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Kravchenko E, Sushkova S, Raza MH, Minkina T, Dudnikova T, Barbashev A, Maksimov A, Wong MH. Ecological and human health impact assessments based on long-term monitoring of soil PAHs near a coal-fired power plant. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:288. [PMID: 38970676 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The combustion of coal in power plants releases significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are highly toxic and carcinogenic. This study assesses the ecological and human health impacts of PAHs contamination from a coal-fired power plant over 8 years. The monitoring site selection considered the distance from the power plant and the prevailing wind direction in the investigated area. The results reveal that, during the monitoring period, PAH levels increased on average by 43%, 61%, and 37% in the zone of the prevailing wind direction, in the area proximate to the power plant, and the zone distant from it, respectively. The site, which has a radius of 4.5 km in the prevailing wind direction, exhibited the highest ecological and human health impacts. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between environmental and human health impacts, depending on the distance from the power plant, particularly in areas with the prevailing wind direction. These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics linking power plant emissions, PAHs contamination, and their far-reaching consequences on the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kravchenko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Muhammad Huzaifa Raza
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tamara Dudnikova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Andrey Barbashev
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Aleksey Maksimov
- National Medical Research Centre for Oncology, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
- Consortium On Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Yan X, An J, He W, Zhou Q. Environmental factors influencing the soil-air partitioning of semi-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons: Laboratory measurements and optimization model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171953. [PMID: 38537825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The soil-air partition coefficient (KSA) values are commonly utilized to examine the fate of organic contaminants in soils; however, their measurement has been lacking for semi-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons within soil contaminated by crude oil. This research utilized a solid-phase fugacity meter to determine the KSA values of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under crucial environmental conditions. The results showed a notable increase in KSA values with the extent of crude oil contamination in soil. Specifically, in the 3 % crude oil treatment, the KSA values for n-alkanes and PAHs increased by 1.16 and 0.66 times, respectively, compared to the 1 % crude oil treatment. However, the KSA values decreased with changes in temperature, water content, and particle size within the specified experimental range. Among these factors, temperature played a significant role. The KSA values for n-alkanes and PAHs decreased by 0.27-0.89 and 0.61-0.83 times, respectively, with a temperature increase from 5 °C to 35 °C. Moreover, the research identified that the molecular weight of n-alkanes and PAHs contributed to variations in KSA values under identical environmental factors. With an increase in temperature from 5 °C to 35 °C, the range of n-alkanes present in the air phase expanded from C11 to C34, and PAHs showed elevated levels of acenaphthene (ACE) and benzo (b) fluoranthene (BbFA). Furthermore, heightened water content and particle size were observed to facilitate the volatilization of low molecular weight petroleum hydrocarbons. The effect of environmental variables on soil-air partitioning was evaluated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) model, resulting in the attainment of the lowest log KSA values. These results illustrate that soil-air partitioning is a complex process influenced by various factors. In conclusion, this study improves our comprehension and predictive capabilities concerning the behavior and fate of n-alkanes and PAHs within soil-air systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Qi X, Lan J, Sun Y, Wang S, Liu L, Wang J, Long Q, Huang M, Yue K. Linking PAHs concentration, risk to PAHs source shift in soil and water in epikarst spring systems, Southwest China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115465. [PMID: 37716073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
A systematic assessment of the variations in the ecological risk of PAHs and the key emission sources controlling the variations is of great importance to human health and aquatic organisms. PAH concentrations, composition, source, and ecological risk in soils and water in two different periods (2010-2011 and 2019) of three typical epikarst springs in Southwest China were investigated. Results showed that PAH concentrations in soil and water have an overall downward trend (a reduction of 57 % and 93 %, respectively) in the past 10 years, which is consistent with the downward trend in the relative contribution rate of raw coal production (a 66 % reduction). In terms of composition, the proportion of low-ring PAHs decreased, medium-ring and high-ring PAHs increased in the soil profile. The proportion of low-ring PAHs did not change obviously, the proportion of medium-ring PAHs increased, and the proportion of high-ring PAHs decreased in epikarst springs. The source of PAHs changed remarkably over time, the relative contribution of coal combustion to PAHs decreased from 38 % to 20 %, and the vehicle contribution of PAHs increased from 31 % to 44 % in soils. The relative contribution rate of unburned oil and coke oven and biomass combustion change is less. Furthermore, the ecological risk of PAHs in the soils was reduced from moderate risk 2 to moderate risk 1, the risk in epikarst spring was reduced from high risk to moderate risk 2 after 10 years. This study demonstrates that substituting petroleum and coal with green energies can reduce PAH concentrations and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qi
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Jiacheng Lan
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China.
| | - Yuchuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Junxian Wang
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Qixia Long
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Mingzhi Huang
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Kunqian Yue
- School of Karst Science / State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
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Zhu FJ, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Yao H, Jia HL, Zhang Z, Cui S, Meng B, Cao G, Su PH, Mao XX, Li BL, Ma WL, Li YF. Influence on the levels of PAHs and methylated PAHs in surface soil from pollution control in China: Evidence in 2019 data compared with 2005 and 2012 data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162718. [PMID: 36914128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively clarify the pollution characteristics of persistent toxic substances, the Soil and Air Monitoring Program Phase III (SAMP-III) was conducted in 2019 in China. In total, 154 surface soil samples were collected across China, and 30 unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (U-PAHs) and 49 methylated PAHs (Me-PAHs) were analyzed in this study. The mean concentrations of total U-PAHs and Me-PAHs were 540 ± 778 and 82.0 ± 132 ng/g dw, respectively. Northeastern China and Eastern China are the two regions of concern with high PAH and BaP equivalency levels. Compared with SAMP-I (2005) and SAMP-II (2012), an obvious upward temporal trend followed by a downward trend of PAH levels was observed in the past 14 years for the first time. The mean concentrations of 16 U-PAHs were 377 ± 716, 780 ± 1010, and 419 ± 611 ng/g dw in surface soil across China for the three phases, respectively. Considering rapid economic growth and energy consumption, an increasing trend from 2005 to 2012 was expected. From 2012 to 2019, the PAH levels in soils across China decreased by 50 %, which was consistent with the decline in PAH emissions. The period of reduction of PAHs in surface soil coincided with the implementation of Air and Soil Pollution Control Actions in China after 2013 and 2016, respectively. Along with the pollution control actions in China, the pollution control of PAHs and the increase in soil quality can be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong Yao
- IJRC-PTS, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Guangdong University of Technology, Jieyang 515231, China
| | - Song Cui
- IJRC-PTS, School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bo Meng
- IJRC-PTS, School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Gang Cao
- IJRC-PTS, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peng-Hao Su
- IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bao-Long Li
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
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Sankar TK, Kumar A, Mahto DK, Das KC, Narayan P, Fukate M, Awachat P, Padghan D, Mohammad F, Al-Lohedan HA, Soleiman AA, Ambade B. The Health Risk and Source Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of Industrial Cities in India. TOXICS 2023; 11:515. [PMID: 37368615 PMCID: PMC10302865 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Industrial areas play an important role in the urban ecosystem. Industrial site environmental quality is linked to human health. Soil samples from two different cities in India, Jamshedpur and Amravati, were collected and analyzed to assess the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial areas and their potential health risks. The total concentration of 16 PAHs in JSR (Jamshedpur) varied from 1662.90 to 10,879.20 ng/g, whereas the concentration ranged from 1456.22 to 5403.45 ng/g in the soil of AMT (Amravati). The PAHs in the samples were dominated by four-ring PAHs, followed by five-ring PAHs, and a small percentage of two-ring PAHs. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) of the soil of Amravati was lower compared to that of Jamshedpur. The risk due to PAH exposure for children and adults was reported to be in the order of ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation while for adolescents it was dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation in Jamshedpur. In contrast, in the soil of Amravati, the PAH exposure path risk for children and adolescents were the same and showed the following order: dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation while for the adulthood age group, the order was ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The diagnostic ratio approach was used to assess the sources of PAHs in various environmental media. The PAH sources were mainly dominated by coal and petroleum/oil combustion. As both the study areas belong to industrial sites, the significant sources were industrial emissions, followed by traffic emissions, coal combustion for domestic livelihood, as well as due to the geographical location of the sampling sites. The results of this investigation provide novel information for contamination evaluation and human health risk assessment in PAH-contaminated sites in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Sankar
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 43149, Taiwan
| | - Dilip Kumar Mahto
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, India
| | - Kailash Chandra Das
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Prakash Narayan
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Manish Fukate
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Prashant Awachat
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Dhanshri Padghan
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Faruq Mohammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Soleiman
- College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, India
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Sanli G, Celik S, Joubi V, Tasdemir Y. Concentrations, phase exchanges and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) In Bursa-Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116344. [PMID: 37290625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the pollution levels derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, plant and soil samples and to reveal the PAH exchange at the soil-air, soil-plant and plant-air interfaces. In this context, air and soil samples were collected in approximately 10-day periods between June 2021 and February 2022 from a semi-urban area in Bursa, an industrial city with a dense population. Also, plant branch samples were collected for the last three months. Total PAH concentrations in the atmosphere (∑16PAH) and soil (∑14PAH) ranged from 4.03 to 64.6 ng/m3 and 13-189.4 ng/g DM, respectively. PAH levels in the tree branches varied between 256.6 and 419.75 ng/g DM. In all air and soil samples, PAH levels were low in the summer and reached higher values in the winter. 3-ring PAHs were the dominant compounds, and their distribution in air and soil samples varied between 28.9%-71.9% and 22.8%-57.7%, respectively. According to the results of diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA), both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources were found to be effective in PAH pollution in the sampling region. The fugacity fraction (ff) ratio and net flux (Fnet) values indicated that the direction of movement of PAHs was from soil to air. In order to better understand the PAH movement in the environment, soil-plant exchange calculations were also achieved. The ratio of ∑14PAH values measured to modeled concentrations (1.19<ratio<1.52) revealed that the model worked well for the sampling region and produced reasonable results. The ff and Fnet levels showed that branches were saturated with PAHs and the direction of PAH movement was from plant to soil. The plant-air exchange results indicated that the direction of movement of PAHs was from plant to air for low molecular weight PAHs and the opposite was true for compounds with high molecular weight ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Sanli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Semra Celik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Viam Joubi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
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Liu J, Jia J, Grathwohl P. Dilution of concentrations of PAHs from atmospheric particles, bulk deposition to soil: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4219-4234. [PMID: 35166959 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are emitted to the atmosphere by various anthropogenic activities as well as natural sources, they undergo long-range transport, are degraded (e.g., by photolysis) and finally they are deposited onto the surface and potentially accumulate in topsoil. The dry deposition of particle-bound PAHs dominates the accumulation of PAHs in soil and their further fate in soil is governed by sorption/desorption from these airborne particles. This paper offers an overview on concentrations of particle-bound PAHs, the dry deposition fluxes and finally concentrations of PAHs in soil. In addition, spatial and temporal variations of PAHs are considered. The results show that concentrations of particle-bound PAHs typically range from 1 mg g-1 up to 10 mg g-1 in cities with coal-based heating in winter and in countries with coal-based industry incl. electrical power production. These values are very high and exceed the legal limits set in soils by orders of magnitude. Atmospheric deposition rates typically reach several mg m-2 a-1, but in winter, especially in countries with heating, deposition rates are up to 10 times higher. PAHs concentrations in soils show a very wide variation from less than 1 µg g-1 in rural areas up to 10 µg g-1 in urban space, which is about 1000 times lower than the concentration of PAHs on particles in the atmosphere. This demonstrates the relevance of high concentrations of PAHs on airborne particles deposited on soils, which also highlights the importance of considering incremental lifetime cancer risk models for both air and soil and assessing the total health risk of PAHs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
- Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jianli Jia
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Sharma P, Bano A, Singh SP, Sharma S, Xia C, Nadda AK, Lam SS, Tong YW. Engineered microbes as effective tools for the remediation of polyaromatic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135538. [PMID: 35792210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become a major concern to human health and the environment due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Traditional treatment measures for removing toxic substances from the environment have largely failed, and thus development and advancement in newer remediation techniques are of utmost importance. Rising environmental pollution with HMs and PAHs prompted the research on microbes and the development of genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) for reducing pollution via the bioremediation process. The enzymes produced from a variety of microbes can effectively treat a range of pollutants, but evolutionary trends revealed that various emerging pollutants are resistant to microbial or enzymatic degradation. Naturally, existing microbes can be engineered using various techniques including, gene engineering, directed evolution, protein engineering, media engineering, strain engineering, cell wall modifications, rationale hybrid design, and encapsulation or immobilization process. The immobilization of microbes and enzymes using a variety of nanomaterials, membranes, and supports with high specificity toward the emerging pollutants is also an effective strategy to capture and treat the pollutants. The current review focuses on successful bioremediation techniques and approaches that make use of GEMs or engineered enzymes. Such engineered microbes are more potent than natural strains and have greater degradative capacities, as well as rapid adaptation to various pollutants as substrates or co-metabolizers. The future for the implementation of genetic engineering to produce such organisms for the benefit of the environment andpublic health is indeed long and valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Ambreen Bano
- IIRC-3, Plant-Microbe Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Integral University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, 208001, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Dehua Tubao New Decoration Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang 313200, China
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173 234, India.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive, 117585, Singapore.
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9
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Migration Behavior and Influencing Factors of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Phenanthrene in Soil around Typical Oilfields of China. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Petroleum spills and land contamination are becoming increasingly common around the world. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other pollutants found in petroleum are constantly migrating underground, making their migration in soil a hot research topic. Therefore, it is of great significance to evaluate the migratory process of petroleum hydrocarbons in petroleum-polluted soil to clarify its ecological and environmental risks. In this study, Phenanthrene (PHE) was used as a typical pollutant of PAHs. The soil was gathered from three typical oilfields in China, and a soil column apparatus was built to simulate the vertical migration of PHE in the soil. The migration law and penetration effect of PHE in various environmental conditions of soil were investigated by varying the ionic strength (IS), pH, particle size, and type of soil. According to the literature, pH has no discernible effect on the migration of PHE. The migration of PHE was adversely and positively linked with changes in IS and soil particle size, respectively. The influence of soil type was mainly manifested in the difference of organic matter and clay content. In the Yanchang Oilfield (YC) soil with the largest soil particle size and the least clay content, the mobility of PHE was the highest. This study may reveal the migration law of PAHs in soils around typical oilfields, establish a new foundation for PAH migration in the soil, and also provide new ideas for the management and control of petroleum pollution in the soil and groundwater.
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Tsuji H, Akiyoshi Y, Asakawa D, Nakashita S, Iwamoto Y, Sakugawa H, Takeda K. Dynamics and Mass Balance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in and Around the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:467-480. [PMID: 35320377 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed to elucidate the distribution, ecological risk, pathways, and fluxes of these pollutants in and around the Seto Inland Sea, an industrialized coastal region of Japan. High molecular weight PAHs (5-6 rings) were primarily found in regions close to the bay estuaries, and their proportions decreased at distances further from the estuaries (offshore areas), where low molecular weight PAHs (2-4 rings) were more ubiquitous. Screening-level risk assessments revealed that the PAHs found in the sediments should have no adverse effects on benthic communities. A mass balance for PAHs in the Seto Inland Sea, calculated based on data collected in the field and published literature findings, showed the PAH flux into the Seto Inland Sea from atmospheric deposition were ca. 6 times higher than that from riverine inflows. Comparison of the amount of the PAH mass flux between the Seto Inland Sea and the sea of the Europe and Asian countries indicated that the Seto Inland Sea is less polluted than the Gulf of Lion, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Bohai Sea, China and more polluted than the Yellow Sea. This paper is the first to determine the fluxes of PAHs in the coastal region of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Mie Prefecture Environmental Conservation Agency, 3258 Ueno, Kawage-cho, Tsu, Mie, 510-0304, Japan
| | - Yuta Akiyoshi
- School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Daichi Asakawa
- Osaka City Research Center of Environmental Science, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakashita
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yoko Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
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Chen W, Peng B, Huang H, Kuang Y, Qian Z, Zhu W, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Zhao X, Zhou H, Qi S. Distribution and Potential Sources of OCPs and PAHs in Waters from the Danshui River Basin in Yichang, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010263. [PMID: 35010525 PMCID: PMC8782434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the concentrations, spatial distribution, potential sources and mass fluxes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in waters from the Danshui River Basin, a total of 20 water samples were collected and analyzed from a karstic river in Western Hubei of Central China. The average concentrations of total OCPs and PAHs in the river water were 4719 pg·L-1 and 26.2 ng·L-1, respectively. The characteristic ratios of different isomers and the composition analysis of individual OCPs and PAHs revealed that HCHs originated from a mixed input of technical HCHs and Lindane, DDTs were mainly from technical DDTs, and PAHs mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion. The mass flux analysis showed that PAHs had a higher emission and heavier burden than OCPs in the Danshui River Basin. OCPs and PAHs emitted from agricultural or other human activities could enter the groundwater and then be transported to the surface/river water in the karst area. The adsorption of OCPs and PAHs by particles and the sedimentation of particles could be the primary processes to intercept these pollutants in the water of the karstic river system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; (W.C.); (B.P.); (Z.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.K.); (W.Z.); (H.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; (W.C.); (B.P.); (Z.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China;
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.K.); (W.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhe Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; (W.C.); (B.P.); (Z.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.K.); (W.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.K.); (W.Z.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.Q.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; (W.C.); (B.P.); (Z.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuan Liao
- Geological Environmental Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430034, China;
| | - Xiufang Zhao
- 7th Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration of Shandong Province, Linyi 276000, China;
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.K.); (W.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; (W.C.); (B.P.); (Z.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.Q.)
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Wu C, Li F, Yi S, Ge F. Genetically engineered microbial remediation of soils co-contaminated by heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Advances and ecological risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113185. [PMID: 34243092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soils contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been becoming a worldwide concerned environmental problem because of threatening public healthy via food chain exposure. Thus soils polluted by HMs and PAHs need to be remediated urgently. Physical and chemical remediation methods usually have some disadvantages, e.g., cost-expensiveness and incomplete removal, easily causing secondary pollution, which are hence not environmental-friendly. Conventional microbial approaches are mostly used to treat a single contaminant in soils and lack high efficiency and specificity for combined contaminants. Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) have emerged as a desired requirement of higher bioremediation efficiency for soils polluted with HMs and PAHs and environmental sustainability, which can provide a more eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy in comparison with some conventional techniques. This review comments the recent advances about successful bioremediation techniques and approaches for soil contaminated with HMs and/or PAHs by GEMs, and discusses some challenges in the simultaneous removal of HMs and PAHs from soil by designing multi-functional genetic engineering microorganisms (MFGEMs), such as improvement of higher efficiency, strict environmental conditions, and possible ecological risks. Also, the modern biotechnological techniques and approaches in improving the ability of microbial enzymes to effectively degrade combined contaminants at a faster rate are introduced, such as reasonable gene editing, metabolic pathway modification, and protoplast fusion. Although MFGEMs are more potent than the native microbes and can quickly adapt to combined contaminants in soils, the ecological risk of MFGEMs needs to be evaluated under a regulatory, safety, or costs benefit-driving system in a way of stratified regulation. Nevertheless, the innovation of genetic engineering to produce MFGEMs should be inspired for the welfare of successful bioremediation for soils contaminated with HMs and PAHs but it must be supervised by the public, authorities, and laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- College of Environment Science and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Purification Technology and Its Application on Complex Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Environment Science and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Purification Technology and Its Application on Complex Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China.
| | - Shengwei Yi
- College of Environment Science and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Purification Technology and Its Application on Complex Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
| | - Fei Ge
- College of Environment Science and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Purification Technology and Its Application on Complex Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment, Xiangtan, 411105, PR China
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Kumar M, Bolan NS, Hoang SA, Sawarkar AD, Jasemizad T, Gao B, Keerthanan S, Padhye LP, Singh L, Kumar S, Vithanage M, Li Y, Zhang M, Kirkham MB, Vinu A, Rinklebe J. Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: To immobilize, mobilize, or degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126534. [PMID: 34280720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated due to incomplete burning of organic substances. Use of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic cause of PAHs emission in natural settings. Although several PAH compounds exist in the natural environmental setting, only 16 of these compounds are considered priority pollutants. PAHs imposes several health impacts on humans and other living organisms due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic properties. The specific characteristics of PAHs, such as their high hydrophobicity and low water solubility, influence their active adsorption onto soils and sediments, affecting their bioavailability and subsequent degradation. Therefore, this review first discusses various sources of PAHs, including source identification techniques, bioavailability, and interactions of PAHs with soils and sediments. Then this review addresses the remediation technologies adopted so far of PAHs in soils and sediments using immobilization techniques (capping, stabilization, dredging, and excavation), mobilization techniques (thermal desorption, washing, electrokinetics, and surfactant assisted), and biological degradation techniques. The pros and cons of each technology are discussed. A detailed systematic compilation of eco-friendly approaches used to degrade PAHs, such as phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and emerging hybrid or integrated technologies are reviewed along with case studies and provided prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Son A Hoang
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ankush D Sawarkar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440 010, India
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bowen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - S Keerthanan
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Na G, Liang Y, Li R, Gao H, Jin S. Flux of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds (PAHs) from the Atmosphere and from Reindeer/Bird Feces to Arctic Soils in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:166-181. [PMID: 34019116 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric, soil, and feces samples were collected in Ny-Ålesund during July 2015. The concentrations, distributions, congener profiles, and contaminant migration levels were analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as priority contaminants (16 PAHs). Mean concentrations in the gas and particle phases were 37.8 ng m-3 and 2.9 ng m-3, respectively, and mean concentrations in soil and reindeer/bird feces were 329.1 ng g-1 and 720.7 ng g-1, respectively, on a dry weight (d.w.) basis. In more than three phases, naphthalene and phenanthrene dominated the concentrations of the 16 total PAHs (Σ16PAH) and the concentration of PAHs in the gas phase was much higher than in the particle phase. The main sources of local PAHs may be coal combustion and air-surface exchange. There was a volatilization tendency from soil to air for 2-4 ring PAHs, and exchange fluxes were ~ 105 times greater than the deposition fluxes of 5-6 ring PAHs. The underground migration of PAHs was investigated in Ny-Ålesund; the results showed flux values of ~ 0.07% from the initial PAH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshui Na
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
| | - Yuyuan Liang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
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