1
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Zhang H, Ling Z, Ma J, Nie Y. Biodegradability enhancement of phenolic wastewater using hydrothermal pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128199. [PMID: 36307029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel hydrothermal pretreatment was applied for the biochemical treatment of phenolic wastewater with high concentrations of phenolic substances. The results demonstrated that 250 °C was the reaction temperature dividing point for complete oxidation, hydrothermal gasification, and amino release from carbonaceous organics in phenolic wastewater. Before the dividing point reached, some of the large molecules were hydrolyzed into small molecules of volatile phenolic substances that were easily adsorbed by the activated sludge. After the integrated hydrothermal pretreatment and anaerobic/aeration process, the removal rate of volatile phenolswas respectively reached by 97 % and 88 % with hydrothermal temperature of 250 °C and without pretreatment. Functional microorganisms (i.e., Chloroflexi) responsible for aromatic compounds degradation were enriched, thus the dioxygenases, dehydrogenase reactions, and meta-cleavage of catechol were enhanced. This work provided an innovative approach to remove phenolic substances from phenolic wastewater, and in-depth understandings of microbial responses in biochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Biomembrane Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China.
| | - Zhang Ling
- Engineering Research Center of Biomembrane Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Jiangya Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Biomembrane Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Yong Nie
- Engineering Research Center of Biomembrane Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China
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2
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Establishing a water-to-energy platform via dual-functional photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic systems: A comparative and perspective review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 309:102793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Al-Atta A, Sher F, Hazafa A, Zafar A, Iqbal HMN, Karahmet E, Lester E. Supercritical water oxidation of phenol and process enhancement with in situ formed Fe 2O 3 nano catalyst. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61896-61904. [PMID: 34559388 PMCID: PMC9464123 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, the treatment of hazardous waste and toxic phenolic compounds has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical, gas/oil, dying, and chemical industries. Considering polymerization and oxidation of phenolic compounds, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has gained special attention. The present study objective was to synthesize a novel in situ Fe2O3nano-catalyst in a counter-current mixing reactor by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) method to evaluate the phenol oxidation and COD reduction at different operation conditions like oxidant ratios and concentrations. Synthesized nano-catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM results revealed the maximum average particle size of 26.18 and 16.20 nm for preheated and non-preheated oxidant configuration, respectively. XRD showed the clear peaks of hematite at a 2θ value of 24, 33, 35.5, 49.5, 54, 62, and 64 for both catalysts treated preheated and non-preheated oxidant configurations. The maximum COD reduction and phenol oxidation of about 93.5% and 99.9% were observed at an oxidant ratio of 1.5, 0.75 s, 25 MPa, and 380 °C with a non-preheated H2O2 oxidant, while in situ formed Fe2O3nano-catalyst showed the maximum phenol oxidation of 99.9% at 0.75 s, 1.5 oxidant ratio, 25 MPa, and 380 °C. Similarly, in situ formed Fe2O3 catalyst presented the highest COD reduction of 97.8% at 40 mM phenol concentration, 1.0 oxidant ratio, 0.75 s residence time, 380 °C, and 25 MPa. It is concluded and recommended that SCWO is a feasible and cost-effective alternative method for the destruction of contaminants in water which showed the complete conversion of phenol within less than 1 s and 1.5 oxidant ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al-Atta
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Oil and Gas Refinery Department, Al-Farabi University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Abu Hazafa
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Emina Karahmet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Modern Science, 88000, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edward Lester
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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4
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Chen Z, Zheng Z, He C, Liu J, Zhang R, Chen Q. Oily sludge treatment in subcritical and supercritical water: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128761. [PMID: 35364539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oily sludge, an inherent byproduct of the petroleum industry, presents dual characteristics of petroleum resources and hazardous waste. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties of sub-/supercritical water, hydrothermal technologies have been increasingly used for oily sludge treatment. This review is the first to focus on oily sludge treatment using sub-/supercritical water. Eight hydrothermal technologies used for different purposes are summarized herein: pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for hydrocarbon separation, thermal hydrolysis (TH) for dewaterability improvement, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for hydrochar production, wet air oxidation (WAO) for biodegradability improvement, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) for bio-oil production, supercritical water upgrading (SCWU) for light oil production, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for complete degradation, and supercritical water gasification (SCWG) for H2-rich syngas production. Moreover, a general reaction pathway for sub-/supercritical water treatment of oily sludge is presented, with a particular focus on the chemical mechanism at temperatures above 350 °C. Lastly, two reaction maps are included to illustrate the reaction pathways of two groups of identifiable model compounds in oily sludge: aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. This review provides detailed information that can promote a better understanding of various hydrothermal technologies, a guideline for selecting the suitable hydrothermal process for a particular oily sludge, and recommendations for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Zhijian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Chunlan He
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jumei Liu
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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Zhang H, Zhang R, Li W, Ling Z, Shu W, Ma J, Yan Y. Agricultural waste-derived biochars from co-hydrothermal gasification of rice husk and chicken manure and their adsorption performance for dimethoate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128248. [PMID: 35066228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to combine energy utilisation of agricultural wastes with the dimethoate (DT) adsorption from agricultural wastewater via hydrogen and biochar production using co-hydrothermal gasification (CHTG). The gasification behaviour after CHTG of five ratios of rice husk (RH) and chicken manure (CM) and the corresponding adsorption performance of biochars on DT were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the feedstock of 3RH+ 1CM achieved the maximum gas yield and hydrogen gasification efficiency (HGE), and the highest adsorption capacity of the derived biochars was 3.57 mg g-1. Surface characterisation and elemental analysis showed that the biochar derived under different C/N ratios varied considerably. The results of the isotherm and kinetic simulation showed that the Langmuir model and pseudo-first-order model best fitted the experimental data. The superior performance of agricultural waste-derived biochars (AWB) over five cycles of regeneration and adsorption indicated that AWB is a green and stable adsorption material for farmland tailwater. In addition, the degradation pathway of DT during hydrothermal gasification (HTG) regeneration of the spent adsorbent was comprehensively discussed. The CHTG treatment enhanced the yield of gaseous products from RH and CM and produced AWBs with high adsorption capacities for DT. This provides a green and efficient technology for resource utilisation of agricultural waste and treatment of agricultural wastewater using pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomembrane Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Runhao Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Wenya Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Zhang Ling
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Wen Shu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Jiangya Ma
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomembrane Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Yujie Yan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomembrane Water Purification and Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education, Anhui 243002, China.
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6
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Hassan AA, Gheni SA, Ahmed SM, Abdullah GH, Harvey A. Aromatic Free Fenton Process for Rapid Removal of Phenol from Refinery Wastewater in an Oscillatory Baffled Reactor. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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7
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Hu M, Huang X, Sun L, Zheng W, Chou IM, Wu L, Wan J, Pan Z, Wang J. Catalytic oxidation of o-chloroaniline in hot compressed water: Degradation behaviors and nitrogen transformation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Diao Y, Wei F, Zhang L, Yang Y, Yao Y. Study on the preparation, characterization, and electrocatalytic performance of
Gd
‐doped
PbO
2
electrodes. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Diao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Liman Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yingwu Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin P. R. China
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9
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Abstract
Phenol acts as a pollutant even at very low concentrations in water. It is classified as one of the main priority pollutants that need to be treated before being discharged into the environment. If phenolic-based compounds are discharged into the environment without any treatments, they pose serious health risks to humans, animals, and aquatic systems. This review emphasizes the development of advanced technologies for phenol removal. Several technologies have been developed to remove phenol to prevent environmental pollution, such as biological treatment, conventional technologies, and advanced technologies. Among these technologies, heterogeneous catalytic ozonation has received great attention as an effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable process for the degradation of phenolic-based compounds, which can overcome some of the disadvantages of other technologies. Recently, zeolites have been widely used as one of the most promising catalysts in the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process to degrade phenol and its derivatives because they provide a large specific surface area, high active site density, and excellent shape-selective properties as a catalyst. Rational design of zeolite-based catalysts with various synthesis methods and pre-defined physiochemical properties including framework, ratio of silica to alumina (SiO2/Al2O3), specific surface area, size, and porosity, must be considered to understand the reaction mechanism of phenol removal. Ultimately, recommendations for future research related to the application of catalytic ozonation technology using a zeolite-based catalyst for phenol removal are also described.
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10
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Partial oxidation of phenolic wastewater using NaOH and Ni addition for hydrogen production and phenolics degradation in supercritical water. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Jiang Z, Gao M, Ding W, Huang C, Hu C, Shi B, Tsang DCW. Selective degradation and oxidation of hemicellulose in corncob to oligosaccharides: From biomass into masking agent for sustainable leather tanning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125425. [PMID: 33626472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chrome-free metal tanning agent has been considered as eco-friendly in the leather industry. However, extensive crosslinking reactions of metal species on the leather surface restrain their uniform penetration into the hierarchical nanoscale leather matrix. Thus, masking agents with appropriate coordination ability are needed. Herein, the selective degradation of hemicellulose in corncob was achieved with 92.5% of conversion in an AlCl3-H2O system, obtaining oligosaccharides masking agent with high purity and leaving cellulose and lignin in the solid residue for other valuable use. Subsequently, H2O2 oxidation was performed to introduce -CHO/-COOH into oligosaccharides and reduce their molecular weights, thereby enhancing coordination ability and reducing ligand dimension. The post-oxidized reaction fluids together with additional Zr species were subjected to leather tanning, in which the oligosaccharides could coordinate with Al/Zr species and promote the penetration of metal species into the leather matrix. By controlling the hemicellulose degradation and oligosaccharide oxidation, an appropriate concentration of oligosaccharides with proper -CHO/-COOH contents allowed the efficient masking effect of the oligosaccharides. As a result, a uniform distribution of Al/Zr species was observed on the cross section, and 83.5 °C of shrinkage temperature was obtained for the chrome-free tanned leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiang
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Mi Gao
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Chenjun Huang
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Bi Shi
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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12
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Yu L, Gamliel DP, Markunas B, Valla JA. A Promising Solution for Food Waste: Preparing Activated Carbons for Phenol Removal from Water Streams. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8870-8883. [PMID: 33842758 PMCID: PMC8028020 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and its derivatives are highly toxic chemicals and are widely used in various industrial applications. Therefore, the industrial wastewater streams must be treated to lower the concentration of phenol before discharge. At the same time, food waste has been a major environmental problem globally and the scientific community is eagerly seeking effective management solutions. The objective of this study was to understand the potential of utilizing food waste as a renewable and sustainable resource for the production of activated carbons for the removal of phenol from water streams. The food waste was pyrolyzed and physically activated by steam. The pyrolysis and activation conditions were optimized to obtain activated carbons with high surface area. The activated carbon with the highest surface area, 745 m2 g-1, was derived via activation at 950 °C for 1 h. A detailed characterization of the physicochemical and morphological properties of the activated carbons derived from food waste was performed and a comprehensive adsorption study was conducted to investigate the potential of using the activated carbons for phenol removal from water streams. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration of phenol in water were studied and adsorption models were applied to experimental data to interpret the adsorption process. A remarkable phenol adsorption capacity of 568 mg g-1 was achieved. The results indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was better over the pseudo-second-order kinetic model to describe the kinetics of adsorption. The intraparticle diffusion model showed multiple regions, suggesting that the intraparticle diffusion was not the sole rate-controlling step of adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm model was the best model out of Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models to describe the phenol adsorption on activated carbons derived from food waste. This study demonstrated that food waste could be utilized to produce activated carbon and it showed promising capacity on phenol removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4602, United States
| | - David P. Gamliel
- Physical
Sciences Incorporated, 20 New England Business Center Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Brianna Markunas
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4602, United States
| | - Julia A. Valla
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4602, United States
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13
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Aydin MI, Karaca AE, Qureshy AMMI, Dincer I. A comparative review on clean hydrogen production from wastewaters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111793. [PMID: 33360275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a unique review of hydrogen production methods with wastewater treatment to depict a clean and sustainable approach. Various methods for hydrogen production from wastewaters are identified and discussed with recent details by discussing the critical challenges, opportunities, and future directions. Five main performance sectors are considered in detail for each hydrogen production method of the recent case studies, including economic, environmental, social, technical, and reliability. Eight hydrogen production methods are reviewed, including anaerobic method, photo fermentation, dark fermentation, electrolysis, electrodialysis, photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical methods, and super water gasification. A comparative assessment of six reviewed methods for hydrogen production, including environmental, economic, energetic, and exergetic impacts, is evaluated. The comparative assessment results indicate that dark fermentation technology is the most economical method, and it is followed by microbial electrolysis and photofermentation. The most environmentally friendly method for the lowest global warming potential (GWP) is the microbial electrolysis method, and it is followed by photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical methods. Furthermore, the highest energy and exergy efficiencies have been recorded for the microbial electrolysis to be 68% and 64.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Iberia Aydin
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey; Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech. University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ali Erdogan Karaca
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech. University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali M M I Qureshy
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech. University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Dincer
- Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech. University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
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