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Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Wu Z, Niu X, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Ho SSH, Li Z, Shen Z. Toxicity source apportionment of fugitive dust PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using multilayer perceptron neural network analysis in Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133773. [PMID: 38382337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban fugitive dust, known for their toxicity and ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), are a major public health concern. This study assessed the spatial distribution and health risks of 15 PAHs in construction dust (CD) and road dust (RD) samples collected from June to November 2021 over the cities of Tongchuan (TC), Baoji (BJ), Xianyang (XY), and Xi'an (XA) in the Guanzhong Plain, China. The average concentration of ΣPAHs in RD was 39.5 ± 20.0 μg g-1, approximately twice as much as in CD. Four-ring PAHs from fossil fuels combustion accounted for the highest proportion of ΣPAHs in fugitive dust over all four cities. Health-related indicators including benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency factors (BAPTEQ), oxidative potential (OP), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) all presented higher risk in RD than those in CD. The multilayer perceptron neural network algorithm quantified that vehicular and industrial emissions contributed 86 % and 61 % to RD and CD BAPTEQ, respectively. For OP, the sources of biomass and coal combustion were the key generator which accounted for 31-54 %. These findings provide scientific evidence for the direct efforts toward decreasing the health risks of fugitive dust in Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno NV89512, United States
| | - Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Wu D, Zheng H, Li Q, Wang S, Zhao B, Jin L, Lyu R, Li S, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhang F, Wu Q, Liu T, Jiang J, Wang L, Li X, Chen J, Hao J. Achieving health-oriented air pollution control requires integrating unequal toxicities of industrial particles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6491. [PMID: 37838777 PMCID: PMC10576764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protecting human health from fine particulate matter (PM) pollution is the ambitious goal of clean air actions, but current control strategies largely ignore the role of source-specific PM toxicity. Here, we proposed health-oriented control strategies by integrating the unequal toxic potencies of the most polluting industrial PMs. Iron and steel industry (ISI)-emitted PM2.5 exhibit about one order of magnitude higher toxic potency than those of cement and power industries. Compared with the current mass-based control strategy (prioritizing implementation of ultralow emission standards in the power sector), the proposed health-oriented control strategy (priority control of the ISI sector) could generate 5.4 times higher reduction in population-weighted toxic potency-adjusted PM2.5 exposure among polluting industries in China. Furthermore, the marginal abatement cost per unit of toxic potency-adjusted mass of ISI-emitted PM2.5 is only a quarter of that of the other two sectors under ultralow emission scenarios. We highlight that a health-oriented air pollution control strategy is urgently required to achieve cost-effective reductions in particulate exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai, 202162, China.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Lyu
- China Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Shengyue Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fenfen Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qingru Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tonghao Liu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai, 202162, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
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Li X, Liu Y, Zhang TA. A comprehensive review of aluminium electrolysis and the waste generated by it. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1498-1511. [PMID: 37052310 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231164321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium is produced by electrolysis using alumina (Al2O3) as raw material and cryolite (Na3AlF6) as electrolyte. In this Hall-Héroult process, the energy consumption is relatively large, and solid wastes such as spent anodes and spent pot liner, flue gas and waste heat are generated. Therefore, this article discusses from the perspective of high energy consumption and high pollution and summarizes the methods to reduce energy consumption and solve pollution problems. The functions of carbon anode, carbon cathode, refractory material and sidewall in aluminium electrolysis cells are discussed in detail. The process of aluminium electrolysis and the ways to improve the current efficiency of aluminium electrolysis cells and reduce their energy consumption are outlined. The causes and treatment methods of spent anodes, spent cathodes, spent refractories and spent spot liner are reviewed. The research progress of waste heat recovery and aluminium electrolysis flue gas purification are analysed. And the future research directions of aluminium electrolysis flue gas are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Metallurgy of Multi-metal Intergrown Ores of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Metallurgy of Multi-metal Intergrown Ores of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ting-An Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Metallurgy of Multi-metal Intergrown Ores of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Arnesen K, Aarhaug TA, Einarsrud KE, Tranell GM. Influence of Atmosphere and Temperature on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Green Anode Paste Baking. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18116-18121. [PMID: 37251142 PMCID: PMC10210205 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Coal tar pitch, a well-known source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is used as a binder of petroleum coke in prebaked anodes used for electrolysis of aluminum. Anodes are baked up to 1100 °C over a 20-day period, where flue gas containing PAHs and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are treated using techniques such as regenerative thermal oxidation, quenching, and washing. Conditions during baking facilitate incomplete combustion of PAHs, and due to the various structures and properties of PAHs, the effect of temperature up to 750 °C and various atmospheres during pyrolysis and combustion were tested. PAH emissions from green anode paste (GAP) dominate in the temperature interval of 251-500 °C, where PAH species of 4-6 rings make up the majority of the emission profile. During pyrolysis in argon atmosphere, a total of 1645 μg EPA-16 PAHs are emitted per gram of GAP. Adding 5 and 10% CO2 to the inert atmosphere does not seem to affect the PAH emission level significantly, at 1547 and 1666 μg/g, respectively. When adding oxygen, concentrations decreased to 569 μg/g and 417 μg/g for 5% and 10% O2, respectively, corresponding to a 65% and 75% decrease in emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Arnesen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kristian Etienne Einarsrud
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gabriella M. Tranell
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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Zeng X, Kong S, Zhang Q, Ren H, Liu J, Feng Y, Yan Q, Qin S, Zheng S, Yao L, Fan Z, Zhang Y, Liu X, Yan Y, Zhu K, Ding F, Liu W, Liu D, Qi S, Fu P. Source profiles and emission factors of organic and inorganic species in fine particles emitted from the ultra-low emission power plant and typical industries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147966. [PMID: 34058574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate source markers, source profiles and species-based emission factors (EFs) are currently the key limitations for source apportionment and emission inventory researches. Fine particles (PM2.5) were collected from stack gases of eight types of stationary sources with a dilution sampling system. The mass percentages and EFs of 89 kinds of chemical species in PM2.5 including water-soluble ions, elements, carbonaceous species and molecular organic species were obtained. Results showed that water-soluble ions (8%-54%) and elements (5%-45%) were the dominant chemical species. Palmitic acid (0.19%-0.62%) and stearic acid (0.21%-0.59%) were the most abundant organic species. PM2.5 source profiles of the eight sources were different from each other with the coefficient of divergence values all higher than 0.4. The addition of organic species could help to further distinguish them. The indicatory chemical components and specific species ratios were obtained by both a statistical equation and randomForest. These indicatory chemical components (e.g. F- for glass factory) and species ratios (e.g. K+/Mg2+ & OC/Mg for pharmaceutical factory) improved the current knowledges of their indicatory performance in source identification of ambient PM2.5. The EFs of PM2.5 from the eight stationary sources ranged from 0.019 to 51.6 kg t-1 of fuel used. The EFs of PM2.5 from the pharmaceutical factory were about 70-2600 times higher than other seven types of sources due to the lack of dust-removing devices. Certain EFs measured in this study were about 10-36,000 times lower than corresponding EFs estimated in previous studies which didn't perform field measurements, indicating the necessity for improving emission inventories continuously. This study contributes to identifying emission sources of PM2.5 especially for subtypes of stationary sources and to establishing species-based emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunkai Feng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zewei Fan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kuanguang Zhu
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Li J, Xu Y, Song Q, Yang J, Xie L, Yu S, Zheng L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and n-alkane pollution characteristics and structural and functional perturbations to the microbial community: a case-study of historically petroleum-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10589-10602. [PMID: 33098556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the typical petroleum pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes, and indigenous microbial community structure and function in historically contaminated soil at petrol stations is critical. Five soil samples were collected from a petrol station in Beijing, China. The concentrations of 16 PAHs and 31 n-alkanes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes ranged from 973 ± 55 to 2667 ± 183 μg/kg and 6.40 ± 0.38 to 8.65 ± 0.59 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively, which increased with depth. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs and n-alkanes originated mostly from petroleum-related sources. The levels of ΣPAHs and the total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (ranging from 6.41 to 72.54 μg/kg) might exert adverse biological effects. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was employed to investigate the indigenous microbial community structure and function. The results revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla, and Nocardioides and Microbacterium were the important genera. Based on COG and KEGG annotations, the highly abundant functional classes were identified, and these functions were involved in allowing microorganisms to adapt to the pressure from contaminants. Five petroleum hydrocarbon degradation-related genes were annotated, revealing the distribution of degrading microorganisms. This work facilitates the understanding of the composition, source, and potential ecological impacts of residual PAHs and n-alkanes in historically contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, China
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Quanwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shihang Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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