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Peddle SD, Hodgson RJ, Borrett RJ, Brachmann S, Davies TC, Erickson TE, Liddicoat C, Muñoz-Rojas M, Robinson JM, Watson CD, Krauss SL, Breed MF. Practical applications of soil microbiota to improve ecosystem restoration: current knowledge and future directions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39075839 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Soil microbiota are important components of healthy ecosystems. Greater consideration of soil microbiota in the restoration of biodiverse, functional, and resilient ecosystems is required to address the twin global crises of biodiversity decline and climate change. In this review, we discuss available and emerging practical applications of soil microbiota into (i) restoration planning, (ii) direct interventions for shaping soil biodiversity, and (iii) strategies for monitoring and predicting restoration trajectories. We show how better planning of restoration activities to account for soil microbiota can help improve progress towards restoration targets. We show how planning to embed soil microbiota experiments into restoration projects will permit a more rigorous assessment of the effectiveness of different restoration methods, especially when complemented by statistical modelling approaches that capitalise on existing data sets to improve causal understandings and prioritise research strategies where appropriate. In addition to recovering belowground microbiota, restoration strategies that include soil microbiota can improve the resilience of whole ecosystems. Fundamentally, restoration planning should identify appropriate reference target ecosystem attributes and - from the perspective of soil microbiota - comprehensibly consider potential physical, chemical and biological influences on recovery. We identify that inoculating ecologically appropriate soil microbiota into degraded environments can support a range of restoration interventions (e.g. targeted, broad-spectrum and cultured inoculations) with promising results. Such inoculations however are currently underutilised and knowledge gaps persist surrounding successful establishment in light of community dynamics, including priority effects and community coalescence. We show how the ecological trajectories of restoration sites can be assessed by characterising microbial diversity, composition, and functions in the soil. Ultimately, we highlight practical ways to apply the soil microbiota toolbox across the planning, intervention, and monitoring stages of ecosystem restoration and address persistent open questions at each stage. With continued collaborations between researchers and practitioners to address knowledge gaps, these approaches can improve current restoration practices and ecological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Peddle
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Riley J Hodgson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Ryan J Borrett
- SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Stella Brachmann
- University of Waikato Te Whare Wananga o Waikato Gate 1, Knighton Road, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Tarryn C Davies
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Todd E Erickson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Western Australia, 6005, Australia
- Centre for Engineering Innovation, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Miriam Muñoz-Rojas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, C. San Fernando, Sevilla, Spain
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jake M Robinson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Carl D Watson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Siegfried L Krauss
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, Western Australia, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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2
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Huang L, Rosado AS, Wright A, Corrêa RS, Silva L, Mazza Rodrigues JL. Microbiota recovery in a chronosquences of impoverished Cerrado soils with biosolids applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172958. [PMID: 38714255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Mining activities put the Brazilian savannas, a global biodiversity hotspot, in danger of species and soil carbon losses. Experiments employing biosolids have been applied to rejuvenate this degraded ecosystem, but a lingering question yet to be answered is whether the microbiota that inhabits these impoverished soils can be recovered towards its initial steady state after vegetation recovery. Here, we selected an 18-year-old restoration chronosequence of biosolids-treated, untreated mining and native soils to investigate the soil microbiota recovery based on composition, phylogeny, and diversity, as well as the potential factors responsible for ecosystem recovery. Our results revealed that the soil microbiota holds a considerable recovery potential in the degraded Cerrado biome. Biosolids application not only improved soil health, but also led to 41.7 % recovery of the whole microbial community, featuring significantly higher microbiota diversity and enriched groups (e.g., Firmicutes) that benefit carbon storage compared to untreated mining and native soils. The recovered community showed significant compositional distinctions from the untreated mining or native soils, rather than phylogenetic differences, with physiochemical properties explaining 55 % of the overall community changes. This study advances our understanding of soil microbiota dynamics in response to disturbance and restoration by shedding light on its recovery associated with biosolid application in a degraded biodiverse ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibin Huang
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Alexandre Soares Rosado
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alonna Wright
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo Studart Corrêa
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Brasília - UnB/FUP/ PPGCA, Brasília, DF 70910, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva
- Environmental Studies Program, Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA
| | - Jorge L Mazza Rodrigues
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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3
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Wang M, Lin M, Liu Q, Li C, Pang X. Fungal, but not bacterial, diversity and network complexity promote network stability during roadside slope restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171007. [PMID: 38401731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
To restore degraded roadside ecosystems, conventional methods such as revegetation and soil amendment are frequently employed. However, our understanding of the long-term effects of these restoration approaches on soil microbial diversity and network complexity across different vegetation types remains poor, which contributes to poor restoration outcomes. In this study, we explored the effects of roadside slope restoration on microbial communities across different vegetation types at varying stages of restoration. We found that restoration time had a more pronounced impact on microbial diversity than specific vegetation type. As restoration progressed, microbial network complexity and fungal diversity increased, but bacterial diversity declined, suggesting that keystone taxa may contribute to network complexity. Interestingly, bacterial network complexity increased concomitant with decreasing network modularity and robustness, which may compromise system stability. Distinct vegetation types were associated with restoration-sensitive microbial communities at different restoration stages. Leguminouse and nitrogen-fixing plants, such as Albiziak alkora, Ginkgo biloba, Rhus chinensis, Rhapis excels, and Rubia cordifolia exhibited such associations after five years of restoration. These keystone taxa included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, and Myxococcota. We also found that bacterial alpha diversity was significantly correlated with restoration time, soil pH, moisture, available phosphate, nitrate nitrogen, and plant height, while fungal diversity was primarily shaped by restoration time. Together, our findings suggest that soil properties, environmental factors, vegetation type, and dominant species can be manipulated to guide the trajectory of ecological recovery by regulating the abundance of certain microbial taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, China
| | - Mao Lin
- College of Geography and Resources, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, China
| | - Xueyong Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, China.
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4
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Roy J, Reichel R, Brüggemann N, Rillig MC. Functional, not Taxonomic, Composition of Soil Fungi Reestablishes to Pre-mining Initial State After 52 Years of Recultivation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:213-223. [PMID: 35821127 PMCID: PMC10293406 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Open-cast mining leads to the loss of naturally developed soils and their ecosystem functions and services. Soil restoration after mining aims to restore the agricultural productivity in which the functions of the fungal community play a crucial role. Whether fungi reach a comparable functional state as in the soil before mining within half a century of recultivation is still unanswered. Here, we characterised the soil fungal community using ITS amplicon Illumina sequencing across a 52-year chronosequence of agricultural recultivation after open-cast mining in northern Europe. Both taxonomic and functional community composition showed profound shifts over time, which could be attributed to the changes in nutrient status, especially phosphorus availability. However, taxonomic composition did not reach the pre-mining state, whereas functional composition did. Importantly, we identified a positive development of arbuscular mycorrhizal root fungal symbionts after the initial three years of alfalfa cultivation, followed by a decline after conversion to conventional farming, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi being replaced by soil saprobes. We conclude that appropriate agricultural management can steer the fungal community to its functional pre-mining state despite stochasticity in the reestablishment of soil fungal communities. Nonetheless, conventional agricultural management results in the loss of plant symbionts, favouring non-symbiotic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Roy
- Institut Für Biologie, Ökologie Der Pflanzen, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Reichel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institut Für Biologie, Ökologie Der Pflanzen, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Liddicoat C, Krauss SL, Bissett A, Borrett RJ, Ducki LC, Peddle SD, Bullock P, Dobrowolski MP, Grigg A, Tibbett M, Breed MF. Next generation restoration metrics: Using soil eDNA bacterial community data to measure trajectories towards rehabilitation targets. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114748. [PMID: 35192978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In post-mining rehabilitation, successful mine closure planning requires specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound (SMART) completion criteria, such as returning ecological communities to match a target level of similarity to reference sites. Soil microbiota are fundamentally linked to the restoration of degraded ecosystems, helping to underpin ecological functions and plant communities. High-throughput sequencing of soil eDNA to characterise these communities offers promise to help monitor and predict ecological progress towards reference states. Here we demonstrate a novel methodology for monitoring and evaluating ecological restoration using three long-term (>25 year) case study post-mining rehabilitation soil eDNA-based bacterial community datasets. Specifically, we developed rehabilitation trajectory assessments based on similarity to reference data from restoration chronosequence datasets. Recognising that numerous alternative options for microbiota data processing have potential to influence these assessments, we comprehensively examined the influence of standard versus compositional data analyses, different ecological distance measures, sequence grouping approaches, eliminating rare taxa, and the potential for excessive spatial autocorrelation to impact on results. Our approach reduces the complexity of information that often overwhelms ecologically-relevant patterns in microbiota studies, and enables prediction of recovery time, with explicit inclusion of uncertainty in assessments. We offer a step change in the development of quantitative microbiota-based SMART metrics for measuring rehabilitation success. Our approach may also have wider applications where restorative processes facilitate the shift of microbiota towards reference states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Siegfried L Krauss
- Kings Park Science, Western Australia Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ryan J Borrett
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Luisa C Ducki
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Shawn D Peddle
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Mark P Dobrowolski
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Iluka Resources Limited, Perth, Australia; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Sustainable Land Management & Soil Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Peddle SD, Bissett A, Borrett RJ, Bullock P, Gardner MG, Liddicoat C, Tibbett M, Breed MF, Krauss SL. Soil
DNA
chronosequence analysis shows bacterial community re‐assembly following post‐mining forest rehabilitation. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Peddle
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA Australia
| | | | - Ryan J. Borrett
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | | | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA Australia
- School of Public Health The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Mark Tibbett
- Department of Sustainable Land Management & Soil Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development University of Reading Berkshire United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Martin F. Breed
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Perth WA Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
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7
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Schröder P, Mench M, Povilaitis V, Rineau F, Rutkowska B, Schloter M, Szulc W, Žydelis R, Loit E. Relaunch cropping on marginal soils by incorporating amendments and beneficial trace elements in an interdisciplinary approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149844. [PMID: 34525739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the EU and world-wide, agriculture is in transition. Whilst we just converted conventional farming imprinted by the post-war food demand and heavy agrochemical usage into integrated and sustainable farming with optimized production, we now have to focus on even smarter agricultural management. Enhanced nutrient efficiency and resistance to pests/pathogens combined with a greener footprint will be crucial for future sustainable farming and its wider environment. Future land use must embrace efficient production and utilization of biomass for improved economic, environmental, and social outcomes, as subsumed under the EU Green Deal, including also sites that have so far been considered as marginal and excluded from production. Another frontier is to supply high-quality food and feed to increase the nutrient density of staple crops. In diets of over two-thirds of the world's population, more than one micronutrient (Fe, Zn, I or Se) is lacking. To improve nutritious values of crops, it will be necessary to combine integrated, systems-based approaches of land management with sustainable redevelopment of agriculture, including central ecosystem services, on so far neglected sites: neglected grassland, set aside land, and marginal lands, paying attention to their connectivity with natural areas. Here we need new integrative approaches which allow the application of different instruments to provide us not only with biomass of sufficient quality and quantity in a site specific manner, but also to improve soil ecological services, e.g. soil C sequestration, water quality, habitat and soil resistance to erosion, while keeping fertilization as low as possible. Such instruments may include the application of different forms of high carbon amendments, the application of macro- and microelements to improve crop performance and quality as well as a targeted manipulation of the soil microbiome. Under certain caveats, the potential of such sites can be unlocked by innovative production systems, ready for the sustainable production of crops enriched in micronutrients and providing services within a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microiome Analysis, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Michel Mench
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Virmantas Povilaitis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Akademija LT-58344, Kedainiai distr. Lithuania
| | - Francois Rineau
- Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Beata Rutkowska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Schloter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microiome Analysis, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wieslaw Szulc
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renaldas Žydelis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Akademija LT-58344, Kedainiai distr. Lithuania
| | - Evelin Loit
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Chair of Field Crops and Plant Biology, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
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8
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Pape T. Futuristic restoration as a policy tool for environmental justice objectives. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Pape
- Environmental Sciences Department Oregon State University 2900 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331‐1102 USA
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9
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Balázs HE, Schmid CAO, Cruzeiro C, Podar D, Szatmari PM, Buegger F, Hufnagel G, Radl V, Schröder P. Post-reclamation microbial diversity and functions in hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated soil in relation to spontaneous HCH tolerant vegetation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144653. [PMID: 33550064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity, volatility and persistence of the obsolete organochlorine pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), makes reclamation of contaminated areas a priority for the health and welfare of neighboring human communities. Microbial diversity and functions and their relation to spontaneous vegetation in post-excavation situations, are essential indicators to consider in bioaugmentation or microbe-assisted phytoremediation strategies at field scale. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term HCH contamination on soil and plant-associated microbial communities, and whether contaminated soil has the potential to act as a bacterial inoculum in post-excavation bioremediation strategies. To scrutinize the role of vegetation, the potential nitrogen fixation of free-living and symbiotic diazotrophs of the legume Lotus tenuis was assessed as a measure of nutrient cycling functions in soil under HCH contamination. Potential nitrogen fixation was generally not affected by HCH, with the exception of lower nifH gene counts in excavated contaminated rhizospheres, most probably a short-term HCH effect on early bacterial succession in this compartment. HCH shaped microbial communities in long-term contaminated bulk soil, where we identified possible HCH tolerants such as Sphingomonas and Altererythrobacter. In L. tenuis rhizosphere, microbial community composition was additionally influenced by plant growth stage. Sphingobium and Massilia were the bacterial genera characteristic for HCH contaminated rhizospheres. Long-term HCH contamination negatively affected L. tenuis growth and development. However, root-associated bacterial community composition was driven solely by plant age, with negligible HCH effect. Results showed that L. tenuis acquired possible HCH tolerant bacteria such as the Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium clade, Sphingomonas, Massilia or Pantoea which could simultaneously offer plant growth promoting (PGP) benefits for the host. Finally, we identified an inoculum with possibly HCH tolerant, PGP bacteria transferred from the contaminated bulk soil to L. tenuis roots through the rhizosphere compartment, consisting of Mesorhizobium loti, Neorhizobium galegae, Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum, Pantoea agglomerans and Lysobacter bugurensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga E Balázs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Babeş-Bolyai University, Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, 1 Kogălniceanu St., 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Christoph A O Schmid
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Dorina Podar
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Kogălniceanu St., 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Paul-Marian Szatmari
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, 1 Kogălniceanu St., 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Biological Research Center, Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati", 16 Wesselényi Miklós St., 455200 Jibou, Romania
| | - Franz Buegger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Hufnagel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Viviane Radl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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