QPhaze vs. 11.2 % in QPclean). The role of multiphase reactions was found to be increasingly important in HONO generation with enhanced relative humidity (RH) during daytime. Significant unknown HONO source was further analyzed and found to be positively related with photolytic as well as multiphase pathways. Overall, our study sheds light on the budget of HONO in one of the biggest megacities in east China, which would help developing future mitigation strategies for urban HONO and atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ensi Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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7
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Xuan H, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Chen T, Liu J, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Mu Y, He H. Formation mechanisms and atmospheric implications of summertime nitrous acid (HONO) during clean, ozone pollution and double high-level PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution periods in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159538. [PMID: 36270355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key precursor of the hydroxyl radicals (OH) and has a significant impact on air quality. Nowadays, the source of HONO is still controversial due to its complex formation mechanisms, which is widely explored in extensive field and laboratory studies. In this study, the pollution characteristics and source contribution of HONO under different air quality conditions in summer in Beijing were analyzed. The observation periods were classified as three typical periods: clean, ozone pollution, and double high pollution (co-occurrence of high PM2.5 and O3 concentrations). The average concentrations of observed HONO were 0.38 ± 0.35 ppb, 0.21 ± 0.18 ppb, 0.26 ± 0.20 ppb and 0.54 ± 0.45 ppb during the whole, clean, ozone and double high periods, respectively. The elevated HONO levels at night were attributed to vehicle emissions and the RH-dependent heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO. The average emission ratio (HONO/NOx) was 0.85 % ± 0.38 %, and the mean value of calculated nocturnal NO2 to HONO conversion frequency was 0.0076 ± 0.0031 h-1. Based on daytime HONO budget analysis, the largest potential source of HONO was the homogeneous reaction of NO and OH (0.33 and 0.34 ppb h-1), followed by the unknown source (0.11 and 0.21 ppb h-1) during clean and ozone periods, while the unknown source (0.49 ppb h-1) played the predominant role during double high period. The unknown sources of HONO could be attributed to the photo-enhanced heterogeneous conversion of NO2 and the photolysis of particulate nitrate. Furthermore, the photolysis of ozone (0.17, 0.34 and 0.44 ppb h-1) was the major contributor to primary OH during three typical periods. HONO photolysis contributed considerable amounts of primary OH (0.32 ppb h-1) during double high period. These results are helpful to further understand the linkage between HONO and air quality variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Xuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yafei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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8
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Gu R, Wang W, Peng X, Xia M, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Shen H, Xue L, Wang T, Wang W. Nitrous acid in the polluted coastal atmosphere of the South China Sea: Ship emissions, budgets, and impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153692. [PMID: 35182648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) can significantly contribute to hydroxyl radicals (OH) and thus regulate atmospheric oxidation chemistry; however, ambient HONO sources are not well quantified and vary in different environments. In this study, we conducted comprehensive field observations at a coastal site in the South China Sea and performed chemical box modelling to demonstrate contrasting budgets and impacts of diurnal atmospheric HONO derived from the sea, coastline and continent. The ship emission ratio of HONO/nitrogen oxides (NOx) (1.21 ± 0.99%) was calculated from hundreds of night-time fresh plume measurements. Offshore marine air was frequently influenced by ship exhausts, and the sea acted as an HONO sink. Heterogeneous conversions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on underlying surfaces and photolysis of adsorbed nitric acid (HNO3(ads)) were the major HONO sources in coastal air, when heterogeneous NO2 conversions on the ground surface and the homogeneous NO + OH reaction dominated HONO formation in continental air. HONO photolysis was a significant source of reactive radicals (ROx = OH + HO2 + RO2) in these air masses. Atmospheric box model including only homogeneous HONO source of the NO + OH reactions significantly underpredicted the OH concentration and atmospheric oxidising capacity in coastal and continental air. This study provides new insights into the complex sources and significant impacts of HONO in the polluted coastal boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Gu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; Department of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ya'nan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Hengqing Shen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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9
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Cui L, Wang S. Mapping the daily nitrous acid (HONO) concentrations across China during 2006-2017 through ensemble machine-learning algorithm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147325. [PMID: 33957584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and plays a key role in atmospheric photochemistry. The lack of spatially resolved HONO concentration information results in large knowledge gaps of HONO and its role in atmospheric chemistry and air pollution in China. In this work, an ensemble machine learning model comprising of random forest, gradient boosting, and back propagation neural network was proposed, for the first time, to estimate the long-term (2006-2017) daily HONO concentrations across China in 0.25° resolution. Further, the key factors controlling the space-time variablity of HONO concentrations were analyzed based on variable importance values. The ensemble model well characterized the spatiotemporal distribution of daily HONO concentrations with the sampled-based, site-based and by-year cross-validation (CV) R2 (RMSE) of 0.7 (0.36 ppbv), 0.67 (0.36 ppbv), and 0.62 (0.40 ppbv), respectively. HONO hotspots were mainly distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Pearl River Delta (PRD), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and several sites of Sichuan Basin, in line with the distribution patterns of the tropospheric NO2 columns and assimilated surface NO3- levels. The national HONO levels stagnated during 2006-2013, then declined after 2013 benefiting from the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control. The NO3- concentration, urban area, NO2 column density ranked as important variables for HONO prediction, while agricultral land, forest and grassland played minor roles in affecting HONO concentrations, suggesting the significant role of heterogeneous HONO production from anthropogenic precursor emissions. Leveraging the ground-level HONO observations, this study fills the gap of statistically modelling nationwide HONO in China, which provides essential data for atmospheric chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Zhao X, Shi X, Ma X, Wang J, Xu F, Zhang Q, Li Y, Teng Z, Han Y, Wang Q, Wang W. Simulation Verification of Barrierless HONO Formation from the Oxidation Reaction System of NO, Cl, and Water in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7850-7857. [PMID: 34019399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of hydroxyl (OH) radicals, and identifying its source is crucial to atmospheric chemistry. Here, a new formation route of HONO from the reaction of NO with Cl radicals with the aid of one or two water molecules [(Cl) (NO) (H2O)n (n = 1-2)] as well as on the droplet surface was found by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamic simulation and metadynamic simulation. The (Cl) (NO) (H2O)1 (monohydrate) system exhibited a free-energy barrier of approximately 0.95 kcal mol-1, whereas the (Cl) (NO) (H2O)2 (dihydrate) system was barrierless. For the dihydrate system and the reaction of NO with Cl radicals on the droplet surface, only one water molecule participated in the reaction and the other acted as the "solvent" molecule. The production rates of HONO suggested that the monohydrate system ([NO] = 8.56 × 1012 molecule cm-3, [Cl] = 8.00 × 106 molecule cm-3, [H2O] = 5.18 × 1017 molecule cm-3) could account for 40.3% of the unknown HONO production rate (Punknown) at site 1 and 53.8% of Punknown at site 2 in the East China Sea. This study identified the importance of the reaction system of NO, Cl, and water molecules in the formation of HONO in the marine boundary layer region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiangli Shi
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zhuochao Teng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Han
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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11
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Gil J, Kim J, Lee M, Lee G, An J, Lee D, Jung J, Cho S, Whitehill A, Szykman J, Lee J. Characteristics of HONO and its impact on O 3 formation in the Seoul Metropolitan Area during the Korea-US Air Quality Study. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 247:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118182. [PMID: 33746556 PMCID: PMC7970509 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) is recognized as an early-morning source of OH radicals in the urban air. During the Korea-US air quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign, HONO was measured using quantum cascade - tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectrometer (QC-TILDAS) at Olympic Park in Seoul from 17 May, 2016 to 14 June, 2016. The HONO concentration was in the range of 0.07-3.46 ppbv, with an average of 0.93 ppbv. Moreover, it remained high from 00:00-05:00 LST. During this time, the mean concentration was higher during the high-O3 episodes (1.82 ppbv) than the non-episodes (1.20 ppbv). In the morning, the OH radicals that were produced from HONO photolysis were 50% higher (0.95 pptv) during the high-O3 episodes than the non-episodes. Diurnal variations in HOx and O3 concentrations were simulated by the F0AM model, which revealed a difference of ~20 ppbv in the daily maximum O3 concentrations between the high-O3 episodes and non-episodes. Furthermore, the HONO concentration increased with an increase in relative humidity (RH) up to 80%; the highest HONO was associated with the top 10% NO2 in each RH group, confirming that NO2 is one of the main precursors of HONO. At night, the conversion ratio of NO2 to HONO was estimated to be 0.88×10-2 h-1; this ratio was found to increase with an increase in RH. The Aitken mode particles (30-120 nm), which act as catalyst surfaces, exhibited a similar tendency with a conversion ratio that increased along with RH, indicating the coupling of surfaces with HONO conversion. Using an artificial neural network (ANN) model, HONO concentrations were successfully simulated with measured variables (r2 = 0.66 as an average of five models). Among these variables, NOx, aerosol surface area, and RH were found to be the main factors affecting the ambient HONO concentrations. The results reveal that RH facilitates the conversion of NO2 to HONO by constraining the availability of aerosol surfaces. This study demonstrates the coupling of HONO with the HOx-O3 cycle in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) and provides practical evidence of the heterogeneous formation of HONO by employing the ANN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Gil
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Meehye Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gangwoong Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Joonyeong An
- National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dongsoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsang Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seogju Cho
- Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew Whitehill
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, USA
| | - James Szykman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, USA
| | - Jeonghoon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, South Korea
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12
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Zhang J, Guo Y, Qu Y, Chen Y, Yu R, Xue C, Yang R, Zhang Q, Liu X, Mu Y, Wang J, Ye C, Zhao H, Sun Q, Wang Z, An J. Effect of potential HONO sources on peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation in eastern China in winter. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:81-87. [PMID: 32563490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an important secondary photochemical pollutant, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been studied over decades, yet its simulations usually underestimate the corresponding observations, especially in polluted areas. Recent observations in north China found unusually high concentrations of PAN during wintertime heavy haze events, but the current model still cannot reproduce the observations, and researchers speculated that nitrous acid (HONO) played a key role in PAN formation. For the first time we systematically assessed the impact of potential HONO sources on PAN formation mechanisms in eastern China using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in February of 2017. The results showed that the potential HONO sources significantly improved the PAN simulations, remarkably accelerated the ROx (sum of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals) cycles, and resulted in 80%-150% enhancements of PAN near the ground in the coastal areas of eastern China and 10%-50% enhancements in the areas around 35-40°N within 3 km during a heavy haze period. The direct precursors of PAN were aldehyde and methylglyoxal, and the primary precursors of PAN were alkenes with C > 3, xylenes, propene and toluene. The above results suggest that the potential HONO sources should be considered in regional and global chemical transport models when conducting PAN studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruipeng Yu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Guangzhou Meteorological Observatory, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Can Ye
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiangqiang Sun
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Qinghai Climate Center, Qinghai Meteorological Bureau, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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13
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Vikrant K, Kim KH, Dong F, Giannakoudakis DA. Photocatalytic Platforms for Removal of Ammonia from Gaseous and Aqueous Matrixes: Status and Challenges. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vikrant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental and Energy Catalysis, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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