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Li JY, Yao S, Mo Z, Miao Y, Chen Y, He W, Jin L, Tang W. Submerged plant-biochar composite system exhibits effective control over residual organic pollutants in the benthic organisms of aquaculture ponds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124078. [PMID: 38703986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
As of now, submerged plants and biochar have demonstrated significant benefits in aquaculture pond sediment remediation. However, there is limited research on the synergistic effects of biochar and submerged plants in mitigating hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) accumulation in aquaculture benthic organisms and in controlling the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) levels in aquaculture water. This study assesses a submerged plant-biochar system's efficacy in removing HOCs from simulated freshwater aquaculture ponds. Vallisneria natans was planted in sediment with varying levels of wheat straw biochar, while Corbicula fluminea served as the targeted benthic organism. The bioaccumulation experiment identified the optimal biochar ratio for the Vallisneria natans-biochar system in controlling HOCs in aquaculture products. Analyses included final accumulation concentrations in benthic organisms, changes in freely-dissolved concentrations in aquaculture sediment, and a mass balance calculation to explore key factors in their removal from the system. Results indicated that the Vallisneria natans-1.5% biochar composite system achieved optimal control of HOCs in sediment and aquaculture products. Biochar addition to the sediment in the composite system demonstrated a "promotion with low addition, inhibition with high addition" effect on Vallisneria natans growth. Notably, the addition of 1.5% biochar (VN1.5 group) significantly promoted the growth of Vallisneria natans leaves and roots. Comparing the final pollutant proportions in different environmental media, concentrations in water (0.20%-1.8%), clam accumulation (0.032%-0.11%), and plant absorption (0.10%-0.44%) constituted a minimal portion of the overall pollutant load in the system. The majority of pollutants (24%-65%) were degraded in the aquaculture environment, with microbial degradation likely playing a predominant role. Bacterial phyla, particularly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, were identified as potential direct contributors to pollutant degradation in the Vallisneria natans-biochar system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Ying Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of River and Lake Biochain Construction and Resource Utilization, Shanghai, 201702, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zilong Mo
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yabo Miao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yiqin Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Wenhui He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of River and Lake Biochain Construction and Resource Utilization, Shanghai, 201702, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, and Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, 100085, Beijing, China
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Grundy JS, Lambert MK, Burgess RM. Passive Sampling-Based versus Conventional-Based Metrics for Evaluating Remediation Efficacy at Contaminated Sediment Sites: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37364241 PMCID: PMC10404352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are increasingly used at contaminated sites to improve the characterization of contaminant transport and assessment of ecological and human health risk at sediment sites and to evaluate the effectiveness of remedial actions. The use of PSDs after full-scale remediation remains limited, however, in favor of evaluation based on conventional metrics, such as bulk sediment concentrations or bioaccumulation. This review has three overall aims: (1) identify sites where PSDs have been used to support cleanup efforts, (2) assess how PSD-derived remedial end points compare to conventional metrics, and (3) perform broad semiquantitative and selective quantitative concurrence analyses to evaluate the magnitude of agreement between metrics. Contaminated sediment remedies evaluated included capping, in situ amendment, dredging and monitored natural recovery (MNR). We identify and discuss 102 sites globally where PSDs were used to determine remedial efficacy resulting in over 130 peer-reviewed scientific publications and numerous technical reports and conference proceedings. The most common conventional metrics assessed alongside PSDs in the peer-reviewed literature were bioaccumulation (39%), bulk sediments (40%), toxicity (14%), porewater grab samples (16%), and water column grab samples (16%), while about 25% of studies used PSDs as the sole metric. In a semiquantitative concurrence analysis, the PSD-based metrics agreed with conventional metrics in about 68% of remedy assessments. A more quantitative analysis of reductions in bioaccumulation after remediation (i.e., remediation was successful) showed that decreases in uptake into PSDs agreed with decreases in bioaccumulation (within a factor of 2) 61% of the time. Given the relatively good agreement between conventional and PSD-based metrics, we propose several practices and areas for further study to enhance the utilization of PSDs throughout the remediation of contaminated sediment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Grundy
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education c/o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OLEM, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Edison, New Jersey 08837, United States
| | - Matthew K Lambert
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OLEM, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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Zhang H, Yuan L, Xue J, Wu H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water and sediment from Shanghai port, China: spatial distribution, source apportionment, and potential risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7973-7986. [PMID: 36048385 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were systematically investigated in Shanghai port, one of the most important hubs in international trade. The 16 priority PAHs in surface water and sediment were determined. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs (Σ16PAHs) ranged from 140.6 to 647.4 ng/L in surface water and from 12.7 to 573.2 ng/g (dry weight, dw) in sediment, respectively. The 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs with low molecular weight were main components in water, while the 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs were abundant in sediment. Flu was the main component of the Σ16PAHs in water and sediment. According to the source apportionment, the PAHs in water mostly originated from combustion of fossil fuels and petroleum and petroleum combustion were the main contributors to the PAHs in sediment. The results obtained from potential risk assessment indicate that the PAHs in surface water present a moderate ecological risk, whereas the PAHs in sediment show low ecological risk indicating a less possibility of toxic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Chen Y, Su J, Zhao H, Li JY, Wang J, Wang Q, Yin J, Jin L. In-situ biochar amendment mitigates dietary risks of heavy metals and PAHs in aquaculture products. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119615. [PMID: 35705152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are two common contaminant groups of concern in aquaculture products. While biochar amendment can be one of the solutions to immobilize these contaminant in pond sediment, its in situ effectiveness in mitigating the bioavailability, tissue residue, and dietary risk of these contaminants is yet to be tested. In this study, we added wheat straw biochar in sediments of three aquaculture ponds with polyculture of fish and shrimps and employed passive sampling techniques (i.e., diffusive gradient in thin film for HMs and polydimethylsiloxane for PAHs) to assess the diffusion flux and bioavailability throughout the culturing cycle. Reduction in HM concentrations in organisms by biochar after 28 weeks ranged from 17% to 65% for benthic organisms and from 6.0% to 47% for fish. ΣTHQs values of HMs dropped from 2.5 to 2.1 and 1.2 to 0.91 for the two organisms with the initial ΣTHQs value above 1.0. The decrease rates of both the concentrations and ΣTHQs values followed the order of Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd, which was closely correlated with the speciation of HMs in the sediments. ΣPAHs values dropped significantly at the growth stage (20th week) and the mature stage (28th week), and, on average, by 34% across all the organisms. Carcinogenic PAHs in aquaculture products decreased dramatically at the seedling stage (12th week), while there was no significant change observed for the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk values. By comparing the freely-dissolved concentrations in pore water of sediments and the overlying water, consistently enhanced diffusion fluxes of HMs and PAHs from water to sediment over the whole culturing cycle were obtained. Our results demonstrated the in situ applicability of biochar amendment to remediating chemical pollution in aquaculture environment and safeguarding quality of aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junrong Su
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hanyin Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Juan-Ying Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Shanghai Shentian Industrial Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Health Technology and Informatics and Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Lim YC, Wang MH, Albarico FPJB, Chen CW, Dong CD. Potential sources and toxicity risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of commercial ports in Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113924. [PMID: 35841673 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of pollutants in the semi-enclosed waters of ports has long been a concern. This study assessed the pollution status, sources, and toxicity risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of 7 major ports in Taiwan. Total PAHs concentrations in sediments ranged between 8.4 and 572.5 ng/g dw, with an average of 112.4 ± 136.5 ng/g dw. The 3- and 4-ring PAHs (63 %) were the major constituents of PAHs in the sediments. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analyses indicated that PAHs in sediments were mainly contributed by biomass combustion (45.0 %), coal combustion (31.5 %), and vehicle emissions and related fossil fuels (23.5 %). The results of ecological risk assessment showed a low-medium risk of PAHs in the sediments outside the port, whereas most of the sediments within the port presented a medium-high risk. An assessment of the possible human health risks indicated that PAHs were present at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Frank Paolo Jay B Albarico
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Fisheries and Marine Research Station, College of Fisheries and Allied Sciences, Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, Sagay City 6122, Philippines
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
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Wu Z, Lin T, Hu L, Guo T, Guo Z. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment-porewater system from the East China Sea: Occurrence, partitioning, and diffusion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112755. [PMID: 35134381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, partitioning behavior, and diffusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within sediment-porewater system were determined in two cores obtained from the Min-Zhe coastal mud of the East China Sea (ECS). Depth profiles of apparently dissolved PAH levels exhibited greater variabilities, with their elevated levels at depth and a high abundance of two-to three-ring PAHs observed. These distribution and composition patterns were inconsistent with the corresponding sediment PAHs, indicating differences in controlling factors for PAHs present in the system. In addition to compound's hydrophobicity, low detection of heavier PAHs in porewater was possibly correlated with the sediment transport process, as indicated by a relatively high weathering ratio in southern Min-Zhe coastal mud. PAH sorption affinity to the collected core sediments exhibited a generally decreasing trend downcore, as expressed by sediment-porewater partition coefficients. This was consistent with the higher content of porewater PAHs in deep core sediment. The established sediment total organic carbon (TOC)-porewater partitioning profiles in cores were predicted with amorphous organic carbon (AOC)-, coal tar-, and TOC-based distribution models, suggesting a dominant nonlinear sorption of PAHs to AOC. Through activity determinations, PAH diffusion within porewater was elucidated, with significant upward and downward mass transfer for PAHs occurring in both cores. The upward diffusion in the core collected from northern Min-Zhe coastal mud was in significant association with sediment TOC. This suggests that sediment TOC (especially AOC)-desorption of lighter PAHs into porewater, and therefore the possibility of their participation in environmental cycling. Baseline toxicity potential and toxic unit calculations indicated a relatively low exposure risk for benthic organisms to porewater PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Limin Hu
- College of Marine Geosciences, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tianfeng Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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7
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Muz M, Escher BI, Jahnke A. Bioavailable Environmental Pollutant Patterns in Sediments from Passive Equilibrium Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15861-15871. [PMID: 33213151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sediment-associated risks depend on the bioavailable fraction of organic chemicals and cannot be comprehended by their total concentrations. The present study investigated contamination patterns of bioavailable chemicals in sediments from various sites around the globe by using passive equilibrium sampling. The extracts had been characterized previously for mixture effects by in vitro reporter gene assays and were in this study analyzed using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for 121 chemicals including both legacy and emerging contaminants. The spatial distribution of the detected chemicals revealed distinct contamination patterns among sampling sites. We identified compounds in common at the different sites but most contaminant mixtures were site-specific. The mixture effects of the detected chemicals were predicted with a mixture toxicity model from effect concentrations of bioactive single chemicals and detected concentrations, applying a joint model for concentration addition and independent action. The predicted mixture effects were dominated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and among the chemicals with available effect data, 17% elicited oxidative stress response and 18% activated the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Except for two sites in Sweden, where 11 and 38% of the observed oxidative stress response were explained by the detected chemicals, less than 10% of effects in both biological end points were explained. These results provide a comprehensive investigation of bioavailable contamination patterns of sediments and may serve as an example of employing passive equilibrium sampling as a monitoring technique to integrate the risk of bioavailable sediment-associated chemicals in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Muz
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Effect Directed Analysis, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Jaglal K. Contaminated aquatic sediments. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1826-1832. [PMID: 32860296 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of contaminated aquatic sediments requires a range of expertise from assessment (investigation, risk evaluations, modeling, and remedy selection) to design and construction. Research in 2019 has added to knowledge on optimizing the use of passive samplers for assessing chemical concentrations in sediment porewater. The porewater and black carbon appear to be better predictors of contaminant bioaccumulation than total organic carbon alone. This has led to better characterization of potential risk at sediment sites. Tools to identify and model sources of chemicals have been developed and used particularly for some metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. There is great emphasis on beneficially using dredged sediment, treating it as a resource rather than a waste. Amendments used in sediment caps continue to be refined including the use of activated carbon within the caps and by itself. A technique involving 16S rRNA has been established as a means of identifying microbiological composition that naturally degrade contaminants. © 2020 Water Environment Federation PRACTITIONER POINTS: Sediment capping technology continues to advance Sampling and testing methods continue to be refined Natural processes such as biodegradation are being better understood Beneficial use of dredged sediment continue to be emphasized.
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He Y, Yang C, He W, Xu F. Nationwide health risk assessment of juvenile exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water body of Chinese lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138099. [PMID: 32229384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a serious threat to the lake ecosystem and human health, and the human health risk assessment of PAH exposure is expected as an urgent project in China. This paper focused on 44 Chinese lakes in 6 lake zones to investigate the occurrence, composition and source of 19 PAHs in water body and estimate the human health risk under PAH exposure. The "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in China was generated based on the combination of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model and Monte Carlo simulation. Our results showed that the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 3.75 ng·L-1 to 368.68 ng·L-1 with a median of 55.88 ng·L-1. Low-ring PAHs were the predominant compounds. PAH profiles varied significantly at lake zone level. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs might derive from petroleum and coal or biomass combustion. Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent toxic concentrations (BaPeq) of the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 0.07 ng·L-1 to 2.26 ng·L-1 (0.62 ± 0.52 ng·L-1, mean ± standard deviation) with a median of 0.47 ng·L-1. Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) were the main toxic isomers. Juvenile exposure to PAHs via oral ingestion (drinking) and dermal contact (showering) had negligible and potential health risks, respectively. Juveniles were the sensitive population for PAH exposure. 15 lakes were screened into the "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in three priority levels: first priority (Level A), moderate priority (Level B) and general priority (Level C). Lake Taihu, Lake Chaohu and Lake Hongze were the extreme priority lakes. Optimizing the economic structures and reducing the combustion emissions in these areas should be implemented to reduce the population under potential health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zhao YP, Wu R, Cui JL, Gan SC, Pan JC, Guo PR. Improvement of water quality in the Pearl River Estuary, China: a long-term (2008-2017) case study of temporal-spatial variation, source identification and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface water of Guangzhou. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:21084-21097. [PMID: 32266614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of environmental protective policies have been taken recently in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) to alleviate water pollution; however, their influence on the reduction of heavy metals in estuarine water has not been known. This study selected Guangzhou as a representative city in the PRE and collected estuarine water monthly from 2008 to 2017 to track the variation of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Se. During the last decade, the high time-resolved record showed that the concentration of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in estuarine water reduced by 39.5%, 91.0%, 86.2%, 74.6%, and 97.3%, respectively. However, the concentration of As kept in a stable range (1.89-2.69 μg L-1) and Se (0.17-0.65 μg L-1) increased slightly. The principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) results suggested that the upstream industrial effluents were major sources for Hg (45.5-92.7%), Pb (47.3-100%), Cd (42.0-90.6%), Cu (85.5-100%), and Zn (100%) and the geogenic source was major origin for As (84.6-98.3%) and Se (0-67.5%). The risk quotient of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn to aquatic organisms largely decreased from 0.03, 0.59, 0.03, 2.06, and 0.26 in 2008 to 0.02, 0.05, 0.006, 0.52, and 0.007 in 2017, respectively. The effective control of heavy metal pollution in the study area can be primarily due to the relocation of hundreds of polluting factories during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Li Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Chai Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Chuan Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Ran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Assessment of Water Quality Evolution in the Pearl River Estuary (South Guangzhou) from 2008 to 2017. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To control the water pollution in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), a series of measures have been enacted in recent years. The efficacy of these measures on water quality improvement is, however, currently unknown. To evaluate the variation of water quality in response to the pollution control measures in the PRE during the last decade (2008–2017), our study conducted a long-term monitoring program of estuarine water in the representative city Guangzhou that targeted fecal coliform (F. Coli), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), petroleum, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) and total phosphorus (TP). In the last decade, F. Coli, BOD5, CODCr and CODMn, petroleum and NH3–N have shown a significant reduction by 78.8%, 50.9%, 37.5%, 18.9%, 75.0% and 25.0%, respectively. In contrast, TN and TP remained stable. Water quality index calculations indicated that the water quality was elevated from the marginal–fair level to the good level, particularly after 2012. The biochemical pollutants and nutrients in the estuarine water most likely originated from the upper river due to the wastewater discharge, fecal pollution and agricultural input. The success of pollutant reduction could thus be attributed to industrial upgrading and relocation, as well as the improvement of the sewage treatment system in Guangzhou. However, efficient approaches to reduce TN pollution should be implemented in the future.
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