Evaluation of the influence of main groundwater ions on arsenic removal by limestones through column experiments

Critical assessment of recent advancements in chitosan-functionalized iron and geopolymer-based adsorbents for the selective removal of arsenic from water

Inorganic arsenic (As), a known carcinogen and major contaminant in drinking water, affects over 140 million people globally, with levels exceeding the World Health Organization's (WHO) guidelines of 10 μg L-1. Developing innovative technologies for effluent handling and decontaminating polluted water is critical. This paper summarizes the fundamental characteristics of chitosan-embedded composites for As adsorption from water. The primary challenge in selectively removing As ions is the presence of phosphate, which is chemically similar to As(V). This study evaluates and summarizes innovative As adsorbents based on chitosan and its composite modifications, focusing on factors influencing their adsorption affinity. The kinetics, isotherms, column models, and thermodynamic aspects of the sorption processes were also explored. Finally, the adsorption process and implications of functionalized chitosan for wastewater treatment were analyzed. There have been minimal developments in water disinfection using metal-biopolymer composites for environmental purposes. This field of study offers numerous research opportunities to expand the use of biopolymer composites as detoxifying materials and to gain deeper insights into the foundations of biopolymer composite adsorbents, which merit further investigation to enhance adsorbent stability.

Effect of landfill leachate on arsenic migration and transformation in shallow groundwater systems

Arsenic contamination of groundwater has affected human health and environmental safety worldwide. Hundreds of millions of people in more than 100 countries around the world are directly or indirectly troubled by arsenic-contaminated groundwater. In addition, arsenic contamination of groundwater caused by leakage of leachate from municipal solid waste landfills has occurred in some countries and regions, which has attracted widespread attention. Understanding how domestic waste landfill leachate affects the arsenic's migration and transformation in shallow groundwater is crucial for accurate assessment of the distribution and ecological hazards of arsenic in groundwater. Based on literature review, this study systematically summarized and discussed the basic characteristics of landfill leachate, the mechanism of arsenic pollution in groundwater, and the effect of landfill leachate on the migration and transformation of arsenic in groundwater. Combined with relevant research findings and practical experience, countermeasures and suggestions to limit the impact of landfill leachate on the migration and transformation of arsenic in groundwater are put forward.

Removal of Aqueous Uranyl and Arsenate Mixtures after Reaction with Limestone, PO43-, and Ca2

The co-occurrence of uranyl and arsenate in contaminated water caused by natural processes and mining is a concern for impacted communities, including in Native American lands in the U.S. Southwest. We investigated the simultaneous removal of aqueous uranyl and arsenate after the reaction with limestone and precipitated hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). In benchtop experiments with an initial pH of 3.0 and initial concentrations of 1 mM U and As, uranyl and arsenate coprecipitated in the presence of 1 g L-1 limestone. However, related experiments initiated under circumneutral pH conditions showed that uranyl and arsenate remained soluble. Upon addition of 1 mM PO43- and 3 mM Ca2+ in solution (initial concentration of 0.05 mM U and As) resulted in the rapid removal of over 97% of U via Ca-U-P precipitation. In experiments with 2 mM PO43- and 10 mM Ca2+ at pH rising from 7.0 to 11.0, aqueous concentrations of As decreased (between 30 and 98%) circa pH 9. HAp precipitation in solids was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray. Electron microprobe analysis indicated U was coprecipitated with Ca and P, while As was mainly immobilized through HAp adsorption. The results indicate that natural materials, such as HAp and limestone, can effectively remove uranyl and arsenate mixtures.

Removal of arsenic from semiarid area groundwater using a biosorbent from watermelon peel waste

Groundwater is one of the most important reservoirs in semi-arid and arid zones of the world, particularly in Mexico. The aims of this work were to produce a biosorbent from watermelon peel waste and a biosorbent with citric acid treatment and to evaluate both biosorbents with different concentrations of arsenic in groundwater. The biosorbents were produced with watermelon peel residues, which were observed by SEM microscopy to evaluate their physical morphology. Its removal potential was tested at concentrations of 0, 1, 13, 22, and 65 μg/L of arsenic, and both adsorption capacity and removal percentage were analyzed by final measurement obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. The pH was measured throughout the experimentation maintaining ranges between 5.5 and 7.5. The biosorbent without treatment presented clearer and more compact flakes. At the microscopic level, the biosorbent without treatment presented pores with a more circular shape, and the biosorbent with treatment was more polygonal, similar to a honeycomb. The highest removal percentage was 99.99%, for both treatments at 4 h. The biosorbent without treatment at 4 h with arsenic concentrations of 65 μg/L presented the highest adsorption capacity (2.42 μg/g). It is concluded that watermelon peel biosorbent is a material that has the potential to remove arsenic from groundwater. This type of biosorbent is effective to remove arsenic and could be used in the field, however, it still needs to be optimized to convert it into a material completely suitable for large-scale use.

Efficient removal of arsenic from aqueous solution by continuous adsorption onto iron-coated cork granulates

The search for low-cost technologies for arsenic removal from water is in high demand due to its human toxicity, even at low concentrations. Adsorption can be a cost-effective water treatment technique if applied with inexpensive materials. Arsenic continuous removal by adsorption onto an alternative modified biosorbent, iron-coated cork granulates (ICG), was investigated in this work. Results showed that most experimental parameters of breakthrough curves (BTC) depend on flow rate, bed height, pH, and initial arsenic concentration. The temperature did not significantly affect arsenate removal in continuous mode; however, the adsorption capacity was affected in batch mode. The thermodynamic parameters suggest that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The maximum adsorption capacity of ICG for As(V) removal at pH 3 was 4.2 ± 0.3 mg g^-1, calculated by Yan model fit (R² = 0.981), and for As(III) at pH 9 was 1.6 ± 0.2 mg g^-1 (R² = 0.994). ICG were able to treat As(V) from 100 µg L^-1 to under 10 µg L^-1 and 50 µg L^-1 for 895 and 1633 bed volumes, and As(III) for 569 and 861 bed volumes, respectively, both at pH 7. The application of ICG in arsenic oxyanions remediation was found to be effective under various conditions.

Effects of Environmental Factors on the Leaching and Immobilization Behavior of Arsenic from Mudstone by Laboratory and In Situ Column Experiments

Hydrothermally altered rocks generated from underground/tunnel projects often produce acidic leachate and release heavy metals and toxic metalloids, such as arsenic (As). The adsorption layer and immobilization methods using natural adsorbents or immobilizer as reasonable countermeasures have been proposed. In this study, two sets of column experiments were conducted, of which one was focused on the laboratory columns and other on the in situ columns, to evaluate the effects of column conditions on leaching of As from excavated rocks and on adsorption or immobilization behavior of As by a river sediment (RS) as a natural adsorbent or immobilizer. A bottom adsorption layer consisting of the RS was constructed under the excavated rock layer or a mixing layer of the excavated rock and river sediment was packed in the column. The results showed that no significant trends in the adsorption and immobilization of As by the RS were observed by comparing laboratory and in situ column experiments because the experimental conditions did not influence significant change in the leachate pH which affects As adsorption or immobilization. However, As leaching concentrations of the in situ experiments were higher than those of the laboratory column experiments. In addition, the lower pH, higher Eh and higher coexisting sulfate ions of the leachate were observed for the in situ columns, compared to the results of the laboratory columns. These results indicate that the leaching concentration of As became higher in the in situ columns, resulting in higher oxidation of sulfide minerals in the rock. This may be due to the differences in conditions, such as temperature and water content, which induce the differences in the rate of oxidation of minerals contained in the rock. On the other hand, since the leachate pH affecting As adsorption or immobilization was not influenced significantly, As adsorption or immobilization effect by the RS were effective for both laboratory and in situ column experiments. These results indicate that both in situ and laboratory column experiments are useful in evaluating leaching and adsorption of As by natural adsorbents, despite the fact that the water content which directly affects the rate of oxidation is sensitive to weathering conditions.

In vitro toxicity of arsenic rich waters from an abandoned gold mine in northeast Portugal

This is a follow-up study of physicochemical water monitoring data from the abandoned Freixeda gold mine in Portugal, where arsenic (As) has remained above drinking water and irrigation limits over the years. The main objective of the current work was to investigate the toxicological potential of As-containing water on human cell line as an indicator of a potential health risk to humans. Six water samples collected in February 2018 were analysed for arsenic, major anions, cations and trace elements. Toxicity experiments were carried out on the human gastrointestinal cell line Caco-2 with five water samples containing As above 10 μg L^-1. The results show that groundwater contains higher amounts of dissolved minerals than surface water, particularly with higher concentrations of SO₄^2-, Fe and HCO₃^- and also higher As(III), reaching 336 μg L^-1 (As(T) = 607 μg L^-1). In surface waters As concentration decreased and reached 150 μg L^-1, mainly as As(V). Metabolic activity was generally lower in Caco-2 cells exposed to As-containing water samples compared to pure As(III) solution, adapted to As concentrations, while production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was higher. Short-term exposure to As-contaminated water samples also resulted in increased genotoxicity. This study suggests that mixture of As with various chemical elements in water may have a synergistic effect in promoting cytotoxicity. It is likely that prolonged exposure, as is common in areas with contaminated water, would have even more harmful effects.

Health risks of arsenic buildup in soil and food crops after wastewater irrigation

Despite considerable research of arsenic (As) level in ground/drinking water of Pakistan, scarce data is available regarding irrigation water contamination by As and associated health risks. The municipal wastewater is routinely applied for soil irrigation in peri-urban agriculture of the country. Since the wastewater composition/contamination and its allied consequences greatly vary in different areas, therefore, it is imperative to check the possible health risks in areas where untreated wastewater is being applied for food crop production. This study analyzed potential health hazards of As-buildup in soil and food plants irrigated with municipal wastewater growing under natural conditions. Sixteen wastewater irrigation locations were selected in District Vehari. From these sites, a total of 16 wastewater samples, 108 soil samples and 65 plant samples were collected for As analysis. Total As contents in wastewater (5.3-63.6 μg/L), soil (1.4-19.6 mg/kg) and plants (0-6.5 mg/kg) greatly varied with sampling location, soil depths and plant type. Based on total As contents in edible tissues, risk assessment parameters, especially cancer risk factor, showed possible health risks (> 0.0001) for wheat crops for children while no risks for other food crops. The use of multiple and diversified food crops is recommended in the study area to minimize the possible risk of As exposure and poisoning. The study also anticipates some future viewpoints considering the on-ground situation of wastewater use, possible exposure of metal(loid)s to human and associated health concerns at local and global scale.

The removal of arsenic and metals from highly acidic water in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands with alternative supporting media

A laboratory-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system was used to quantify the arsenic removal capacity in the treatment of highly acidic, arsenic and metal-rich water: pH ≈ 2, Fe ≈ 57 mg/L, Pb ≈ 0.9 mg/L, Zn ≈ 12 mg/L. The system was operated in two stages, being As ≈ 2.1 mg/L in stage one, and ≈ 3.7 mg/L in stage 2. Limestone and zeolite were employed as main supporting media to build non-vegetated and vegetated cells with Phragmites australis. The system was very effective in the removal of arsenic and iron (> 96%), and lead (> 94%) throughout the whole experimental period, having the four treatment types a similar performance. The main effect of the media type was on the pH adjustment capacity: limestone cells were able to raise the pH to ≈ 7.1, whereas zeolite cells raised it to ≈ 3.8. The contribution of plant uptake to the overall removal of As, Fe and Zn was minor; accounting for less than 0.02%, 0.07% and 0.7% respectively. As such, pollutants were mainly retained in the wetland beds. Our results suggest that limestone is recommended over zeolite as wetland medium mainly due to its neutralization capacity.

Current Trends of Arsenic Adsorption in Continuous Mode: Literature Review and Future Perspectives

Arsenic is a toxic element for humans and a major pollutant in drinking water. Natural and anthropogenic sources can release As into water bodies. The countries with the greatest arsenic contamination issues lack the affordable technology to attain the maximum permitted concentrations. Adsorption can be a highly efficient and low-cost option for advanced water treatment, and the development of new cheap adsorbents is essential to expand access to water with a safe concentration of arsenic. This paper aims to review the state of the art of arsenic adsorption from water in continuous mode and the latest progress in the regeneration and recovery of arsenic. The disposal of the exhausted bed is also discussed. Fixed-bed column tests conducted with novel adsorbents like binary metal oxides and biosorbents achieved the highest adsorption capacities of 28.95 mg/g and 74.8 mg/g, respectively. Iron-coated materials presented the best results compared to adsorbents under other treatments. High recovery rates of 99% and several cycles of bed regeneration were achieved, which can aggregate economic value for the process. Overall, further pilot-scale research is recommended to evaluate the feasibility of novel adsorbents for industrial purposes.