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Jin Z, Li J, Yang Q, Shi Y, Lin X, Chen F, Chen Q, Chen Z, Li F. Nitrogen isotope characteristics and importance of NO x from biomass burning in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175430. [PMID: 39128524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a primary source of atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NOx), however, the lack of isotopic fingerprints from biomass burning limits their use in tracing atmospheric nitrate (NO3-) and NOx. A total of 25 biomass fuels from 10 provinces and regions in China were collected, and the δ15N values of biomass fuels (δ15N-biomass) and δ15N-NOx values of biomass burning (δ15N-NOx values of BB, open burning, and rural cooking stove burning) were determined. The δ15N-NOx values of open burning and rural cooking stove burning ranged from -0.8 ‰ to 11.6 ‰ and 0.8 ‰ to 9.5 ‰, respectively, indicating a significant linear relation with δ15N-biomass. Based on the measured δ15N-NOx values of BB and biomass burning emission inventory data, the δ15N-NOx values of BB in different provinces and regions of China were calculated using the δ15N-NOx model, with a mean value of 5.0 ± 1.8 ‰. The spatial variations in the estimated δ15N-NOx values of BB in China were mainly controlled by the differences in the δ15N-NOx values and the proportions of NOx emissions from various straw burning activities in provinces and regions of China. Furthermore, by using the combined local emissions of biomass burning with regional transportations of NOx based on air-mass backward trajectories, we established an improved δ15N-NOx model and obtained more accurate δ15N-NOx values of BB in regions (2.3 ‰ to 8.4 ‰). By utilising the reported δ15N-NOx values of precipitation and particulate matter from 21 cities in China and the more accurate δ15N-NOx values of BB, the NOx contributions from four sources (mobile sources, coal combustion, biomass burning, and microbial N cycle) at the national scale were estimated using a Bayesian model. The significant contributions of biomass burning (20.9 % to 44.3 %) to NOx emissions were revealed, which is vital for controlling NOx emissions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanfang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Zhejiang Huanyan Ecological Environment Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yasheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qifang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Feili Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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Huang W, Ye X, Lv Z, Yao Y, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Chen J. Dual isotopic evidence of δ 15N and δ 18O for priority control of vehicle emissions in a megacity of East China: Insight from measurements in summer and winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172918. [PMID: 38697522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The source apportionment and main formation pathway of nitrate aerosols in China are not yet fully understood. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected in Shanghai in the summer and winter of 2019. Water-soluble inorganic ions and isotopic signatures of stable nitrogen (δ15N-NO3-) and stable oxygen (δ18O-NO3-) in PM2.5 were determined. The results showed that NO3- was less important in summer (NO3-/SO42- = 0.4 ± 0.8), while it became the dominant species in winter (52.1 %). The average values of δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- in summer were + 2.0 ± 6.1 ‰ and 63.3 ± 9.4 ‰ respectively, which were significantly lower than those in winter (+7.2 ± 3.4 ‰ and 88.3 ± 12.1 ‰), indicating discrepancies between NOx sources and nitrate formation pathways. Both δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- were elevated at night, demonstrating that N2O5 hydrolysis contributed to the nocturnal nitrate increase even in summer. The contribution of the OH oxidation pathway to nitrate aerosols averaged at 70.5 ± 17.0 % in summer and N2O5 hydrolysis dominated the nitrate production in winter (approximately 80 %). On average, vehicle exhaust, coal combustion, natural gas burning, and soil emission contributed 50.7 %, 21.5 %, 15.9 %, and 11.9 %, respectively, to nitrate aerosols in summer, and contributed 56.8 %, 23.9 %, 13.6 %, and 5.7 %, respectively, to nitrate production in winter. Notably, natural gas burning is a non-negligible source of nitrate aerosols in Shanghai. In contrast to an inverse correlation between δ15N-NO3- and PM2.5, the value of δ18O-NO3- was positively correlated with nitrate concentration and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) in winter, suggesting that explosive growth of nitrate was driven by continuous accumulation of N-depleted NOx and rapid N2O5 hydrolysis under calm and humid conditions. To continuously improve air quality, priority control should be given to vehicle emissions as the dominant source of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xingnan Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Chongming District, Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Zhixiao Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yinghui Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanqiao Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Chongming District, Shanghai 202162, China
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Zheng X, Liu J, Zhong B, Wang Y, Wu Z, Chuduo N, Ba B, Yuan X, Fan M, Cao F, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhou L, Ma N, Yu P, Li J, Zhang G. Insights into anthropogenic impact on atmospheric inorganic aerosols in the largest city of the Tibetan Plateau through multidimensional isotope analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172643. [PMID: 38649049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Particulate inorganic nitrogen aerosols (PIN) significantly influence air pollution and pose health risks worldwide. Despite extensive observations on ammonium (pNH4+) and nitrate (pNO3-) aerosols in various regions, their key sources and mechanisms in the Tibetan Plateau remain poorly understood. To bridge this gap, this study conducted a sampling campaign in Lhasa, the Tibetan Plateau's largest city, with a focus on analyzing the multiple isotopic signatures (δ15N, ∆17O). These isotopes were integrated into a Bayesian mixing model to quantify the source contributions and oxidation pathways for pNH4+ and pNO3-. Our results showed that traffic was the largest contributor to pNH4+ (31.8 %), followed by livestock (25.4 %), waste (21.8 %), and fertilizer (21.0 %), underscoring the impact of vehicular emissions on urban NH3 levels in Lhasa. For pNO3-, coal combustion emerged as the largest contributor (27.3 %), succeeded by biomass burning (26.3 %), traffic emission (25.3 %), and soil emission (21.1 %). In addition, the ∆17O-based model indicated a dominant role of NO2 + OH (52.9 %) in pNO3- production in Lhasa, which was similar to previous observations. However, it should be noted that the NO3 + volatile organic component (VOC) contributed up to 18.5 % to pNO3- production, which was four times higher than the Tibetan Plateau's background regions. Taken together, the multidimensional isotope analysis performed in this study elucidates the pronounced influence of anthropogenic activities on PIN in the atmospheric environment of Lhasa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Bingqian Zhong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zeyan Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Nima Chuduo
- Lhasa Meteorological Administration, Lhasa 850010, China
| | - Bian Ba
- Lhasa Meteorological Administration, Lhasa 850010, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meiyi Fan
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Luxi Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Deng M, Wang C, Yang C, Li X, Cheng H. Nitrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics, formation mechanism, and source apportionment of nitrate aerosols in Wuhan, Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170715. [PMID: 38331296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and formation mechanisms of nitrate in PM2.5 is important for effective and precise prevention and control of particulate matter pollution. In this study, we detected stable nitrogen and oxygen isotope signatures of NO- 3 (expressed as δ15N-NO- 3 and δ18O-NO3-) in PM2.5 samples in Wuhan, the largest city in central China. The sources and formation pathways of NO3- were quantitatively analyzed using the modified version of the Bayesian isotope mixing (MixSIR) model, and the regional transport characteristics of NO3- were analyzed using the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) method. The results showed that NO3- significantly contributed to the ambient PM2.5 pollution and its driving effect increased with the gradient of pollution level. The average δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- values were 4.7 ± 0.9 ‰ and 79.7 ± 2.9 ‰, respectively. δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- were more enriched in winter and increased dramatically in heavily polluted days. The reaction pathway of NO2 + OH dominated nitrate formation in summer, while the reaction pathway of N2O5+ H2O dominated in other seasons and contributed more in polluted days than clean days. The contributions of vehicle emission, coal combustion, biomass burning, biogenic soil emission, and ship emission sources to NO3- were 26.4 %, 23.4 %, 22.8 %, 15.3 %, and 12.1 %, respectively. In addition to local emissions, air mass transport from the northern China had a significant impact on particulate NO3- in Wuhan. Overall, we should pay special attention to vehicle and ship emissions and winter coal combustion emissions in future policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cimou Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunmian Yang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Feng X, Chen Y, Chen S, Peng Y, Liu Z, Jiang M, Feng Y, Wang L, Li L, Chen J. Dominant Contribution of NO 3 Radical to NO 3- Formation during Heavy Haze Episodes: Insights from High-Time Resolution of Dual Isotopes Δ 17O and δ 18O. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20726-20735. [PMID: 38035574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
δ18O is widely used to track nitrate (NO3-) formation but overlooks NO3 radical reactions with hydrocarbons (HCs), particularly in heavily emitting hazes. This study introduces high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- as a powerful tool to quantify NO3- formation during five hazes in three cities. Results show significant differences between Δ17O-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- in identifying NO3- formation. δ18O-NO3- results suggested N2O5 hydrolysis (62.0-88.4%) as the major pathway of NO3- formation, while Δ17O-NO3- shows the NO3- formation contributions of NO2 + OH (17.7-66.3%), NO3 + HC (10.8-49.6%), and N2O5 hydrolysis (22.9-33.3%), revealing significant NO3 + HC contribution (41.7-56%) under severe pollution. Furthermore, NO3- formation varies with temperatures, NOx oxidation rate (NOR), and pollution levels. Higher NO2 + OH contribution and lower NO3 + HC contribution were observed at higher temperatures, except for low NOR haze where higher NO2 + OH contributions were observed at low temperatures (T ← 10 °C). This emphasizes the significance of NO2 + OH in emission-dominated haze. Contributions of NO2 + OH and NO3 + HC relate to NOR as positive (fP1 = 3.0*NOR2 - 2.4*NOR + 0.8) and negative (fP2 = -2.3*NOR2 + 1.8*NOR) quadratic functions, respectively, with min/max values at NOR = 0.4. At mild pollution, NO2 + OH (58.1 ± 22.2%) dominated NO3- formation, shifting to NO3 + HC (35.5 ± 16.3%) during severe pollution. Additionally, high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- reveals that morning-evening rush hours and high temperatures at noon promote the contributions of NO3 + HC and NO2 + OH, respectively. Our results suggested that the differences in the NO3- pathway are attributed to temperatures, NOR, and pollution levels. Furthermore, high-time resolution Δ17O-NO3- is vital for quantifying NO3 + HC contribution during severe hazes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yu Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Minjun Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanli Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Liu J, Jiang F, Chen Z, Wu L, Zhou S, Pei C, Kuang Y, Cao F, Zhang Y, Fan M, Zheng J, Li J, Zhang G. Vertical measurements of stable nitrogen and oxygen isotope composition of fine particulate nitrate aerosol in Guangzhou city: Source apportionment and oxidation pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161239. [PMID: 36587665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the emission source and formation mechanism of fine particulate nitrate (pNO3-) in China are mired in controversy. In this study, the stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N-NO3-) and triple oxygen isotope (Δ17O-NO3-) were determined for the pNO3- samples collected at three heights under different atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) (Ox = O3 + NO2: 107 ± 29 μg m-3 at ground, 102 ± 28 μg m-3 at 118 m, 122 ± 23 μg m-3 at 488 m) conditions during the sampling period based on the Canton Tower, Guangzhou, China. The Bayesian mixing model showed that coal combustion was the largest contributor to pNO3- in this city, followed by biomass burning, vehicle exhaust, and soil emission. Interestingly, we found that vertical NOx and pNO3- concentrations displayed an opposite pattern owing to the different formation mechanisms among heights. The average contributions of oxidation pathways for (NO2 + OH, P1), (NO3 + DMS/HC, P2), and (N2O5 + H2O, P3) were 61 %, 12 %, and 27 % at the ground, respectively, and these values would vary greatly among heights. These results implied that both AOC and NOx loading played an important role in pNO3- production. The pNO3- displayed a positive correlation with NOx (r = 0.95) with an enhanced contribution of the P1 pathway under the relatively high AOC condition. However, pNO3- has a negative correlation with NOx (r = -0.99) with a rise of heterogeneous reaction (P2 and P3) under the relatively low AOC condition. Therefore, the current emission control strategy for air pollution in China needs to consider the AOC conditions among regions to effectively mitigate particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Meiyi Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Application of Stable Isotope Techniques in Tracing the Sources of Atmospheric NOX and Nitrate. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate is an important component of PM2.5, and its dry deposition and wet deposition can have an impact on ecosystems. Nitrate in the atmosphere is mainly transformed by nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2) through a number of photochemical processes. For effective management of the atmosphere’s environment, it is crucial to understand the sources of atmospheric NOX and the processes that produce atmospheric nitrate. The stable isotope method is an effective analytical method for exploring the sources of NO3− in the atmosphere. This study discusses the range and causes of δ15N data from various sources of NOX emissions, provides the concepts of stable isotope techniques applied to NOX traceability, and introduces the use of Bayesian mixture models for the investigation of NOX sources. The combined application of δ15N and δ18O to determine the pathways of nitrate formation is summarized, and the contribution of Δ17O to the atmospheric nitrate formation pathway and the progress of combining Δ17O simulations to reveal the atmospheric oxidation characteristics of different regions are discussed, respectively. This paper highlights the application results and development trend of stable isotope techniques in nitrate traceability, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of stable isotope techniques in atmospheric NOX traceability, and looks forward to its future application in atmospheric nitrate pollution. The research results could provide data support for regional air pollution control measures.
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Wu C, Liu L, Wang G, Zhang S, Li G, Lv S, Li J, Wang F, Meng J, Zeng Y. Important contribution of N 2O 5 hydrolysis to the daytime nitrate in Xi'an, China during haze periods: Isotopic analysis and WRF-Chem model simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117712. [PMID: 34246996 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate, as one of the major components of tropospheric aerosols, plays a crucial role in winter haze formation. While, the formation mechanism of the high production of nitrate in Chinese megacities is still not fully understood. To quantify the contributions of major formation pathways to nitrate, airborne particles in Xi'an, inland China during the winter of 2017 were measured and analyzed for the water-soluble ions and stable nitrogen/oxygen isotope compositions of nitrate in PM2.5, followed by a WRF-Chem model simulation. The oxygen isotopic results indicated that N2O5 hydrolysis was an important formation pathway for the daytime nitrate in the haze episodes. The model simulation further revealed that N2O5 hydrolysis contribution increased from 8.2% to 20.5% of the total nitrate over 14:00-16:00 p.m., clearly showing that N2O5 formation followed by a heterogeneous hydrolysis to nitrate can effectively proceed in daytime under the abundantly co-existing O3, NO2 and NH3 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Lang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Guohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
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Lin YC, Zhang YL, Yu M, Fan MY, Xie F, Zhang WQ, Wu G, Cong Z, Michalski G. Formation Mechanisms and Source Apportionments of Airborne Nitrate Aerosols at a Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau Site: Insights from Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12261-12271. [PMID: 34469681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Formation pathways and sources of atmosphere nitrate (NO3-) have attracted much attention as NO3- had detrimental effects on Earth's ecosystem and climate change. Here, we measured nitrogen (δ15N-NO3-) and oxygen (δ18O-NO3- and Δ17O-NO3-) isotope compositions in nitrate aerosols at the Qomolangma station (QOMS) over the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) to quantify the formation mechanisms and emission sources of nitrate at the background site. At QOMS, the enhanced NO3- concentrations were observed in the springtime. The average δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, and Δ17O-NO3- values were 0.4 ± 4.9, 64.7 ± 11.5 and 27.6 ± 6.9‰, respectively. Seasonal variations of isotope ratios at QOMS can be explained by the different emissions and formation pathways to nitrate. The average fractions of NO2 + OH and N2O5 + H2O to nitrate production were estimated to be 43 and 52%, respectively, when the NO3 + hydrocarbon (HC)/dimethyl sulfide (DMS) (NO3 + HC/DMS) pathway was assumed to be 5%. Using stable isotope analysis in the R (SIAR) model, the relative contributions of biomass burning (BB), biogenic soil emission, traffic, and coal combustion to nitrate were estimated to be 28, 25, 24, and 23%, respectively, on yearly basis. By FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) dispersion model, we highlighted that NOx from BB emission over South Asia that had undergone N2O5 + H2O processes enhanced the nitrate concentrations in the springtime over the HTP region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Lin
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mingyuan Yu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mei-Yi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education & Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Greg Michalski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Tian J, Guan H, Zhou Y, Zheng N, Xiao H, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Xiao H. Isotopic source analysis of nitrogen-containing aerosol: A study of PM 2.5 in Guiyang (SW, China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143935. [PMID: 33348151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been a longstanding subject of debate, the nitrogen-15 isotope (δ15N) has been used to identify the major sources of atmospheric nitrogen. In this study, PM2.5 samples (n = 361) were collected from September 2017 to August 2018 in the urban area of Guiyang (SW, China), to investigate the chemical composition and potential sources of PM2.5. The results showed an average PM2.5 of 33.0 μg m-3 ± 20.0 μg m-3. The concentration of PM2.5 was higher in Winter, lower in Summer. The major water resolved inorganic ions (WSIIs) were Ca2+, NH4+, Na+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-. Nitrogen-containing aerosols (i.e., NO3- and NH4+) suddenly strengthened during the winter, when NO3- became the dominant contributor. Over the sampling period, the molar ratio of NH4+/(NO3- + 2 × SO42-) ranged from 0.1 to 0.9, thus indicating the full fixation of NH4+ by existing NO3- and SO42- in PM2.5. The annual value of NOR was 0.1 while rised to 0.5 in Winter. The variations of NOR (Nitrogen oxidation ratio) (0.1-0.5) values suggest that the secondary formation of NO3- occurred every season and was most influential during the winter. The total particulate nitrogen (TN) δ15N value of PM2.5 ranged from -5.9‰ to 25.3‰ over the year with annual mean of +11.8‰ ± 4.7‰, whereas it was between -5.9‰ and 14.3‰ during the winter with mean of 7.0‰ ± 3.8‰. A Bayesian isotope mixing model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R; SIAR) was applied to analyze the nitrogen sources. The modeling results showed that 29%, 21%, and 40% of TN in PM2.5 during the winter in Guiyang was due to nitrogen-emissions from coal combustion, vehicle exhausts, and biomass burning, respectively. Our results demonstrate that biomass burning was the main contributor to PM during the winter, 80% of the air mass comes from rural areas of Guizhou border, this transport process can increase the risk of particulate pollution in Guiyang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yunhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nengjian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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Luo L, Zhu RG, Song CB, Peng JF, Guo W, Liu Y, Zheng N, Xiao H, Xiao HY. Changes in nitrate accumulation mechanisms as PM 2.5 levels increase on the North China Plain: A perspective from the dual isotopic compositions of nitrate. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127915. [PMID: 33297012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) has become recognized as the most important water-soluble ion in fine particulate (PM2.5), and has been proposed as a driving factor for regional haze formation. However, nitrate formation mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from September 2017 to August 2018 in Shijiazhuang, a city located on the North China Plain, and NO3-concentration, δ18O-NO3- and δ15N-NO3- values in PM2.5 were analyzed. NO3- concentrations increased as PM2.5 levels increased during both polluted and non-polluted days over the entire year. δ18O-NO3- values during cold months (63.5-103‰) were higher than those during warm months (50.3-85.4‰), these results suggested that the nitrate formation pathways shifted from the NO2 + OH (POH) in warm months to the N2O5 + H2O (PN2O5) and NO3 + VOCs (PNO3) pathways in cold months. Especially during cold months, δ18O-NO3- values increased from 65.2-79.9‰ to 80.7-96.2‰ when PM2.5 increased from ∼25 to >100 μg/m3, but when PM2.5 > 100 μg/m3, there were relatively small variations in δ18O-NO3-. These results suggested that nitrate formation pathways changed from POH to PN2O5 and PNO3 pathways when PM2.5 < 100 μg/m3, but that PN2O5 and PNO3 dominated nitrate production when PM2.5 > 100 μg/m3. Higher δ15N-NO3- values in warm months (-11.8-13.8‰) than in cold months (-0.7-22.6‰) may be attributed to differences in NOx emission sources and nitrogen isotopic fractionation among NOx and NO3-. These results provide information on the dual isotopic compositions of nitrate to understand nitrate formation pathways under different PM2.5 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ren-Guo Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Cong-Bo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Fei Peng
- China Center for Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Nengjian Zheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Hua-Yun Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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Wang K, Hattori S, Kang S, Lin M, Yoshida N. Isotopic constraints on the formation pathways and sources of atmospheric nitrate in the Mt. Everest region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115274. [PMID: 32891045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic particulate nitrate (p-NO3-), gaseous nitric acid (HNO3(g)) and nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), as main atmospheric pollutants, have detrimental effects on human health and aquatic/terrestrial ecosystems. Referred to as the 'Third Pole' and the 'Water Tower of Asia', the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has attracted wide attention on its environmental changes. Here, we evaluated the oxidation processes of atmospheric nitrate as well as traced its potential sources by analyzing the isotopic compositions of nitrate (δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O) in the aerosols collected from the Mt. Everest region during April to September 2018. Over the entire sampling campaigns, the average of δ15N(NO3-), δ18O(NO3-), and Δ17O(NO3-) was -5.1 ± 2.3‰, 66.7 ± 10.2‰, and 24.1 ± 3.9‰, respectively. The seasonal variation in Δ17O(NO3-) indicates the relative importance of O3 and HO2/RO2/OH in NOx oxidation processes among different seasons. A significant correlation between NO3- and Ca2+ and frequent dust storms in the Mt. Everest region indicate that initially, the atmospheric nitrate in this region might have undergone a process of settling; subsequently, it got re-suspended in the dust. Compared with the Δ17O(NO3-) values in the northern TP, our observed significantly higher values suggest that spatial variations in atmospheric Δ17O(NO3-) exist within the TP, and this might result from the spatial variations of the atmospheric O3 levels, especially the stratospheric O3, over the TP. The observed δ15N(NO3-) values predicted remarkably low δ15N values in the NOx of the sources and the N isotopic fractionation plays a crucial role in the seasonal changes of δ15N(NO3-). Combined with the results from the backward trajectory analysis of air mass, we suggest that the vehicle exhausts and agricultural activities in South Asia play a dominant role in determining the nitrate levels in the Mt. Everest region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shohei Hattori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Mang Lin
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan; Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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