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Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang Y, Yang Z, Zhao H, Ding Y. Light-duty vehicle organic gas emissions from tailpipe and evaporation: A review of influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174523. [PMID: 38986694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Vehicle organic gas emissions are becoming an increasingly significant pollution source in many cities, leading to serious negative impacts on human health and the environment. However, interest in vehicular emissions is currently mostly focused on the emission characteristics of regulated gas, while little information is available on the systematic overview of organic gas emissions, particularly under different conditions. This review classifies the current status of research and control measures regarding organic gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. The key factors influencing tailpipe and evaporative emissions, including temperature, fuel composition, vehicle mileage, driving conditions, and road conditions, are identified. Building upon this review, we conducted a case study to comprehensively assess the impact of temperature and fuel on organic gas emissions. Looking ahead, future research on organic gas emissions from motor vehicles could delve deeper into the component characteristics, evaporative emissions, and model applications. Better understanding the effects of crucial factors on organic gas emissions from vehicles would aid in effectively managing and regulating tailpipe and evaporative emissions, thereby improving atmospheric air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhengjun Yang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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2
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Cao Y, Zhao H, Zhang S, Wu X, Anderson JE, Shen W, Wallington TJ, Wu Y. Impacts of ethanol blended fuels and cold temperature on VOC emissions from gasoline vehicles in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123869. [PMID: 38548150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese central government has initiated pilot projects to promote the adoption of gasoline containing 10%v ethanol (E10). Vehicle emissions using ethanol blended fuels require investigation to estimate the environmental impacts of the initiative. Five fuel formulations were created using two blending methods (splash blending and match blending) to evaluate the impacts of formulations on speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaust emissions. Seven in-use vehicles covering China 4 to China 6 emission standards were recruited. Vehicle tests were conducted using the Worldwide Harmonized Test Cycle (WLTC) in a temperature-controlled chamber at 23 °C and -7 °C. Splash blended E10 fuels led to significant reductions in VOC emissions by 12%-75%. E10 fuels had a better performance of reducing VOC emissions in older model vehicles than in newer model vehicles. These results suggested that E10 fuel could be an option to mitigate the VOC emissions. Although replacing methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) with ethanol in regular gasoline had no significant effects on VOC emissions, the replacement led to lower aromatic emissions by 40%-60%. Alkanes and aromatics dominated approximately 90% of VOC emissions for all vehicle-fuel combinations. Cold temperature increased VOC emissions significantly, by 3-26 folds for all vehicle/fuel combinations at -7 °C. Aromatic emissions were increased by cold temperature, from 2 to 26 mg/km at 23 °C to 33-238 mg/km at -7 °C. OVOC emissions were not significantly affected by E10 fuel or cold temperature. The ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of splash blended E10 fuels decreased by up to 76% and 81%, respectively, compared with those of E0 fuels. The results are useful to update VOC emission profiles of Chinese vehicles using ethanol blended gasoline and under low-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xian Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - James E Anderson
- Ford Motor Company, Research & Advanced Engineering, Dearborn, MI, 48121, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Ford Motor Company, Research & Advanced Engineering, Dearborn, MI, 48121, USA
| | - Timothy J Wallington
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ye Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China.
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3
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Lau YS, Poon HY, Organ B, Chuang HC, Chan MN, Guo H, Ho SSH, Ho KF. Toxicological effects of fresh and aged gasoline exhaust particles in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129846. [PMID: 36063712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from gasoline vehicles are one of the major contributors to aerosol particles observed in urban areas. It is well-known that these tiny particles are associated with air pollution, climate forcing, and adverse health effects. However, their toxicity and bioreactivity after atmospheric ageing are less constrained. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical and toxicological properties of fresh and aged particulate matter samples derived from gasoline exhaust emissions. Chemical analyses showed that both fresh and aged PM samples were rich in organic carbon, and the dominating chemical species were n-alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparisons between fresh and aged samples revealed that the latter contained larger amounts of oxygenated compounds. In most cases, the bioreactivity induced by the aged PM samples was significantly higher than that induced by the fresh samples. Moderate to weak correlations were identified between chemical species and the levels of biomarkers in the fresh and aged PM samples. The results of the stepwise regression analysis suggested that n-alkane and alkenoic acid were major contributors to the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the fresh samples, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and monocarboxylic acid were the main factors responsible for such increase in the aged samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik-Sze Lau
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Now at: International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health (ILAQR), Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Hon-Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bruce Organ
- Jockey Club Heavy Vehicle Emissions Testing and Research Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Man-Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheung Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Characteristics and Aging of Traffic-Emitted Particles with Sulfate and Organic Compound Formation in Urban Air. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traffic is a major source of anthropogenic aerosol in urban atmosphere. In this study, aerosol particles were measured with a TEM-EDX system at the roadside of a main road in the northwestern part of Beijing, China, under clear and hazy conditions. Soot, organic, sulfur-rich (S-rich), mineral, and metal particles, as well as the mixtures, were frequently encountered in aerosols. Under hazy conditions, S-rich particles coated with organic matter (S-OM particles) accounted for most of the total particles (15% to 24%), followed by soot particles (18% to 21%), organic particles (17% to 21%), non-mixed S-rich particles (10% to 18%), and S-rich particles with soot-, mineral-, or metal-inclusions (here referred to as S-inclusion particles) (11% to 15%). Under clear conditions, non-mixed S-rich and organic particles were dominant components, while mineral and soot particles were secondary components, among which, ~14% of the total particles had a sulfate core or OM coating; inclusions of mixture particles were often mixed with sulfate cores. In the sulfate core–OM shell structure particles, the ratio of core diameter to the whole particle diameter was ~0.52 under hazy conditions and ~0.60 under clear conditions, indicating a substantial sulfate and organic formation on the particles. Soot particles accounted for 18% to 21% of the total particles. The relative growth of aged soot particles was higher under hazy conditions than under clear conditions. In sum, particles from traffic emissions on a main urban road aged with the formation of sulfate and organic matter.
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Secondary Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Formation from a GDI Vehicle under Different Driving Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) passenger car when operated over different legislative and real-world driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer. Diluted vehicle exhaust was photooxidized in a 30 m3 environmental chamber. Results showed elevated gaseous and particulate emissions for the cold-start cycles and higher secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, suggesting that cold-start condition will generate higher concentrations of SOA precursors. Total secondary aerosol mass exceeded primary PM emissions and was dominated by inorganic aerosol (ammonium and nitrate) for all driving cycles. Further chamber experiments in high temperature conditions verified that more ammonium nitrate nucleates to form new particles, forming a secondary peak in particle size distribution instead of condensing to black carbon particles. The results of this study revealed that the absorption of radiation by black carbon particles can lead to changes in secondary ammonium nitrate formation. Our work indicates the potential formation of new ammonium nitrate particles during low temperature conditions favored by the tailpipe ammonia and nitrogen oxide emissions from gasoline vehicles.
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Wang H, Guo S, Yu Y, Shen R, Zhu W, Tang R, Tan R, Liu K, Song K, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Shuai S, Xu H, Zheng J, Chen S, Li S, Zeng L, Wu Z. Secondary aerosol formation from a Chinese gasoline vehicle: Impacts of fuel (E10, gasoline) and driving conditions (idling, cruising). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148809. [PMID: 34328915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chassis dynamometer experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of vehicle speed and usage of ethanol-blended gasoline (E10) on formation and evolution of gasoline vehicular secondary organic aerosol (SOA) using a Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor. The SOA forms rapidly, and its concentration exceeds that of primary organic aerosol (POA) at an equivalent photochemical age (EPA) of ~1 day. The particle effective densities grow from 0.62 ± 0.02 g cm-3 to 1.43 ± 0.07 g cm-3 with increased hydroxyl radical (OH) exposure. The maximum SOA production under idling conditions (4259-7394 mg kg-fuel-1) is ~20 times greater than under cruising conditions. There was no statistical difference between SOA formation from pure gasoline and its formation from E10. The slopes in Van Krevelen diagram indicate that the formation pathways of bulk SOA includes the addition of both alcohol/peroxide functional groups and carboxylic acid formation from fragmentation. A closure estimation of SOA based on bottom-up and top-down methods shows that only 16%-38% of the measured SOA can be explained by the oxidation of measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs), suggesting the existence of missing precursors, e.g. unmeasured VOCs and probably semivolatile or intermediate volatile organic compounds (S/IVOCs). Our results suggest that applying parameters obtained from unified driving cycles to model SOA concentrations may lead to large discrepancies between modeled and ambient vehicular SOA. No reduction in vehicular `SOA production is realized by replacing normal gasoline with E10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China.
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ruizhe Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Rongzhi Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Rui Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Kefan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shijin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Hongming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shaomeng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
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Kuittinen N, McCaffery C, Zimmerman S, Bahreini R, Simonen P, Karjalainen P, Keskinen J, Rönkkö T, Karavalakis G. Using an oxidation flow reactor to understand the effects of gasoline aromatics and ethanol levels on secondary aerosol formation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111453. [PMID: 34097893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fuel type and composition affect tailpipe emissions and secondary aerosol production from mobile sources. This study assessed the influence of gasoline fuels with varying levels of aromatics and ethanol on the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a flexible fuel vehicle equipped with a port fuel injection engine. The vehicle was exercised over the LA92 and US06 driving cycles using a chassis dynamometer. Secondary aerosol formation potential was measured using a fast oxidation flow reactor. Results showed that the high aromatics fuels led to higher gaseous regulated emissions, as well as particulate matter (PM), black carbon, and total and solid particle number. The high ethanol content fuel (E78) resulted in reductions for the gaseous regulated pollutants and particulate emissions, with some exceptions where elevated emissions were seen for this fuel compared to both E10 fuels, depending on the driving cycle. Secondary aerosol formation potential was dominated by the cold-start phase and increased for the high aromatics fuel. Secondary aerosol formation was seen in lower levels for E78 due to the lower formation of precursor emissions using this fuel. In addition, operating driving conditions and aftertreatment efficiency played a major role on secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation, indicating that fuel properties, driving conditions, and exhaust aftertreatment should be considered when evaluating the emissions of secondary aerosol precursors from mobile sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI, 33720, Finland; University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Cavan McCaffery
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Stephen Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Roya Bahreini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI, 33720, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI, 33720, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI, 33720, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI, 33720, Finland
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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8
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Kuittinen N, McCaffery C, Peng W, Zimmerman S, Roth P, Simonen P, Karjalainen P, Keskinen J, Cocker DR, Durbin TD, Rönkkö T, Bahreini R, Karavalakis G. Effects of driving conditions on secondary aerosol formation from a GDI vehicle using an oxidation flow reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117069. [PMID: 33831626 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study on the effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from a vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine when operated over seven different driving cycles was assessed using an oxidation flow reactor. Both primary emissions and secondary aerosol production were measured over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), LA92, New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), US06, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), as well as over two real-world cycles developed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mimicking typical highway driving conditions. We showed that the emissions of primary particles were largely depended on cold-start conditions and acceleration events. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation also exhibited strong dependence on the cold-start cycles and correlated well with SOA precursor emissions (i.e., non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) during both cold-start and hot-start cycles (correlation coefficients 0.95-0.99), with overall emissions of ∼68-94 mg SOA per g NMHC. SOA formation significantly dropped during the hot-running phases of the cycles, with simultaneous increases in nitrate and ammonium formation as a result of the higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia emissions. Our findings suggest that more SOA will be produced during congested, slow speed, and braking events in highways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Cavan McCaffery
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Weihan Peng
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Stephen Zimmerman
- University of California, Department of Environmental Sciences, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Patrick Roth
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - David R Cocker
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Roya Bahreini
- University of California, Department of Environmental Sciences, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.
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