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Yu S, Zhao Y, Li L, Zhao H, Liu M, Jiang L. Flavonoids from citrus peel display potential synergistic effects on inhibiting rumen methanogenesis and ammoniagenesis: a microbiome perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21208-21223. [PMID: 38383931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids have been recognized as potential phytochemicals to reduce enteric methane (CH4) production and improve rumen nitrogen efficiency in ruminants. We evaluated whether naringin, hesperidin, their combination, or a mixed citrus flavonoid extract (CFE) as additives can inhibit methanogenesis and ammoniagenesis in dairy cows using an in vitro rumen batch refermentation system. The rumen inocula from dairy cows were incubated in batch cultures with five groups: no addition (CON), hesperidin (20 g/kg DM), naringin (20 g/kg DM), hesperidin + naringin (10 g/kg DM of hesperidin + 10 g/kg DM of naringin), and CFE (20 g/kg DM). The combination of naringin plus hesperidin and CFE achieved greater reductions in CH4 and ammonia production compared to either naringin or hesperidin alone. Microbiome analysis revealed that the decrease in CH4 emissions may have been caused by both the direct inhibitory impact of citrus flavonoids on Methanobrevibacter and a simultaneous decrease in protozoa Isotricha abundance. The relatively lower proportion of Entodinium in naringin plus hesperidin or CFE was responsible for the lower ammonia concentration. These results suggest that citrus flavonoids possess potential synergistic effects on mitigating ruminal CH4 emissions by cows and improving nitrogen utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuchao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liuxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Tian KE, Luo G, Aldian D, Yayota M. Treatment of corn with lactic acid delayed in vitro ruminal degradation without compromising fermentation: a biological and morphological monitoring study. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1336800. [PMID: 38318149 PMCID: PMC10839040 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1336800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Grain processed by lactic acid (LA) is known to improve ruminant growth and health. However, the exact mechanism regarding rumen hydrolysis of LA-treated grain is still ambiguous. This experiment was designed to compare the effects of 5% LA treatment on the trophic and morphological variations in corn and to discover the alternations in ruminal hydrolysis between LA-treated and untreated corn macroscopically and microscopically using in vitro fermentation method. The results showed that, compared with untreated corn (CN), corn treated with 5% LA for 48 h (CNLA) experienced a decrease in the dry matter, albumin fraction, aNDFom, and water-soluble carbohydrate content but an increase in the resistant starch content. The in vitro fermentation showed that the pH of CNLA was higher, but dry matter disappearance was lower than that of CN. Most of the fermentation indices were unaffected, except for decreased iso-butyrate and iso-valerate. The abundances of total bacteria, Prevotella spp., Streptococcus bovis, and Selenomonas ruminantium were higher, but those of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus were lower in CNLA than in CN. There were differences in the scanning electron micrographs between CNLA and CN after 3 h of fermentation. This study suggests that treating corn with LA for 48 h can induce changes in its nutrient composition and alter the bacterial flora during subsequent in vitro fermentation. These changes appeared to be crucial contributors to the beneficial effects observed in rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Tian
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gan Luo
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Dicky Aldian
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masato Yayota
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Feitoza ERF, Alves Júnior RT, da Rocha Costa GR, da Silva CS, Torres TR, de Lima JS, Pereira KP, de Souza EJO. Phytogenic additive from Prosopis juliflora on populations of rumen ciliate protozoa and its correlation with nutrition of sheep. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:425. [PMID: 35751758 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of phytogenic additive Prosopis juliflora on populations of ruminal ciliated protozoa and its correlation with variables related to sheep nutrition. In this experiment, five cannulated adult Santa Ines ewes were submitted to the additive intake. Each animal received 6 mL of the extract daily. The experimental design adopted was the Latin square 5 × 5 (five concentrations of additive 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/mL of water and five periods of 18 days). The additive quadratically reduces the number of large, small and total ciliating protozoa, without promoting changes in the number of medium protozoa in the rumen. Among the genera investigated, Isotricha and Dasytricha were the only ones affected by supplementation. Additionally, the concentration of ruminal protozoa correlates significantly with the variables related to the nutrition of the animal. The effects of the additive on these variables were particularly pronounced at concentrations around 600 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Rosa Fagundes Feitoza
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE, 56909-535, Brazil
| | - Renato Tonhá Alves Júnior
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE, 56909-535, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Rayane da Rocha Costa
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE, 56909-535, Brazil
| | - Camila Sousa da Silva
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE, 56909-535, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Rodrigues Torres
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE, 56909-535, Brazil
| | | | - Kedes Paulo Pereira
- Federal University of Alagoas, BR-104 Highway, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil
| | - Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira Avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE, 56909-535, Brazil.
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Bharanidharan R, Thirugnanasambantham K, Ibidhi R, Baik M, Kim TH, Lee Y, Kim KH. Metabolite Profile, Ruminal Methane Reduction, and Microbiome Modulating Potential of Seeds of Pharbitis nil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892605. [PMID: 35615517 PMCID: PMC9125194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified metabolites in the seeds of Pharbitis nil (PA) and evaluated their effects on rumen methanogenesis, fiber digestibility, and the rumen microbiome in vitro and in sacco. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein steers (mean body weight 507 ± 32 kg) were used as inoculum donor for in vitro trial and live continuous culture system for in sacco trial. PA was tested in vitro at doses ranging from 4.5 to 45.2% dry matter (DM) substrate. The in sacco trial was divided into three phases: a control phase of 10 days without nylon bags containing PA in the rumen, a treatment phase of 11 days in which nylon bags containing PA (180 g) were placed in the rumen, and a recovery phase of 10 days after removing the PA-containing bags from the rumen. Rumen headspace gas and rumen fluid samples were collected directly from the rumen. PA is enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids dominated by linoleic acid (C18:2) and flavonoids such as chlorogenate, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and quinic acid derivatives. PA decreased (p < 0.001) methane (CH4) production linearly in vitro with a reduction of 24% at doses as low as 4.5% DM substrate. A quadratic increase (p = 0.078) in neutral detergent fiber digestibility was also noted, demonstrating that doses < 9% DM were optimal for simultaneously enhancing digestibility and CH4 reduction. In sacco, a 50% decrease (p = 0.087) in CH4 coupled with an increase in propionate suggested increased biohydrogenation in the treatment phase. A decrease (p < 0.005) in ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was also noted with PA in the rumen. Analysis of the rumen microbiome revealed a decrease (p < 0.001) in the Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio, suggesting PA to have antiprotozoal potential. At the genus level, a 78% decrease in Prevotella spp. and a moderate increase in fibrolytic Ruminococcus spp. were noted in the treatment phase. In silico binding of PA metabolites to cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase of Entodinium caudatum supported the antiprotozoal effect of PA. Overall, based on its high nutrient value and antiprotozoal activity, PA could probably replace the ionophores used for CH4 abatement in the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaraman Bharanidharan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Krishnaraj Thirugnanasambantham
- Department of Ecofriendly Livestock Science, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Villupuram, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Ridha Ibidhi
- Department of Ecofriendly Livestock Science, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Myunggi Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Yookyung Lee
- National Institute of Animal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Kim
- Department of Ecofriendly Livestock Science, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kyoung Hoon Kim,
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Activity- and Enrichment-Based Metaproteomics Insights into Active Urease from the Rumen Microbiota of Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020817. [PMID: 35055002 PMCID: PMC8776097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of microbial urease activity plays a crucial role in improving the utilization efficiency of urea and reducing nitrogen emissions to the environment for ruminant animals. Dealing with the diversity of microbial urease and identifying highly active urease as the target is the key for future regulation. However, the identification of active urease in the rumen is currently limited due to large numbers of uncultured microorganisms. In the present study, we describe an activity- and enrichment-based metaproteomic analysis as an approach for the discovery of highly active urease from the rumen microbiota of cattle. We conducted an optimization method of protein extraction and purification to obtain higher urease activity protein. Cryomilling was the best choice among the six applied protein extraction methods (ultrasonication, bead beating, cryomilling, high-pressure press, freeze-thawing, and protein extraction kit) for obtaining protein with high urease activity. The extracted protein by cryomilling was further enriched through gel filtration chromatography to obtain the fraction with the highest urease activity. Then, by using SDS-PAGE, the gel band including urease was excised and analyzed using LC-MS/MS, searching against a metagenome-derived protein database. Finally, we identified six microbial active ureases from 2225 rumen proteins, and the identified ureases were homologous to those of Fibrobacter and Treponema. Moreover, by comparing the 3D protein structures of the identified ureases and known ureases, we found that the residues in the β-turn of flap regions were nonconserved, which might be crucial in influencing the flexibility of flap regions and urease activity. In conclusion, the active urease from rumen microbes was identified by the approach of activity- and enrichment-based metaproteomics, which provides the target for designing a novel efficient urease inhibitor to regulate rumen microbial urease activity.
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Abstract
The rumen ecosystem is a complex and dynamic environment, which hosts microorganisms including archaea, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. These microorganisms interact with each other, altering the ruminal environment and substrates that will be available for the host digestion and metabolism. Viruses can infect the host and other microorganisms, which can drive changes in microorganisms' lysis rate, substrate availability, nutrient recycling, and population structure. The lysis of ruminal microorganisms' cells by viruses can release enzymes that enhance feedstuff fermentation, which may increase dietary nutrient utilization and feed efficiency. However, negative effects associated to viruses in the gastrointestinal tract have also been reported, in some cases, disrupting the dynamic stability of the ruminal microbiome, which can result in gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on ruminal virome, their interaction with other components of the microbiome and the effects on animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio P. Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Six Plants: Mechanistic Insights into the Inhibition of Rumen Protozoa, Ammoniagenesis, and α-Glucosidase. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101055. [PMID: 34681154 PMCID: PMC8533169 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Rumen protozoa have some contribution to feed digestibility in the rumen, but Entodinium, the most predominant genus, is the main culprit of inefficient nitrogen utilization in ruminants. Using chemical drugs, many studies have attempted to inhibit the rumen protozoa, but few of the approaches are either effective or practical. In this study, we investigated the nutritional and functional properties of Adansonia digitata (baobab), Flemingia macrophylla (waras tree), Kalimeris indica (Indian aster),Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (bok choy), Portulaca oleracea (common purslane), and Calotropis gigantea (giant milkweed) for their potential as feed additives in animal husbandry. The plants were also analyzed for their major phytochemicals using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit rumen protozoa, ammoniagenesis, and microbial α-glucosidase activity in vitro. C. gigantea inhibited the rumen protozoa and reduced the wasteful ammoniagenesis, thereby indicating improved nitrogen utilization. A. digitata also reduced the microbial α-glucosidase activity that can potentially contribute to rumen acidosis. The tested plants, especially C. gigantea and A. digitata, could be used as potential alternatives to chemicals or antibiotics to ensure sustainable and green animal husbandry. Abstract Rumen protozoa prey on feed-degrading bacteria synthesizing microbial protein, lowering nitrogen utilization efficiency in ruminants. In this in vitro study, we evaluated six plants (Adansonia digitata, Flemingia macrophylla, Kalimeris indica,Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis, Portulaca oleracea, and Calotropis gigantea) for their potential to inhibit rumen protozoa and identified the phytochemicals potentially responsible for protozoa inhibition. Rumen protozoa were anaerobically cultured in vitro in the presence of each plant at four doses. All of the tested plants reduced total rumen protozoa (p ≤ 0.05), but C. gigantea and B. rapa were the most inhibitory, inhibiting rumen protozoa by 45.6 and 65.7%, respectively, at the dose of 1.1 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a disruption of the extracellular structure of protozoa cells. Only C. gigantea also decreased the wasteful ammoniagenesis (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the A. digitata extract inhibited α-glucosidase activity by about 70% at 100 µg/mL. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis detected quercetin, anthraquinone, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, astragaloside, and myricetin in the tested plant leaves. These plants may hold potential as feed additives to reduce rumen protozoa and α- glucosidase activity. Future research is needed to identify the specific anti-protozoal compound(s), the effects on the rumen microbiome, and its fermentation characteristics.
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Chelerythrine Chloride: A Potential Rumen Microbial Urease Inhibitor Screened by Targeting UreG. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158212. [PMID: 34360977 PMCID: PMC8347364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of ruminal microbial urease is of particular interest due to its crucial role in regulating urea-N utilization efficiency and nitrogen pollution in the livestock industry. Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) is currently the only commercially available urease inhibitor, but it has adverse side effects. The urease accessory protein UreG, which facilitates the functional incorporation of the urease nickel metallocentre, has been proposed in developing urease inhibitor through disrupting urease maturation. The objective of this study was to screen natural compounds as potential urease inhibitors by targeting UreG in a predominant ruminal microbial urease. In silico screening and in vitro tests for potential inhibitors were performed using molecular docking and an assay for the GTPase activity of UreG. Chelerythrine chloride was selected as a potential urease inhibitor of UreG with an inhibition concentration IC50 value of 18.13 μM. It exhibited mixed inhibition, with the Ki value being 26.28 μM. We further explored its inhibition mechanism using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and we found that chelerythrine chloride inhibited the binding of nickel to UreG and induced changes in the secondary structure, especially the α-helix and β-sheet of UreG. Chelerythrine chloride formed a pi-anion interaction with the Asp41 residue of UreG, which is an important residue in initiating the conformational changes of UreG. In conclusion, chelerythrine chloride exhibited a potential inhibitory effect on urease, which provided new evidence for strategies to develop novel urease inhibitors targeting UreG to reduce nitrogen excretion from ruminants.
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Tedeschi LO, Muir JP, Naumann HD, Norris AB, Ramírez-Restrepo CA, Mertens-Talcott SU. Nutritional Aspects of Ecologically Relevant Phytochemicals in Ruminant Production. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628445. [PMID: 33748210 PMCID: PMC7973208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update of ecologically relevant phytochemicals for ruminant production, focusing on their contribution to advancing nutrition. Phytochemicals embody a broad spectrum of chemical components that influence resource competence and biological advantage in determining plant species' distribution and density in different ecosystems. These natural compounds also often act as plant defensive chemicals against predatorial microbes, insects, and herbivores. They may modulate or exacerbate microbial transactions in the gastrointestinal tract and physiological responses in ruminant microbiomes. To harness their production-enhancing characteristics, phytochemicals have been actively researched as feed additives to manipulate ruminal fermentation and establish other phytochemoprophylactic (prevent animal diseases) and phytochemotherapeutic (treat animal diseases) roles. However, phytochemical-host interactions, the exact mechanism of action, and their effects require more profound elucidation to provide definitive recommendations for ruminant production. The majority of phytochemicals of nutritional and pharmacological interest are typically classified as flavonoids (9%), terpenoids (55%), and alkaloids (36%). Within flavonoids, polyphenolics (e.g., hydrolyzable and condensed tannins) have many benefits to ruminants, including reducing methane (CH4) emission, gastrointestinal nematode parasitism, and ruminal proteolysis. Within terpenoids, saponins and essential oils also mitigate CH4 emission, but triterpenoid saponins have rich biochemical structures with many clinical benefits in humans. The anti-methanogenic property in ruminants is variable because of the simultaneous targeting of several physiological pathways. This may explain saponin-containing forages' relative safety for long-term use and describe associated molecular interactions on all ruminant metabolism phases. Alkaloids are N-containing compounds with vast pharmacological properties currently used to treat humans, but their phytochemical usage as feed additives in ruminants has yet to be exploited as they may act as ghost compounds alongside other phytochemicals of known importance. We discussed strategic recommendations for phytochemicals to support sustainable ruminant production, such as replacements for antibiotics and anthelmintics. Topics that merit further examination are discussed and include the role of fresh forages vis-à-vis processed feeds in confined ruminant operations. Applications and benefits of phytochemicals to humankind are yet to be fully understood or utilized. Scientific explorations have provided promising results, pending thorough vetting before primetime use, such that academic and commercial interests in the technology are fully adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O. Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James P. Muir
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX, United States
| | - Harley D. Naumann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aaron B. Norris
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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