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Chen Y, Han M, Qin W, Hou Y, Zhang Z, Zhu B. Effects of whole-soil warming on CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes in an alpine grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17033. [PMID: 38273530 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Global climate warming could affect the methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) fluxes between soils and the atmosphere, but how CH4 and N2 O fluxes respond to whole-soil warming is unclear. Here, we for the first time investigated the effects of whole-soil warming on CH4 and N2 O fluxes in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, and also studied the effects of experimental warming on CH4 and N2 O fluxes across terrestrial ecosystems through a global-scale meta-analysis. The whole-soil warming (0-100 cm, +4°C) significantly elevated soil N2 O emission by 101%, but had a minor effect on soil CH4 uptake. However, the meta-analysis revealed that experimental warming did not significantly alter CH4 and N2 O fluxes, and it may be that most field warming experiments could only heat the surface soils. Moreover, the warming-induced higher plant litter and available N in soils may be the main reason for the higher N2 O emission under whole-soil warming in the alpine grassland. We need to pay more attention to the long-term response of greenhouse gases (including CH4 and N2 O fluxes) from different soil depths to whole-soil warming over year-round, which could help us more accurately assess and predict the ecosystem-climate feedback under realistic warming scenarios in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengguang Han
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkuan Qin
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Qinghai Haibei National Field Research Station of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, and Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Almawgani AHM, Fathy HM, Elsayed HA, Abdelrahman Ali YA, Mehaney A. A promising ultra-sensitive CO 2 sensor at varying concentrations and temperatures based on Fano resonance phenomenon in different 1D phononic crystal designs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15028. [PMID: 37700005 PMCID: PMC10497549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting of the levels of greenhouse gases in the air with high precision and low cost is a very urgent demand for environmental protection. Phononic crystals (PnCs) represent a novel sensor technology, particularly for high-performance sensing applications. This study has been conducted by using two PnC designs (periodic and quasi-periodic) to detect the CO2 pollution in the surrounding air through a wide range of concentrations (0-100%) and temperatures (0-180 °C). The detection process is physically dependent on the displacement of Fano resonance modes. The performance of the sensor is demonstrated for the periodic and Fibonacci quasi-periodic (S3 and S4 sequences) structures. In this regard, the numerical findings revealed that the periodic PnC provides a better performance than the quasi-periodic one with a sensitivity of 31.5 MHz, the quality factor (Q), along with a figure of merit (FOM) of 280 and 95, respectively. In addition, the temperature effects on the Fano resonance mode position were examined. The results showed a pronounced temperature sensitivity with a value of 13.4 MHz/°C through a temperature range of 0-60 °C. The transfer matrix approach has been utilized for modeling the acoustic wave propagation through each PnC design. Accordingly, the proposed sensor has the potential to be implemented in many industrial and biomedical applications as it can be used as a monitor for other greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarem H M Almawgani
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamza Makhlouf Fathy
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62512, Egypt
| | - Hussein A Elsayed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62512, Egypt
| | - Yahya Ali Abdelrahman Ali
- Information Systems Department, College of Computer Sciences and Information Systems, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mehaney
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62512, Egypt.
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Yao Y, Li G, Lu Y, Liu S. Modelling the impact of climate change and tillage practices on soil CO2 emissions from dry farmland in the Loess Plateau of China. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Ning D, Zhang Y, Qin A, Gao Y, Duan A, Zhang J, Liu Z, Zhao B, Liu Z. Interactive effects of irrigation system and level on grain yield, crop water use, and greenhouse gas emissions of summer maize in North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161165. [PMID: 36572302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation management is one of most critical factors influencing soil N2O and CO2 emissions in dryland agriculture. To explore the effects of irrigation systems and levels on the mitigation of N2O and CO2 emissions from maize fields and to determine the balance among greenhouse gases (GHG) emission, water-saving and grain yield, a two-year field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain (NCP) during the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. Two irrigation systems (i.e., flood irrigation, FI, and drip irrigation, DI) were adopted with four irrigation levels in each system, including 65 mm/event (sufficient irrigation, CK), 50 mm/event (decreased by 23 %), 35 mm/event (by 46 %) and 20 mm/event (by 69 %), respectively. The results showed that both irrigation systems and levels had significant effects on soil N2O and CO2 emissions (P < 0.05). Nitrous oxide (N2O) and CO2 emissions peaked following irrigation or irrigation + fertilization events during sowing to early filling stage (R1), with the peak values increasing with irrigation levels. Meanwhile, peak values from FI were higher than those from DI at 50 mm and 65 mm irrigation levels. The average cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions of DI treatments were 14.9 % and 6.23 % lower than those of FI treatments (P < 0.05), respectively. Soil moisture was identified as one of the most crucial factors influencing N2O and CO2 fluxes. Deficit irrigation efficiently deceased cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions, but moderate to severe deficit irrigation brought significant reduction in grain yield. Drip irrigation with a slight deficit irrigation level (decreased by 23 %) obtained the best economic and environmental benefits, which achieved the dual goal of lower GHG emissions but higher WUE without sacrificing grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Ning
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China.
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Anzhen Qin
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Aiwang Duan
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Zugui Liu
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Ben Zhao
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China.
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Du Y, Wang YP, Hui D, Su F, Yan J. Significant effects of precipitation frequency on soil respiration and its components-A global synthesis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1188-1205. [PMID: 36408676 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming intensifies the hydrological cycle, which results in changes in precipitation regime (frequency and amount), and will likely have significant impacts on soil respiration (Rs ). Although the responses of Rs to changes in precipitation amount have been extensively studied, there is little consensus on how Rs will be affected by changes in precipitation frequency (PF) across the globe. Here, we synthesized the field observations from 296 published papers to quantify the effects of PF on Rs and its components using meta-analysis. Our results indicated that the effects of PF on Rs decreased with an increase in background mean annual precipitation. When the data were grouped by climate conditions, increased PF showed positive effects on Rs under the arid condition but not under the semi-humid or humid conditions, whereas decreased PF suppressed Rs across all the climate conditions. The positive effects of increased PF mainly resulted from the positive response of heterotrophic respiration under the arid condition while the negative effects of decreased PF were mainly attributed to the reductions in root biomass and respiration. Overall, our global synthesis provided for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the divergent effects of PF on Rs and its components across climate regions. This study also provided a framework for understanding and modeling responses of ecosystem carbon cycling to global precipitation change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fanglong Su
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Li H, Li L, Liu N, Liu Z, Lu Y, Shao L. Balanced below- and above-ground growth improved yield and water productivity by cultivar renewal for winter wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1022023. [PMID: 36388545 PMCID: PMC9659963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Breeding cultivars that can maintain high production and water productivity (WP) under various growing conditions would be important for mitigating freshwater shortage problems. Experiments were carried out to assess the changes in yield and WP of different cultivars by breeding and traits related to the changes using tubes with 1.05 m depth and 19.2 cm inner diameter buried in the field located in the North China Plain. Six winter wheat cultivars released from the 1970s to 2010s were assessed under three water levels for three seasons. The results indicated that yield was on average improved by 19.9% and WP by 21.5% under the three water levels for the three seasons for the cultivar released in the 2010s as compared with that released in the 1970s. The performance of the six cultivars was relatively stable across the experimental duration. The improvement in yield was mainly attributed to the maintenance of higher photosynthetic capacity during the reproductive growth stage and greater above-ground biomass accumulation. These improvements were larger under wet conditions than that under dry conditions, indicating that the yield potential was increased by cultivar renewal. Traits related to yield and WP improvements included the increased harvest index and reduced root: shoot ratio. New cultivars reduced the redundancy in root proliferation in the topsoil layer, which did not compromise the efficient utilization of soil moisture but reduced the metabolic input in root growth. Balanced above- and below-ground growth resulted in a significant improvement in root efficiency at grain yield level up to 40% from the cultivars released in the 1970s to those recently released. The results from this study indicated that the improved efficiency in both the above- and below-parts played important roles in enhancing crop production and resource use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zimeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liwei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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Wang X, Hu HB, Zheng X, Deng WB, Chen JY, Zhang S, Cheng C. Will climate warming of terrestrial ecosystem contribute to increase soil greenhouse gas fluxes in plot experiment? A global meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154114. [PMID: 35231511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the main manifestations of global climate change is its profound impact on the emission of greenhouse gases from terrestrial soil. Numerous field warming experiments have explored the effects of different temperature rise intensities and durations on soil greenhouse gas fluxes in the growing season of different terrestrial ecosystems. However, the results were inconsistent due to the variations in vegetation, soil, and climatic conditions in different ecosystems. In the present work, we carried meta-analysis to synthesize 99 datasets from 52 field warming experiments in growing seasons of terrestrial ecosystems to evaluate the response of soil greenhouse gas fluxes to global warming. The results showed that warming greatly stimulated soil CO2 in temperate forest and farmland by 12.64% and 25.57%, respectively, significantly increased soil N2O emissions in grassland (27.23%), farmland (44.33%), and shrubland (223.36%), and increased soil CH4 uptake by 57.81% in grasslands. However, no significant impact on the greenhouse gas fluxes in other ecosystems was observed. Generally, short-and medium-term (≤ 3 years) warming can promote soil greenhouse gas fluxes. Also, low temperature and low-medium temperature (≤ 2 °C) significantly promoted N2O emission and CH4 absorption, and medium temperature (2-4 °C) considerably assisted CO2 flux, but high temperature (> 4 °C) had no significant effect on greenhouse gas flux. Our results demonstrated that soil greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems during the growing season do not increase linearly with the increasing climate warming, and it is still uncertain whether there is acclimatization to long-term climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hai-Bo Hu
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen-Bin Deng
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian-Yu Chen
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Can Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Miller LT, Griffis TJ, Erickson MD, Turner PA, Deventer MJ, Chen Z, Yu Z, Venterea RT, Baker JM, Frie AL. Response of nitrous oxide emissions to individual rain events and future changes in precipitation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:312-324. [PMID: 35357715 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Changing precipitation has the potential to alter nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions from agricultural regions. In this study, we applied the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 end-of-century RCP 8.5 (business as usual) precipitation projections for the U.S. Upper Midwest and examined the effects of mean precipitation changes, characterized by increased early-season rainfall and decreased mid- to late-season rainfall, on N2 O emissions from a conventionally managed corn (Zea mays L.) cropping system grown in an indoor mesocosm facility over four growing seasons. We also assessed the response of N2 O emissions to over 1,000 individual rain events. Nitrous oxide emissions were most strongly correlated with water-filled pore space (WFPS) and soil nitrogen (N) status. After rain events, the change in N2 O emissions, relative to pre-rain emissions, was more likely to be positive when soil NO3 - was >40 mg N kg-1 soil and soil NH4 + was >10 mg N kg-1 soil and was more likely to be negative when soil NO3 - was >40 mg N kg-1 soil and soil NH4 + was <10 mg N kg-1 soil. Similarly, hourly N2 O emissions remained <5 nmol m- 2 s-1 when combined NH4 + + NO3 - was <20 mg N kg-1 soil or NH4 + and NO3 - were <5 and 20 mg N kg-1 soil, respectively. Rain event magnitude did not substantially affect the change in N2 O flux. Finally, growing-season N2 O emissions, soil moisture, and inorganic N content were not affected by the future precipitation pattern. Near-optimal soil WFPS combined with soil N concentrations above the identified thresholds favor higher N2 O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee T Miller
- Dep. of Soil, Water, and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | | | - Peter August Turner
- Dep. of Soil, Water, and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | - Zichong Chen
- Dep. of Soil, Water, and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Zhongjie Yu
- Dep. of Soil, Water, and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rodney T Venterea
- Dep. of Soil, Water, and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- USDA-ARS, Soil and Water Management Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - John M Baker
- Dep. of Soil, Water, and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- USDA-ARS, Soil and Water Management Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Alexander L Frie
- Dep. of Soil, Water, and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Effects of Warming and Precipitation on Soil CO2 Flux and Its Stable Carbon Isotope Composition in the Temperate Desert Steppe. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The stable carbon (C) isotope of soil CO2 efflux (δ13CO2e) is closely associated with soil C dynamics, which have a complex feedback relationship with climate. Three levels of warming (T0: ambient temperature (15.7 °C); T1: T0 + 2 °C; T2: T0 + 4 °C) were combined with three levels of increased precipitation (W0: ambient precipitation (245.2 mm); W1: W0 + 25%; W2: W0 + 50%) in order to quantify soil CO2 flux and its δ13CO2e values under nine treatment conditions (T0W0, T0W1, T0W2, T1W0, T1W1, T1W2, T2W0, T2W1, and T2W2) in desert steppe in an experimental beginning in 2015. A non-steady state chamber system relying on Keeling plots was used to estimate δ13CO2e. The temperature (ST) and moisture (SM) of soil as well as soil organic carbon content (SOC) and δ13C values (δ13Csoil) were tested in order to interpret variations in soil CO2 efflux and δ13CO2e. Sampling was carried out during the growing season in 2018 and 2019. During the experiment, the ST and SM correspondingly increased due to warming and increased precipitation. CO2 flux ranged from 37 to 1103 mg m−2·h−1, and emissions peaked in early August in the desert steppe. Warming of 2 °C to 4 °C stimulated a 14% to 30.9% increase in soil CO2 efflux and a 0.4‰ to 1.8‰ enrichment in δ13CO2e, respectively. Increased precipitation raised soil CO2 efflux by 14% to 19.3%, and decreased δ13CO2e by 0.5‰ to 0.9‰. There was a positive correlation between soil CO2 efflux and ST and SOC indicating that ST affected soil CO2 efflux by changing SOC content. Although the δ13CO2e was positively correlated with ST, it was negatively correlated to SM. The decline of δ13CO2e with soil moisture was predominantly due to intensified and increased diffusive fractionation. The mean δ13CO2e value (−20.2‰) was higher than that of the soil carbon isotope signature at 0–20 cm (δ13Csoil = −22.7‰). The difference between δ13CO2e and δ13Csoil (Δe-s) could be used to evaluate the likelihood of substrate utilization. 13C enriched stable C pools were more likely to be utilized below 20 cm under warming of 2 °C in the desert steppe. Moreover, the interaction of T × W neither altered the CO2 emitted by soil nor the δ13CO2e or Δe-s, indicating that warming combined with precipitation may alleviate the SOC oxidation of soil enriched in 13C in the desert steppe.
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Cui X, Zhou F, Ciais P, Davidson EA, Tubiello FN, Niu X, Ju X, Canadell JG, Bouwman AF, Jackson RB, Mueller ND, Zheng X, Kanter DR, Tian H, Adalibieke W, Bo Y, Wang Q, Zhan X, Zhu D. Global mapping of crop-specific emission factors highlights hotspots of nitrous oxide mitigation. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:886-893. [PMID: 37117501 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is essential for staying below a 2 °C warming threshold. However, accurate assessments of mitigation potential are limited by uncertainty and variability in direct emission factors (EFs). To assess where and why EFs differ, we created high-resolution maps of crop-specific EFs based on 1,507 georeferenced field observations. Here, using a data-driven approach, we show that EFs vary by two orders of magnitude over space. At global and regional scales, such variation is primarily driven by climatic and edaphic factors rather than the well-recognized management practices. Combining spatially explicit EFs with N surplus information, we conclude that global mitigation potential without compromising crop production is 30% (95% confidence interval, 17-53%) of direct soil emissions of N2O, equivalent to the entire direct soil emissions of China and the United States combined. Two-thirds (65%) of the mitigation potential could be achieved on one-fifth of the global harvested area, mainly located in humid subtropical climates and across gleysols and acrisols. These findings highlight the value of a targeted policy approach on global hotspots that could deliver large N2O mitigation as well as environmental and food co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Cui
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eric A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, USA
| | - Francesco N Tubiello
- Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Xiaoyue Niu
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Xiaotang Ju
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alexander F Bouwman
- Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Mueller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David R Kanter
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wulahati Adalibieke
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Bo
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhan
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Gao J, Yan Y, Hou X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Huang S, Wang P. Vertical distribution and seasonal variation of soil moisture after drip-irrigation affects greenhouse gas emissions and maize production during the growth season. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142965. [PMID: 33498109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Providing enough food for the increasing global population is difficult due to water shortages, which can be partially resolved by regulating soil moisture. Soil moisture influences soluble nutrient uptake and microbial activity, which determine crop growth, but also affects greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Farming is increasingly contributing to GHG emission, but little is known about the effects of the vertical soil moisture distribution on GHG or maize (Zea mays L.) yield over the growth season. In this study, there were five irrigation treatments: no irrigation (NI), and irrigation of the top (0-30 cm) (TI), middle (30-60 cm) (MI), bottom (60-90 cm) (BI), and all (0-90 cm) (AI) soil layers. The results showed that TI, MI, BI, and AI increased CO2 (25-60%), CH4 (80-270%), and N2O (17-96%) emissions, and the global warming potential (25-63%), while also increasing grain yield (13-119%) and reducing GHG intensity by 12-27%. While higher soil moisture in the shallow soil layer increased grain yield and GHG emissions, GHG intensity was lowest. Subsurface irrigation or control of the "drip irrigation interval" improve grain yield and resource use efficiency with lower environmental costs contributing agricultural sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Ye Yan
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
| | - Xinfang Hou
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Xiwei Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Shoubing Huang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
| | - Pu Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
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12
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Tang S, Cheng W, Hu R, Guigue J, Hattori S, Tawaraya K, Tokida T, Fukuoka M, Yoshimoto M, Sakai H, Usui Y, Xu X, Hasegawa T. Five-year soil warming changes soil C and N dynamics in a single rice paddy field in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143845. [PMID: 33277011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil temperature is an important determinant of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, but its effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) dynamics as well as rice biomass in rice paddy ecosystems are not fully understood. We conducted a five-year soil warming experiment in a single-cropping paddy field in Japan. Soil temperatures were elevated by approximate 2 °C with heating wires during the rice growing season and by approximate 1 °C with nighttime thermal blankets during the fallow season. Soil samples were collected in autumn after rice harvest and in spring after fallow each year, and anaerobically incubated at 30 °C for four weeks to determine soil C decomposition and N mineralization potentials. The SOC and TN contents, rice biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentrations were measured in the study. Soil warming did not significantly enhance rice aboveground and root biomasses, but it significantly decreased SOC and TN contents and thus decreased soil C decomposition and N mineralization potentials due to depletion of available C and N. Moreover, soil warming significantly decreased DOC concentration but significantly increased MBC concentration. The ratios of C decomposition potential to N mineralization potential, decomposition potential to SOC, and N mineralization to TN were not affected by soil warming. There were significant seasonal and annual variations in SOC, C decomposition and N mineralization potentials, soil DOC and MBC under each temperature treatments. Our study implied that soil warming can decrease soil C and N stocks in paddy ecosystem probably via stimulating microbial activities and accelerating the depletion of DOC. This study further highlights the importance of long-term in situ observation of C and N dynamics and their availabilities in rice paddy ecosystems under increasing global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuirong Tang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weiguo Cheng
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan.
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Julien Guigue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan; Chair of Soil Science, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Satoshi Hattori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tawaraya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokida
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Minehiko Fukuoka
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yoshimoto
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Sakai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Usui
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Shinseiminami 9-4, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Xingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Toshihiro Hasegawa
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 4 Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka 020-0198, Japan
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13
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Comparison of Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes during the Spring Freeze–Thaw Period and the Growing Season in a Temperate Broadleaved Korean Pine Forest, Changbai Mountains, China. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soils in mid-high latitudes are under the great impact of freeze–thaw cycling. However, insufficient research on soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes during the spring freeze–thaw (SFT) period has led to great uncertainties in estimating soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. The present study was conducted in a temperate broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Northeastern China, where soils experience an apparent freeze–thaw effect in spring. The temporal variations and impact factors of soil GHG fluxes were measured during the SFT period and growing season (GS) using the static-chamber method. The results show that the soil acted as a source of atmospheric CO2 and N2O and a sink of atmospheric CH4 during the whole observation period. Soil CO2 emission and CH4 uptake were lower during the SFT period than those during the GS, whereas N2O emissions were more than six times higher during the SFT period than that during the GS. The responses of soil GHG fluxes to soil temperature (Ts) and soil moisture during the SFT and GS periods differed. During the SFT period, soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes were mainly affected by the volumetric water content (VWC) and Ts, respectively, whereas soil N2O flux was influenced jointly by Ts and VWC. The dominant controlling factor for CO2 was Ts during the GS, whereas CH4 and N2O were mainly regulated by VWC. Soil CO2 and N2O fluxes accounted for 97.3% and 3.1% of the total 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) respectively, with CH4 flux offsetting 0.4% of the total GWP100. The results highlight the importance of environmental variations to soil N2O pulse during the SFT period and the difference of soil GHG fluxes between the SFT and GS periods, which contribute to predicting the forest soil GHG fluxes and their global warming potential under global climate change.
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