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Květoňová V, Pánek J, Geletič J, Šimáček P, Lehnert M. Where is the heat threat in a city? Different perspectives on people-oriented and remote sensing methods: The case of Prague. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36101. [PMID: 39229541 PMCID: PMC11369482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Extreme heat in urban areas has a severe impact on urban populations worldwide. In light of the threats posed by climate change, it is clear that more holistic and people-oriented approaches to reducing heat stress in urban areas are needed. From this perspective we aim to identify and compare thermal hotspots and places with favourable thermal conditions, based on three different methods - thermal walk, participatory-based cognitive mapping, and remote sensing in a Central European city. Although major hotspots in large low-rise development zones were identified by all three methods, the overall agreement between on-site thermal sensation votes, cognitive maps and surface temperatures is low. In the urban canyon of compact mid-rise and open mid-rise development, the thermal walk method proved to be useful in the identification of the specific (parts of) streets and public spaces where citizens can expect thermal discomfort and experience heat stress, e.g. crossroads, arterial streets with a lack of greenery, north facing unshaded parts of streets, and streets with inappropriate tree spacing. Cognitive maps on an urban neighbourhood scale are not specific enough on a street level; however, as a supplementary method they can help identify discrepancies between on-site sensations and thermal conditions. For further research on effective and cost-efficient urban heat mitigation, we suggest combining thermal walks with numerical model simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Květoňová
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pánek
- Department of Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Geletič
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimáček
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Lehnert
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Karanja J, Vanos J, Joshi A, Penner S, Guzman GE, Connor DS, Rykaczewski K. Impact of tent shade on heat exposures and simulated heat strain for people experiencing homelessness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00484-024-02751-0. [PMID: 39186083 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Concurrent increases in homelessness and heat intensity, duration, and frequency translate to an urban heat risk trap for the unsheltered population. Homelessness is both a driver and consequence of poor health, co-creating distinct geographies with various risk factors that exacerbate heat vulnerability. We tested the efficacy of different tent shadings over identical tents often observed in the Phoenix area (white bedsheet, mylar, tarp, and aluminum foil) and compared them to a control tent (uncovered) and ambient conditions. We monitored all meteorological variables at all six locations, notably Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT). The in-tent microclimate variability was applied to complete statistical and physiological modeling including substance use on heat strain. Findings indicate that tent shadings resulted in significantly lower in-tent MRT during the day (p < 0.05), but exacerbated in-tent thermal risk during the night compared to the control tent and ambient conditions. Furthermore, we found evidence that the temperature metric matters, and using only either MRT or air temperature (Tair) to assess "heat" could lead to inconsistent conclusions about in-tent microclimate. Interactions between shade types and time significantly amplified in-tent thermal risk. Physiological modeling indicates a higher risk of heat strain (core temperature beyond 40˚C) for people using substances. Decision makers should promote testing different heat intervening strategies toward realizing effective means of protecting human life and preventing heat illnesses. This study illuminates the need for an interdisciplinary approach to studying tents as shelters that considers the total heat load with heat strain modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Karanja
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA.
- Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, 975 S Myrtle Ave, Lattie F. Coor Hall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, 975 S Myrtle Ave, Lattie F. Coor Hall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Ankit Joshi
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Scott Penner
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gisel E Guzman
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA
| | - Dylan S Connor
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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3
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Hu L, Uejio C. Ground Urban Heat Island: Strengthening the Connection Between Spaceborne Thermal Observations and Urban Heat Risk Management. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2024GH001114. [PMID: 39050807 PMCID: PMC11266779 DOI: 10.1029/2024gh001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
As urbanization progresses under a changing climate, urban populations face increasing threats from chronically higher heat exposures and more frequent extreme heat events. Understanding the complex urban thermal exposure patterns becomes crucial for effective heat risk management. The spatial advantage of satellite thermal observations positions surface urban heat islands (SUHI) as a primary measure for such applications at the city scale. However, satellite-inherent biases pose considerable uncertainties. To improve the representation of human-relevant heat exposure, this study proposes a simple but effective satellite-based measure- ground urban heat island (GUHI), focusing solely on radiant temperatures from urban ground elements. Leveraging ECOSTRESS land surface temperature product and radiation-based statistical downscaling, diurnally representative GUHIs were evaluated over NYC. The findings reveal that overall GUHI is consistently warmer than SUHI diurnally. However, GUHI exhibits complex spatial contrasts with SUHI, primarily influenced by vegetation coverage. Various indicators associated with urban structures and materials were examined, showing important but dissimilar roles in shaping the spatial dynamics of GUHI and SUHI. This study highlights the value of satellite thermal observations compared to air temperature while addressing uncertainties in widely adopted practices of using them. By improving the depiction of human-related urban heat patterns from Earth observations, this research offers valuable insight and more reliable measures to address the urgent requirements for urban heat risk management globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiqiu Hu
- University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
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4
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Braun P, Lookingbill T, Zizzamia B, Hoffman J, Rosner J, Banta D. A Heat Emergency: Urban Heat Exposure and Access to Refuge in Richmond, VA. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2023GH000985. [PMID: 38912226 PMCID: PMC11191222 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The urban heat island effect exacerbates independent climate change-induced shifts toward longer, stronger, and more frequent heat extremes. Environmental inequity, driven by a history of racially motivated urban planning policies, has led particular demographics to bear the worst impacts of urban heat exposure and thus also climate change. These impacts cause adverse health outcomes in the form of heat emergencies. Through a novel demographic and spatial analysis of heat-related illness Emergency Medical Services data from Richmond, Virginia, this study investigates the relationships between heat health emergencies and intra-urban heat islands quantified through three heat exposure metrics. We also evaluate the accessibility of built refuge from urban heat in the form of public transit infrastructure, libraries, and government cooling centers in relation to these emergencies. We found that heat emergencies are inequitably distributed among racial, age, and socioeconomic groups in Richmond, particularly among residents identified as Male, Black or African American, 50+ years old, and experiencing mental health, intoxication, and/or homelessness. We found significant associations between the location of these heat emergencies and urban heat islands as estimated from remotely-sensed surface and community science-derived air temperature metrics, but not a co-estimated heat index. We also found that available refuge facilities are insufficiently located to protect individuals with reduced mobility across areas with the highest number of heat-related health emergencies. Community involvement in the mitigation and management of extreme heat threats, especially for those disproportionately impacted, is necessary to decrease the number of summertime heat illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Braun
- Department of Geography, Environment, and SustainabilityUniversity of RichmondRichmondVAUSA
- Virginia Department of Health, Richmond and Henrico Health DistrictsRichmondVAUSA
| | - Todd Lookingbill
- Department of Geography, Environment, and SustainabilityUniversity of RichmondRichmondVAUSA
| | - Beth Zizzamia
- Department of Geography, Environment, and SustainabilityUniversity of RichmondRichmondVAUSA
| | - Jeremy Hoffman
- Department of Geography, Environment, and SustainabilityUniversity of RichmondRichmondVAUSA
- Groundwork USAYonkersNYUSA
- L. Douglas Wilder School of Public and Governmental AffairsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Jessica Rosner
- Virginia Department of HealthOffice of Emergency Medical ServicesGlen AllenVAUSA
| | - Daisy Banta
- Virginia Department of HealthOffice of Emergency Medical ServicesGlen AllenVAUSA
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5
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Rykaczewski K, Joshi A, Viswanathan SH, Guddanti SS, Sadeghi K, Gupta M, Jaiswal AK, Kompally K, Pathikonda G, Barlett R, Vanos JK, Middel A. A simple three-cylinder radiometer and low-speed anemometer to characterize human extreme heat exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1081-1092. [PMID: 38430247 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
As populations and temperatures of urban areas swell, more people face extreme heat and are at increasing risk of adverse health outcomes. Radiation accounts for much of human heat exposure but is rarely used as heat metric due to a lack of cost-effective and accurate sensors. To this end, we fuse the concepts of a three-globe radiometer-anemometer with a cylindrical human body shape representation, which is more realistic than a spherical representation. Using cost-effective and readily available materials, we fabricated two combinations of three cylinders with varying surface properties. These simple devices measure the convection coefficient and the shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. We tested the devices in a wind tunnel and at fourteen outdoor sites during July 2023's record-setting heat wave in Tempe, Arizona. The average difference between pedestrian-level mean radiant temperature (MRT) measured using research-grade 3-way net radiometers and the three-cylinder setup was 0.4 ± 3.0 °C ( ± 1 SD). At most, we observed a 10 °C MRT difference on a white roof site with extreme MRT values (70 °C to 80 °C), which will be addressed through discussed design changes to the system. The measured heat transfer coefficient can be used to calculate wind speed below 2 m·s-1; thus, the three cylinders combined also serve as a low-speed anemometer. The novel setup could be used in affordable biometeorological stations and deployed across urban landscapes to build human-relevant heat sensing networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Ankit Joshi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shri H Viswanathan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sai S Guddanti
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mahima Gupta
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ankush K Jaiswal
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Krishna Kompally
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Pathikonda
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Riley Barlett
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School for Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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6
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Joshi A, Viswanathan SH, Jaiswal AK, Sadeghi K, Bartels L, Jain RM, Pathikonda G, Vanos JK, Middel A, Rykaczewski K. Characterization of human extreme heat exposure using an outdoor thermal manikin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171525. [PMID: 38458460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Extreme heat is a current and growing global health concern. Current heat exposure models include meteorological and human factors that dictate heat stress, comfort, and risk of illness. However, radiation models simplify the human body to a cylinder, while convection ones provide conflicting predictions. To address these issues, we introduce a new method to characterize human exposure to extreme heat with unprecedented detail. We measure heat loads on 35 body surface zones using an outdoor thermal manikin ("ANDI") alongside an ultrasonic anemometer array and integral radiation measurements (IRM). We show that regardless of body orientation, IRM and ANDI agree even under high solar conditions. Further, body parts can be treated as cylinders, even in highly turbulent flow. This geometry-rooted insight yields a whole-body convection correlation that resolves prior conflicts and is valid for diverse indoor and outdoor wind flows. Results will inform decision-making around heat protection, adaptation, and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Joshi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shri H Viswanathan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ankush K Jaiswal
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lyle Bartels
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rajan M Jain
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Pathikonda
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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7
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Weeding B, Love P, Beyer K, Lucieer A, Remenyi T. High-resolution projections of outdoor thermal stress in the twenty-first century: a Tasmanian case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:777-793. [PMID: 38427096 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
To adapt to Earth's rapidly changing climate, detailed modelling of thermal stress is needed. Dangerous stress levels are becoming more frequent, longer, and more severe. While traditional measurements of thermal stress have focused on air temperature and humidity, modern measures including radiation and wind speed are becoming widespread. However, projecting such indices has presented a challenging problem, due to the need for appropriate bias correction of multiple variables that vary on hourly timescales. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed understanding of changing thermal stress patterns incorporating modern measurements, bias correction techniques, and hourly projections to assess the impact of climate change on thermal stress at human scales. To achieve these aims, we conduct a case study of projected thermal stress in central Hobart, Australia for 2040-2059, compared to the historical period 1990-2005. We present the first hourly metre-scale projections of thermal stress driven by multivariate bias-corrected data. We bias correct four variables from six dynamically downscaled General Circulation Models. These outputs drive the Solar and LongWave Environmental Irradiance Geometry model at metre scale, calculating mean radiant temperature and the Universal Thermal Climate Index. We demonstrate that multivariate bias correction can correct means on multiple time scales while accurately preserving mean seasonal trends. Changes in mean air temperature and UTCI by hour of the day and month of the year reveal diurnal and annual patterns in both temporal trends and model agreement. We present plots of future median stress values in the context of historical percentiles, revealing trends and patterns not evident in mean data. Our modelling illustrates a future Hobart that experiences higher and more consistent numbers of hours of heat stress arriving earlier in the year and extending further throughout the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Weeding
- School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7001, Australia.
- Climate Futures Research Group, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Peter Love
- Climate Futures Research Group, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Kathleen Beyer
- School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7001, Australia
- Climate Futures Research Group, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Arko Lucieer
- School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Tom Remenyi
- Acclimatised Pty Ltd, Blackmans Bay, TAS, 7052, Australia
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8
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Locke DH, Baker M, Alonzo M, Yang Y, Ziter CD, Murphy-Dunning C, O'Neil-Dunne JP. Variation the in relationship between urban tree canopy and air temperature reduction under a range of daily weather conditions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25041. [PMID: 38352758 PMCID: PMC10862499 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitigating heat is a vital ecosystem service of trees, particularly with climate change. Land surface temperature measures captured at a single time of day (in the morning) dominate the urban heat island literature. Less is known about how local tree canopy and impervious surface regulate air temperature throughout the day, and/or across many days with varied weather conditions, including cloud cover. We use bike-mounted air temperature sensors throughout the day in New Haven, Connecticut, USA, from 2019 to 2021 and generalized additive mixed models across 156 rides to estimate the daily variation in cooling benefits associated with tree canopy cover, and warming from impervious surface cover in 90 m buffers surrounding bike observations. Cooling is inferred by subtracting the bicycle-observed temperature from a reference station. The cooling benefits from tree canopy cover were strongest in the midday (11:00-14:00, -1.62 °C), afternoon (14:00-17:00, -1.19 °C), and morning (8:00-11:00, -1.15 °C) on clear days. The cooling effect was comparatively smaller on cloudy mornings -0.92 °C and afternoons -0.51 °C. Warming from impervious surfaces was most pronounced in the evening (17:00-20:00, 1.11 °C) irrespective of clouds, and during cloudy nights (20:00-23:00) and cloudy mornings 1.03 °C 95 % CI [1.03, 1.04]. Among the hottest observed days (top 25th percentile of reference station daily maxima), tree canopy was associated with lower temperatures on clear afternoons -1.78 °C [-1.78, -1.78], cloudy midday -1.17 °C [-1.19, -1.15], clear midday -1.12 °C [-1.12, -1.11]. We add a broader spectrum of weather conditions by explicitly including clouds, and greater temporal resolution by measuring throughout the day to bike-based urban heat research. Future mobile sampling campaigns may broaden the spatial extent with more environmental variation, representing an opportunity for public science and engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Henry Locke
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore Field Station, Suite 350, 5523 Research Park Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Michael Alonzo
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Hall of Science – 328 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington, DC, 20016-8014, USA
| | - Yichen Yang
- Yale School of the Environment, Environmental Science Center, Room 300, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Carly D. Ziter
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Colleen Murphy-Dunning
- Hixon Center Urban Sustainabilitiy, Urban Resources Initiative, Yale School of the Environment, 301 Prospect St #1, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jarlath P.M. O'Neil-Dunne
- Spatial Analysis Lab, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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9
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Yang B, Yang S, Zhu X, Qi M, Li H, Lv Z, Cheng X, Wang F. Computer Vision Technology for Monitoring of Indoor and Outdoor Environments and HVAC Equipment: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6186. [PMID: 37448035 DOI: 10.3390/s23136186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence technologies such as computer vision (CV), machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), and robotics have advanced rapidly in recent years. The new technologies provide non-contact measurements in three areas: indoor environmental monitoring, outdoor environ-mental monitoring, and equipment monitoring. This paper summarizes the specific applications of non-contact measurement based on infrared images and visible images in the areas of personnel skin temperature, position posture, the urban physical environment, building construction safety, and equipment operation status. At the same time, the challenges and opportunities associated with the application of CV technology are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Min Qi
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - He Li
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhihan Lv
- Department of Game Design, Faculty of Arts, Uppsala University, SE-62167 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Faming Wang
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Evidence-based guidance on reflective pavement for urban heat mitigation in Arizona. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1467. [PMID: 36928319 PMCID: PMC10020537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban overheating is an increasing threat to people, infrastructure, and the environment. Common heat mitigation strategies, such as green infrastructure, confront space limitations in current car-centric cities. In 2020, the City of Phoenix, Arizona, piloted a "cool pavement" program using a solar reflective pavement seal on 58 km of residential streets. Comprehensive micrometeorological observations are used to evaluate the cooling potential of the reflective pavement based on three heat exposure metrics-surface, air, and mean radiant temperatures-across three residential reflective pavement-treated and untreated neighborhoods. In addition, the solar reflectivity of reflective pavement is observed over 7 months across eight residential neighborhoods. Results are synthesized with the literature to provide context-based reflective pavement implementation guidelines to mitigate urban overheating where common strategies cannot be applied. The three most important contextual factors to consider for effective implementation include urban location, background climate type, and heat exposure metric of interest.
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11
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Middel A, Huff M, Krayenhoff ES, Udupa A, Schneider FA. PanoMRT: Panoramic infrared thermography to model human thermal exposure and comfort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160301. [PMID: 36410476 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As summer heat waves become the new normal worldwide, modeling human thermal exposure and comfort to assess and mitigate urban overheating is crucial to uphold livability in cities. We introduce PanoMRT, an open source human-biometeorological model to calculate Mean Radiant Temperature (TMRT), Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) from thermal equirectangular 360° panoramas and standard weather information (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed). We validated the model for hot, dry, clear summer days in Tempe, Arizona, USA with in-situ observations using a FLIR Duo Pro R thermal camera on a rotating arm and the mobile human-biometeorological instrument platform MaRTy. We observed and modeled TMRT and thermal comfort for 19 sites with varying ground cover (grass, concrete, asphalt), sky view factor, exposure (sun, shade), and shade type (engineered, natural) six times per day. PanoMRT performed well with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 4.1 °C for TMRT, 2.6 °C for PET, and 1.2 °C for UTCI, meeting the accuracy requirement of ±5 °C set in the ISO 7726 standard for heat and cold stress studies. RayMan reference model runs without measured surface temperature forcing reveal that accurate longwave radiative flux estimations are crucial to meet the ±5 °C threshold, particularly for shaded locations and during midday when surface temperatures peak and longwave modeling errors are largest. This study demonstrates the importance of spatially resolved 3D surface temperature data for thermal exposure and comfort modeling to capture complex longwave radiation exposure patterns resulting from heterogeneity in built configuration and material radiative and thermal properties in the built environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, USA; School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, USA.
| | - Matthew Huff
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, USA.
| | | | - Ananth Udupa
- The Design School, Arizona State University, USA.
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Guzman-Echavarria G, Middel A, Vanos J. Beyond heat exposure - new methods to quantify and link personal heat exposure, stress, and strain in diverse populations and climates: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:358-378. [PMID: 37554380 PMCID: PMC10405775 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2149024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-scale personal heat exposure (PHE) information can help prevent or minimize weather-related deaths, illnesses, and reduced work productivity. Common methods to estimate heat risk do not simultaneously account for the intensity, frequency, and duration of thermal exposures, nor do they include inter-individual factors that modify physiological response. This study demonstrates new whole-body net thermal load estimations to link PHE to heat stress and strain over time. We apply a human-environment heat exchange model to examine how time-varying net thermal loads differ across climate contexts, personal attributes, and spatiotemporal scales. First, we investigate summertime climatic PHE impacts for three US cities: Phoenix, Miami, and New York. Second, we model body morphology and acclimatization for three profiles (middle-aged male/female; female >65 years). Finally, we quantify model sensitivity using representative data at synoptic and micro-scales. For all cases, we compare required and potential evaporative heat losses that can lead to dangerous thermal exposures based on (un)compensable heat stress. Results reveal misclassifications in heat stress or strain due to incomplete environmental data and assumed equivalent physiology and activities between people. Heat strain is most poorly represented by PHE alone for the elderly, non-acclimatized, those engaged in strenuous activities, and when negating solar radiation. Moreover, humid versus dry heat across climates elicits distinct thermal responses from the body. We outline criteria for inclusive PHE evaluations connecting heat exposure, stress, and strain while using physiological-based methods to avoid misclassifications. This work underlines the value of moving from "one-size-fits-all" thermal indices to "fit-for-purpose" approaches using personalized information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisel Guzman-Echavarria
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University,Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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13
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Xu H, Lin X, Shi K, Lin S, Zheng G, Wang Q, Dong J, Wang M. Research Progress and Hotspot Evolution Analysis of Landscape Microclimate: Visual Analysis Based on CNKI and WOS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15118. [PMID: 36429831 PMCID: PMC9691154 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing requirements of healthy habitat environments, landscape microclimates have been widely concerned. To comprehensively grasp the development history and research status of the landscape microclimates in China and other countries, CiteSpace software was used to comparatively analyze and visually present the literature related to landscape microclimates in CNKI and WOS databases for the past 20 years. The results show that: (1) The number of publications on landscape microclimate research shows an increasing trend in China and other countries, and the number of publications increased significantly after 2016. Although the number of publications by Chinese scholars is less than that of foreign scholars, they have developed rapidly in recent years, and their international influence has increased significantly. (2) A positive exchange has been formed among international scholars, and the number of collaborative studies has been increasing. China's microclimate research has formed relatively stable teams that have conducted numerous studies in the fields of urban communities, street greening, and plant communities, respectively. Although the links between research teams and institutions in China and other countries are relatively close, they still need to be further strengthened. (3) In the past decade, the theoretical system of landscape microclimates has been improved, and the research themes have become more concentrated, but it still has remained close to the early basic research. (4) Future research will remain centered on "mitigating the urban heat island effect" and "optimizing human heat perception". New topics such as "biodiversity", "carbon cycle", and "climate change" have been added. In conclusion, the research needs to continue to explore the evaluation system of microclimates and verify the evaluation index of outdoor thermal comfort for human thermal adaptation in different regions. The standards and systems of human habitat adapted to different regional characteristics should be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinya Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kailong Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shumeng Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guorui Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianwen Dong
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minhua Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Forest Park of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 63 Xiyuangong Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China
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14
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Rykaczewski K, Bartels L, Martinez DM, Viswanathan SH. Human body radiation area factors for diverse adult population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2357-2367. [PMID: 36074273 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiation accounts for a significant fraction of the human body and environment heat exchange and strongly impacts thermal comfort and safety. The direct radiative exchange between an individual and a source or sink can be quantified using the effective (feff) and projected radiation area factors (fp). However, these factors have not been quantified for half of the population of the USA with an above-average body mass index (BMI). Here, we address this gap by developing thirty male and thirty female computational manikin models that cover the 1 to 99 percentile variation in height and BMI of adults in the USA. The radiative simulations reveal that the feff and the fp angular distributions are nearly independent of gender, height, and BMI. Appreciable relative differences from the average models only emerge for manikins with BMI above 80th percentile. However, these differences only occur at low zenith angles and, in absolute terms, are small as compared to variations induced by, for example, the zenith angle increase. We also use the manikin set to evaluate whether the body shape impacts the quality of human representation with several levels of geometrical simplification. We find that the "box/peg" body representation, which is based on the hemispherical fp average, is independent of the body shape. In turn, the fp distributions averaged over the azimuth angle range, representing the rotationally symmetric humans, are only impacted to the same degree as for the anatomical manikins. We also show that the anatomical manikins can be closely approximated by the multi-cylinder and sphere representation, at least from a radiation perspective. The developed anatomical manikin set is freely available and can be used to compute how body shape impacts a variety of external heat transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Lyle Bartels
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Daniel M Martinez
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Shri H Viswanathan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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15
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Guo W, Jiang L, Cheng B, Yao Y, Wang C, Kou Y, Xu S, Xian D. A study of subtropical park thermal comfort and its influential factors during summer. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103304. [PMID: 36195380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor thermal comfort is significantly relevant to human's quality of life. Thus, it has been frequently studied by investigators. This study explored people's thermal responses to environments and the subjective factors that might affect thermal comforts with respect to two urban parks in Xindu, a satellite city in the Chengdu Plain (CDP). CDP is located at the southwest of China, which has a subtropical climate. The environment from each of the two parks was studied using current micrometeorology and hoped-for landscape changes (tree canopies, artificial canopies, non-canopying plants, and water surfaces); subjective factors included gender, age, body mass index, clothing isolation, and physical activities. It was found that canopies were the most preferred objective cooling elements, while individual thermal perceptions varied subjectively by age. The highest proportion of volunteers voted for tree canopies as their favourite thermal adjusting element. It was observed that those aged above 55 showed low thermal sensitivity. The remaining group's neutral temperatures (indicated by physiologically equivalent temperature, PET) were close, at approximately 25 °C. This study provides significant direction for future urban planning and landscape design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Architecture, Deyang Installation Technician College, Deyang, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.
| | - Yanfeng Yao
- School of Manufacture Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Chunlu Wang
- College of Humanities, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, China
| | - Yining Kou
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University Jingjiang College, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Deqing Xian
- China Southwest Geotechnical Investigation & Design Institute Co., Ltd., China
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16
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Rykaczewski K. Thermophysiological aspects of wearable robotics: Challenges and opportunities. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:313-325. [PMID: 37554385 PMCID: PMC10405755 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2113725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements in the last two decades have enabled development of a variety of mechanically supporting wearable robots (i.e. exoskeletons) that are transitioning to practice in medical and industrial settings. The feedback from industry and recent controlled studies is highlighting thermal discomfort as a major reason for the disuse of the devices and a substantial barrier to their long-term adoption. Furthermore, a brief overview of the devices and their intended applications reveals that many of the potential users are likely to face thermal comfort issues because of either high exertion or medically related high heat sensitivity. The aim of this review is to discuss these emerging thermal challenges and opportunities surrounding wearable robots. This review discusses mechanisms, potential solutions, and a platform for systematically measuring heat transfer inhibition caused by wearing of an exoskeleton. Lastly, the potential for substantial metabolic rate reduction provided by exoskeletons to reduce worker thermal strain in warm-to-hot conditions is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, US
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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17
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Dzyuban Y, Hondula DM, Vanos JK, Middel A, Coseo PJ, Kuras ER, Redman CL. Evidence of alliesthesia during a neighborhood thermal walk in a hot and dry city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155294. [PMID: 35447174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Designing cities for thermal comfort is an important priority in a warming and urbanizing world. As temperatures in cities continue to break extreme heat records, it is necessary to develop and test new approaches capable of tracking human thermal sensations influenced by microclimate conditions, complex urban geometries, and individual characteristics in dynamic settings. Thermal walks are a promising novel research method to address this gap. During a thermal walk in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, we examined relationships between the built environment, microclimate, and subjective thermal judgments across a downtown city neighborhood slated for redevelopment. Subjects equipped with GPS devices participated in a 1-hour walk on a hot sunny day and recorded their experience in a field guide. Microclimate measurements were simultaneously collected using the mobile human-biometeorological instrument platform MaRTy. Results revealed significant differences in physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and modified physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET) and between street segments with more than 18 °C (25 °C mPET) between the maximum and minimum values. Wider range of mPET values reflected the inclusion of individual level data into the model. Streets with higher sky view factor (SVF) and east-west orientation showed a higher PET and mPET overall. Furthermore, we showed evidence of thermal alliesthesia, the pleasure resulting from slight changes in microclimate conditions. Participants' sense of pleasure was related to the mean PET of the segment they just walked, with linear regression explaining over 60% of the variability. We also showed that estimated percent shade was significantly correlated with SVF, PET, mPET, and pleasure, indicating that participants could sense minor changes in microclimate and perceived shade as pleasant. Although generalization of results is limited by a low sample size, findings of this study improve the understanding of dynamic thermal comfort in complex urban environments and highlight the value of thermal walks as a robust research method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dzyuban
- Office of Core Curriculum, Singapore Management University, Singapore; Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - D M Hondula
- Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - J K Vanos
- Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainability, College of Global Futures, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - A Middel
- Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - P J Coseo
- Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; The Design School, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - E R Kuras
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - C L Redman
- Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Sustainability, College of Global Futures, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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18
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Lachapelle JA, Krayenhoff ES, Middel A, Meltzer S, Broadbent AM, Georgescu M. A microscale three-dimensional model of urban outdoor thermal exposure (TUF-Pedestrian). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:833-848. [PMID: 35118573 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban street design choices relating to tree planting, building height and spacing, ground cover, and building façade properties impact outdoor thermal exposure. However, existing tools to simulate heat exposure have limitations with regard to optimization of street design for pedestrian cooling. A microscale three-dimensional (3D) urban radiation and energy balance model, Temperatures of Urban Facets for Pedestrians (TUF-Pedestrian), was developed to simulate pedestrian radiation exposure and study heat-reducing interventions such as urban tree planting and modifications to building and paving materials. TUF-Pedestrian simulates the spatial distribution of radiation and surface temperature impacts of trees and buildings on their surroundings at the sub-facet scale. In addition, radiation absorption by a three-dimensional pedestrian is considered, permitting calculation of a summary metric of human radiation exposure: the mean radiant temperature (TMRT). TUF-Pedestrian is evaluated against a unique 24-h observational dataset acquired using a mobile human-biometeorological station, MaRTy, in an urban canyon with trees on the Arizona State University Tempe campus (USA). Model evaluation demonstrates that TUF-Pedestrian accurately simulates both incoming directional radiative fluxes and TMRT in an urban environment with and without tree cover. Model sensitivity simulations demonstrate how modelled TMRT and directional radiative fluxes respond to increased building height (ΔTMRT reaching -32 °C when pedestrian becomes shaded), added tree cover (ΔTMRT approaching -20 °C for 8 m trees with leaf area density of 0.5 m2 m-3), and increased street albedo (ΔTMRT reaching + 6 °C for a 0.21 increase in pavement albedo). Sensitivity results agree with findings from previous studies and demonstrate the potential utility of TUF-Pedestrian as a tool to optimize street design for pedestrian heat exposure reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Lachapelle
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - E Scott Krayenhoff
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Ariane Middel
- Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel Meltzer
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North Platte, NE, USA
| | - Ashley M Broadbent
- Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- National Institute of Weather and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matei Georgescu
- Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Banerjee S, Middel A, Chattopadhyay S. A regression-based three-phase approach to assess outdoor thermal comfort in informal micro-entrepreneurial settings in tropical Mumbai. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:313-329. [PMID: 33929628 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban heat poses a public health risk to the residents of megacities in developing countries because the population spends a significant amount of time outdoors to work and socialize with limited cooling resources. Understanding the drivers of outdoor comfort and heat stress in informal work settings is important to design climate-sensitive outdoor spaces and reduce heat vulnerability. We present outdoor thermal comfort perceptions (OTCPs) of people engaged in outdoor micro entrepreneurial activities in Mumbai using seasonal surveys and biometeorological observations. We propose a three-phase approach to analyze the relative importance of climatic and non-climatic variables for OTCPs. The first phase evaluates the seasonal and intra-neighborhood variation of thermal sensation votes (TSV) with respect to physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and air temperature. Second, we include physiological parameters to evaluate the seasonal and intra-neighborhood variation of overall sensation votes (OSV). Third, we consider aggregated survey responses and include behavioral and perceptual variables to determine their relative significance. We employ three linear modeling techniques to assess model performance in explaining the variability of OTCP using OSV as dependent variable. Results reveal that microclimatic parameters alone are unable to explain the variability of OTCP. Our results yield a neutral PET value (PETneutral) of 23.75 °C for Mumbai in the winter. PETneutral was higher for activities at the clothing market compared to other micro entrepreneurial activities. Acclimatization significantly improved comfort in the summer, while evaporative cooling was beneficial in the winter. Further, an ANCOVA and ordinal logistic regressions demonstrate the importance of behavioral attributes (presence in the location, expectation, beverage intake) in explaining the variance in OTCP. Our study also reveals that wind speed and humidity play an important role in shaping overall comfort in the Mumbai neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Banerjee
- Department of Architecture & Regional Planning (ARP), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering (AME), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- School of Computing, Informatics, Decision Systems Engineering (CIDSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Subrata Chattopadhyay
- Department of Architecture & Regional Planning (ARP), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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20
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Quantifying the Effect of Building Shadowing and Cloudiness on Mean Radiant Temperature in Singapore. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improving the quality of life in urban areas has become a major concern in the last few decades. With a constantly increasing urban population and in a climate change context, detailed knowledge of the impact of urban elements on the outdoor thermal environment is relevant. In this work, we present the results of several climatic campaigns carried out in Singapore aiming to evaluate local urban climate variables. Sensors were deployed simultaneously in different sites. The effect of building shadowing in the diurnal cycle of mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) is evaluated in different seasons. Although during the Inter-Monsoon season, mean Tmrt reduction due to building shadow is ≈19 °C, during clear skies days, it can be reduced by ≈30 °C. The Tmrt difference between sites is analyzed based on the weather conditions, the sky view factor (SVF), and the type of surrounding urban elements. Under building shadow conditions, higher SVF showed higher Tmrt values, although no correlation was found between Tmrt and diffuse solar radiation (measured above the urban canopy). The results suggest a relevant contribution of other radiation components (e.g., longwave radiation). The quantitative analysis of the Tmrt provided in this work is relevant for outdoor thermal comfort strategies in tropical areas such as Singapore.
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21
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Lehnert M, Tokar V, Jurek M, Geletič J. Summer thermal comfort in Czech cities: measured effects of blue and green features in city centres. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1277-1289. [PMID: 32940762 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study consists of nine case studies addressing thermal comfort in the public areas of city centres, with particular emphasis on the measurable effects of blue and green infrastructure on thermal exposure. Daytime on-site measurements were taken in summer in the paved areas of squares, in the proximity of water fountains, and in the shade of trees in order to evaluate levels of heat stress based on the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). The differences in UTCI values between the research points confirm substantial cooling associated with high vegetation (trees induced differences up to 10.5 °C in UTCI), while the measurable cooling effect of low vegetation was negligible (not more than 2.3 °C UTCI). It was also quite low around water fountains, spray fountains, and misting systems. It follows that municipal authorities should consider the differences in cooling effect potential of individual types of blue and green infrastructure when incorporating climate adaptation measures into urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lehnert
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Tokar
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jurek
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Geletič
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kousis I, Pigliautile I, Pisello AL. A Mobile Vehicle-Based Methodology for Dynamic Microclimate Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 15:893-901. [PMID: 34226829 PMCID: PMC8246138 DOI: 10.1007/s41742-021-00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring is critical for better understanding cities' microclimate conditions and safeguard citizens' health. Previous studies have performed microclimate analyses of urbanized areas by implementing data from either stable meteorological stations or satellites, or by developing mobile stations. Here, we present a vehicle-based monitoring campaign capable of monitoring both the scalar and directionally dependent variables that regulate the canopy layer environment. Under this framework, we performed a monitoring campaign within an Italian city, and measured simultaneously air temperature (± 0.3 ∘ C @ 20 ∘ C ), relative humidity (± 2% @ 20 ∘ C ), directional shortwave radiation (calibration uncertainty: < 1.8%), CO 2 (± 50 ppm +2%) and PM10 (< 1%) concentration, wind speed (± 3% @ 40 m/s) and direction (± 3 ∘ @ 40 m/s), and specific location (latitude, longitude and elevation). The presented assessment can be carried out within almost any area that motorized vehicles are allowed to access (e.g. through public transportation vehicles). Its application together with other mobile stations that can specifically assess also pedestrian areas, such as footpaths, urban parks, sidewalks and bike paths, as well as fixed meteorological stations and remote sensing techniques can contribute to a better understanding of microclimate patterns and hence to more efficient urban planning and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kousis
- CIRIAF-Interuniversity Research Center, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 97, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pigliautile
- CIRIAF-Interuniversity Research Center, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 97, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Pisello
- CIRIAF-Interuniversity Research Center, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 97, 06125 Perugia, Italy
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23
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Vanos JK, Rykaczewski K, Middel A, Vecellio DJ, Brown RD, Gillespie TJ. Improved methods for estimating mean radiant temperature in hot and sunny outdoor settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:967-983. [PMID: 33909138 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal comfort research has utilized various sensors and models to estimate the mean radiant temperature (MRT) experienced by a human, including the standard black globe thermometer (SGT), acrylic globe thermometers (AGT), and cylindrical radiation thermometers (CRT). Rather than directly measuring radiation, a temperature is measured in the center of these low-cost sensors that can be related to MRT after theoretically accounting for convection. However, these sensors have not been systematically tested under long-term hot and clear conditions. Further, under variable weather conditions, many issues can arise due to slow response times, shape, inaccuracies in material properties and assumptions, and color (albedo, emissivity) inconsistencies. Here, we assess the performance of MRT produced by various heat transfer models, with and without new average surface temperature ([Formula: see text]) correction factors, using five instruments-the SGT (15 cm, black), tan and black CRTs, gray and black 38 mm AGTs-compared to 3D integral radiation measurements. Measurements were taken on an unobscured roof throughout summer-to-early-fall months in Tempe, Arizona, examining 58 full-sun days. Deviations without correcting for asymmetrical surface heating-found to be the main cause of errors-reached ± 15-20 °C MRT. By accounting for asymmetric heating through [Formula: see text] calculations, new corrective algorithms were derived for the low-cost sensor models. Results show significant improvements in the estimated MRT error for each sensor (i.e., ∆MRTmodel - IRM) when applying the [Formula: see text] corrections. The tan MRTCRT improved from 1.9 ± 6.2 to -0.1 ± 4.4 °C, while the gray AGT and SGT showed improvements from -1.6 ± 7.2 to -0.4 ± 6.3 °C and - 6.6 ± 6.4 to - 0.03 ± 5.7 °C, respectively. The new corrections also eliminated dependence on other meteorological factors (zenith, wind speed). From these results, we provide three simple equations for CRT, AGT, and SGT correction for future research use under warm-hot and clear conditions. This study is the most comprehensive empirical assessment of various low-cost instruments with broad applicability in urban climate and biometeorological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel J Vecellio
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert D Brown
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Terry J Gillespie
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Anderson V, Leung ACW, Mehdipoor H, Jänicke B, Milošević D, Oliveira A, Manavvi S, Kabano P, Dzyuban Y, Aguilar R, Agan PN, Kunda JJ, Garcia-Chapeton G, de França Carvalho Fonsêca V, Nascimento ST, Zurita-Milla R. Technological opportunities for sensing of the health effects of weather and climate change: a state-of-the-art-review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:779-803. [PMID: 33427946 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensing and measuring meteorological and physiological parameters of humans, animals, and plants are necessary to understand the complex interactions that occur between atmospheric processes and the health of the living organisms. Advanced sensing technologies have provided both meteorological and biological data across increasingly vast spatial, spectral, temporal, and thematic scales. Information and communication technologies have reduced barriers to data dissemination, enabling the circulation of information across different jurisdictions and disciplines. Due to the advancement and rapid dissemination of these technologies, a review of the opportunities for sensing the health effects of weather and climate change is necessary. This paper provides such an overview by focusing on existing and emerging technologies and their opportunities and challenges for studying the health effects of weather and climate change on humans, animals, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Anderson
- Climate Lab, Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andrew C W Leung
- Climate Lab, Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Data & Services Section, Atmospheric Monitoring and Data Services, Meteorological Services of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Hamed Mehdipoor
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Dragan Milošević
- Climatology and Hydrology Research Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Ana Oliveira
- IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Manavvi
- Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Peter Kabano
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education & Development, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Yuliya Dzyuban
- Office of Core Curriculum, Singapore Management University, Administration Building, 81 Victoria Street, Singapore, 188065, Singapore
| | - Rosa Aguilar
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Nkashi Agan
- Department of General Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences, Federal University Wukari, P.M.B 1020, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria
| | - Jonah Joshua Kunda
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gustavo Garcia-Chapeton
- División de Ciencia y Tecnología, Centro Universitario de Occidente - CUNOC, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala - USAC, Calle Rodolfo Robles 29-99 zona 1, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
| | - Vinicius de França Carvalho Fonsêca
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, 2193, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Innovation Group of Biometeorology, Behavior and Animal Welfare (INOBIO-MANERA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397 000, Brazil
| | - Sheila Tavares Nascimento
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Raul Zurita-Milla
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
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Mapping Local Climate Zones and Their Applications in European Urban Environments: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Development Trends. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi10040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the light of climate change and burgeoning urbanization, heat loads in urban areas have emerged as serious issues, affecting the well-being of the population and the environment. In response to a pressing need for more standardised and communicable research into urban climate, the concept of local climate zones (LCZs) has been created. This concept aims to define the morphological types of (urban) surface with respect to the formation of local climatic conditions, largely thermal. This systematic review paper analyses studies that have applied the concept of LCZs to European urban areas. The methodology utilized pre-determined keywords and five steps of literature selection. A total of 91 studies were found eligible for analysis. The results show that the concept of LCZs has been increasingly employed and become well established in European urban climate research. Dozens of measurements, satellite observations, and modelling outcomes have demonstrated the characteristic thermal responses of LCZs in European cities. However, a substantial number of the studies have concentrated on the methodological development of the classification process, generating a degree of inconsistency in the delineation of LCZs. Recent trends indicate an increasing prevalence of the accessible remote-sensing based approach over accurate GIS-based methods in the delineation of LCZs. In this context, applications of the concept in fine-scale modelling appear limited. Nevertheless, the concept of the LCZ has proven appropriate and valuable to the provision of metadata for urban stations, (surface) urban heat island analysis, and the assessment of outdoor thermal comfort and heat risk. Any further development of LCZ mapping appears to require a standardised objective approach that may be globally applicable.
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Ouyang W, Morakinyo TE, Ren C, Liu S, Ng E. Thermal-irradiant performance of green infrastructure typologies: Field measurement study in a subtropical climate city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:144635. [PMID: 33387766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Greenery infrastructure (GI) is an important design strategy for sustainable cities and communities' development, as it brings multiple benefits including mitigating urban heat island. Based on the implementation locations, three typical GI typologies, namely green roof, green wall, and ground tree, are widely adopted in urban communities. As previous studies focused on one single GI and mainly studied their thermal features, this study aims to fill the gap by investigating three GI typologies within one site; their thermal-irradiant performance was compared for four typical summer days in a subtropical city. Firstly, stationary and transect measurements were taken for six points (three greenery and three bare points); two typical measuring methods, i.e., the globe thermometer and the six-directional methods, were employed to collect irradiant variables. Secondly, the thermal-irradiant differences were revealed among GI typologies and temporal periods; two measuring methods were compared for their capabilities in detecting the irradiant variations near three GI typologies. Results showed that: 1) the ground tree experienced the smallest thermal-irradiant average and variation among three GI typologies; 2) the morning session (09:00-12:00) had the largest thermal-irradiant reduction and variations for three GI typologies; and 3) the six-directional method showed higher sensitivity towards the irradiant variations near three GI typologies; the globe thermometer method is not suitable for tree-shaded areas. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of proper selection of MRT measuring methods and GI implementation for thermal comfort, especially for the subtropical cities. Practically, this study shows designers and policymakers on how to implement GI typologies for climate-resilient design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Ouyang
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Chao Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward Ng
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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27
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High-Resolution Modelling of Thermal Exposure during a Hot Spell: A Case Study Using PALM-4U in Prague, Czech Republic. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The modelling of thermal exposure in outdoor urban environments is a highly topical challenge in modern climate research. This paper presents the results derived from a new micrometeorological model that employs an integrated biometeorology module to model Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). This is PALM-4U, which includes an integrated human body-shape parameterization, deployed herein for a pilot domain in Prague, Czech Republic. The results highlight the key role of radiation in the spatiotemporal variability of thermal exposure in moderate-climate urban areas during summer days in terms of the way in which this directly affects thermal comfort through radiant temperature and indirectly through the complexity of turbulence in street canyons. The model simulations suggest that the highest thermal exposure may be expected within street canyons near the irradiated north sides of east–west streets and near streets oriented north–south. Heat exposure in streets increases in proximity to buildings with reflective paints. The lowest heat exposure during the day may be anticipated in tree-shaded courtyards. The cooling effect of trees may range from 4 °C to 9 °C in UTCI, and the cooling effect of grass in comparison with artificial paved surfaces in open public places may be from 2 °C to 5 °C UTCI. In general terms, this study illustrates that the PALM modelling system provides a new perspective on the spatiotemporal differentiation of thermal exposure at the pedestrian level; it may therefore contribute to more climate-sensitive urban planning.
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28
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Crank PJ, Middel A, Wagner M, Hoots D, Smith M, Brazel A. Validation of seasonal mean radiant temperature simulations in hot arid urban climates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141392. [PMID: 32841854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We validated seasonal RayMan and ENVI-met mean radiant temperature (TMRT) simulations to assess model performance in a sensitivity analysis from cold to extremely hot conditions. Human-biometeorological validation data were collected in Tempe, Arizona via transects during five field campaigns between 2014 and 2017. Transects were conducted across seven locations in two to three-hour intervals from 6:00 to 23:00 LST with a Kestrel meter and thermal camera (2014-2015) and the mobile instrument platform MaRTy (2017). Observations across diverse urban forms, sky view factors, and seasons covered a wide range of solar radiation regimes from a minimum TMRT of 8.7 °C to a maximum of 84.9 °C. Both models produced large simulation errors across regimes with RMSE ranging from 8 °C to 12 °C (RayMan) and 11.2 °C to 16.1 °C (ENVI-met), exceeding a suggested TMRT accuracy of ±5 °C for heat stress studies. RayMan model errors were largest for engineered enclosed spaces, complex urban forms, and extreme heat conditions. ENVI-met was unable to resolve intra-domain spatial variability of TMRT and exhibited large errors with RMSE up to 25.5 °C for engineered shade. Both models failed to accurately simulate TMRT for hot conditions. Errors varied seasonally with overestimated TMRT in the summer and underestimated TMRT in the winter and shoulder seasons. Results demonstrate that models should not be used under micrometeorological or morphological extremes without in-situ validation to quantify errors and assess directional bias due to model limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crank
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, United States of America; Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, United States of America
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media, and Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America; School for Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America; Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, United States of America.
| | - Melissa Wagner
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, the University of Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dani Hoots
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, United States of America
| | - Martin Smith
- School of Architecture, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anthony Brazel
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, United States of America; Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, United States of America
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29
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Improving City Vitality through Urban Heat Reduction with Green Infrastructure and Design Solutions: A Systematic Literature Review. BUILDINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings10120219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cities are prone to excess heat, manifesting as urban heat islands (UHIs). UHIs impose a heat penalty upon urban inhabitants that jeopardizes human health and amplifies the escalating effects of background temperature rises and heatwaves, presenting barriers to participation in city life that diminish interaction and activity. This review paper investigates how green infrastructure, passive design and urban planning strategies—herein termed as green infrastructure and design solutions (GIDS)—can be used to cool the urban environment and improve city vitality. A systematic literature review has been undertaken connecting UHIs, city vitality and GIDS to find evidence of how qualities and conditions fundamental to the vitality of the city are diminished by heat, and ways in which these qualities and conditions may be improved through GIDS. This review reveals that comfortable thermal conditions underpin public health and foster activity—a prerequisite for a vital city—and that reducing environmental barriers to participation in urban life enhances physical and mental health as well as activity. This review finds that GIDS manage urban energy flows to reduce the development of excess urban heat and thus improve the environmental quality of urban spaces. Furthermore, it finds that the most equitable approach to urban cooling is one that reduces the intensity of the meso-scale UHI that affects all urban inhabitants. Subsequently, a cooler urban fabric based on GIDS is proposed. A cohesive approach to the widespread adoption of GIDS shows potential to produce a cooler urban fabric that is human-centered in its function and aesthetic to enhance participation in public life and stimulate life on the streets. Four spatial scales are presented in which a combination of GIDS may be collectively implemented to reduce the meso-scale UHI, including the urban, intra-urban, building and body scales. This approach considers the interacting nature of GIDS applied within contrasting urban landscapes, and aims to produce cooler urban conditions, better walking environments, and ecosystem co-benefits to stimulate participation in physical activity and public life to underpin public health, productivity and livelihoods, thereby inducing city vitality.
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30
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The motley drivers of heat and cold exposure in 21st century US cities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21108-21117. [PMID: 32817528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005492117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We use a suite of decadal-length regional climate simulations to quantify potential changes in population-weighted heat and cold exposure in 47 US metropolitan regions during the 21st century. Our results show that population-weighted exposure to locally defined extreme heat (i.e., "population heat exposure") would increase by a factor of 12.7-29.5 under a high-intensity greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and urban development pathway. Additionally, end-of-century population cold exposure is projected to rise by a factor of 1.3-2.2, relative to start-of-century population cold exposure. We identify specific metropolitan regions in which population heat exposure would increase most markedly and characterize the relative significance of various drivers responsible for this increase. The largest absolute changes in population heat exposure during the 21st century are projected to occur in major US metropolitan regions like New York City (NY), Los Angeles (CA), Atlanta (GA), and Washington DC. The largest relative changes in population heat exposure (i.e., changes relative to start-of-century) are projected to occur in rapidly growing cities across the US Sunbelt, for example Orlando (FL), Austin (TX), Miami (FL), and Atlanta. The surge in population heat exposure across the Sunbelt is driven by concurrent GHG-induced warming and population growth which, in tandem, could strongly compound population heat exposure. Our simulations provide initial guidance to inform the prioritization of urban climate adaptation measures and policy.
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Du J, Sun C, Xiao Q, Chen X, Liu J. Field assessment of winter outdoor 3-D radiant environment and its impact on thermal comfort in a severely cold region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136175. [PMID: 31905593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the Code for Design of Civil Buildings (GB 50352-2005), the severely cold region of China is defined as the area where the monthly mean air temperature is lower than or equal to -10 °C in January, and is lower than or equal to 25 °C in July, and mean relative humidity is higher than or equal to 50% in July. This study investigates outdoor 3-D short- and long-wave radiant flux densities (Ki and Li) from six perpendicular directions, and their effects on human thermal comfort during winter daytime in a severely cold region of China. Mean radiant temperature Tmrt, the representative parameter of the radiant environment, was determined by the "six-directional method". Physiologically Equivalent Temperature PET, and Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI were used to quantify denizens' perception of the thermal environment, particularly the response to the outdoor radiant environment. Results showed that building obstacles significantly influenced Ki and Li components, and thus Tmrt, and human thermal comfort and stress. The absorbed long-wave radiant flux densities by human body especially those from the horizontal directions primarily affected the magnitude of Tmrt, while the absorbed short-wave radiant flux densities by human body mainly governed the fluctuation of Tmrt. Furthermore, a simplified method of estimating Tmrt for the severely cold region was obtained from two representative radiant variables. The consideration of Tmrt as an independent variable to represent the radiant environment can be used to accurately estimate PET and UTCI in winter in the severely cold region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Qiuke Xiao
- Hangzhou RUNPAQ Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150000, China.
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32
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Park CY, Yoon EJ, Lee DK, Thorne JH. Integrating four radiant heat load mitigation strategies is an efficient intervention to improve human health in urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134259. [PMID: 31514036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing heat in urban areas raises heat-related health risks. Green infrastructure and managing surface albedo can reduce the radiation exposure of pedestrians. However, selecting options among various radiant fluxes mitigation strategies is challenging, particularly due to potential interactions among options such as planting vegetation or changing surface albedos. We used a multi-strategies model for determining optimal design combinations for reducing mean radiant temperature (MRT) in urban environments across a range of costs and benefits. The solutions are developed by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) with a MRT simulator. We selected four MRT reduction strategies: tree planting, grass planting, albedo reduction of building walls, and albedo reduction of sidewalks. Model test results for a simulated street canyon show a wide range of optimal alternative plans considering the combination effects of the four strategies. While previous studies have focused on single options to reduce heat load, we found benefits were higher by using a combination of these strategies, which can provide synergistic benefits. These results provide useful information for decision makers confronting real world problems such as heat related mortality. Thermal-friendly design methods and green infrastructure will help the urban environment become sustainable and improve human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Yeon Park
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Yoon
- Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 305-8506, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dong Kun Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Dept. of Landscape Architecture & Rural System Engineering, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - James H Thorne
- Dept. of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
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33
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Requena-Ruiz I, Drozd C, Leduc T, Rodler A, Servières M, Siret D. A Review on interdisciplinary methods for the characterization of thermal perception in public spaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1343/1/012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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