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Liu L, Ma Y, Huang R, Jia M, Liu G, Zheng W. Field measurement study of indoor thermal environment of badminton halls in a hot summer and cold winter region in different seasons in China. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34883. [PMID: 39144935 PMCID: PMC11320213 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The indoor thermal environment has a direct impact on human thermal comfort and health. In order to assess the status of the indoor thermal environment of typical sports buildings in hot summer and cold winter climate zones in China, 14 badminton halls in 10 cities in Hubei Province (including 5 venues in Wuhan) in this climate zone are chosen as research objects for field testing of indoor thermal environment parameters in 4 seasons. All the tested stadiums are naturally ventilated in non-event conditions. The results reveal that the average indoor temperature of badminton halls in summer is excessively high (i.e., 31.89 °C), which is higher than the regulation specified in JGJ31-2003 or GB-T18883-2022 on the reference interval of the indoor air temperature of venues in summer, (i.e., (26-28 °C) or (22-28 °C), respectively). The average indoor temperature of badminton halls in winter is too low (i.e., 12.95 °C), and it is lower than the recommendations of JGJ31-2003 or GB-T18883-2022 on the reference interval of the indoor air temperature of venues in winter (i.e., (16-18 °C) or (16-24 °C), respectively), relative humidity and air velocity are in the thermal comfort interval for all seasons, and the indoor thermal environment factors of badminton courts in spring and autumn meet the comfort requirements. The indoor and outdoor temperatures and the relative humidity of badminton courts are highly correlated. The indoor temperature and relative humidity vary according to changes in those factors outdoors, whereas the air velocity is not affected by outdoor changes. In the hot summer and cold winter climate zones, some discrepancies in the indoor temperature variation patterns of badminton halls at various altitudes are detectable. The results of this study aim to provide a solid basis for the development of indoor thermal-comfort standards for sports stadiums in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ruifeng Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Mengyao Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Gan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Weitao Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Branco PTBS, Sousa SIV, Dudzińska MR, Ruzgar DG, Mutlu M, Panaras G, Papadopoulos G, Saffell J, Scutaru AM, Struck C, Weersink A. A review of relevant parameters for assessing indoor air quality in educational facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119713. [PMID: 39094896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational facilities is crucial due to the extended time students spend in those environments, affecting their health, academic performance, and attendance. This paper aimed to review relevant parameters (building characteristics and factors related with occupancy and activities) for assessing IAQ in educational facilities, and to identify the parameters to consider when performing an IAQ monitoring campaign in schools. It also intended to identify literature gaps and suggest future research directions. A narrative literature review was conducted, focusing on seven key parameters: building location, layout and construction materials, ventilation and air cleaning systems, finishing materials, occupant demographics, occupancy, and activities. The findings revealed that carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were predominantly influenced by classroom occupancy and ventilation rates, while particulate matter (PM) concentrations were significantly influenced by the building's location, design, and occupant activities. Furthermore, this review highlighted the presence of other pollutants, such as trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and radon, linking them to specific factors within the school environment. Different IAQ patterns, and consequently different parameters, were observed in various school areas, including classrooms, canteens, gymnasiums, computer rooms, and laboratories. While substantial literature exists on IAQ in schools, significant gaps still remain. This study highlighted the need for more studies in middle and high schools, as well as in other indoor microenvironments within educational settings beyond classrooms. Additionally, it underscored the need for comprehensive exposure assessments, long-term studies, and the impacts of new materials on IAQ including the effects of secondary reactions on surfaces. Seasonal variations and the implications of emerging technologies were also identified as requiring further investigation. Addressing those gaps through targeted research and considering the most updated standards and guidelines for IAQ, could lead to define more effective strategies for improving IAQ and safeguarding the students' health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro T B S Branco
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marzenna R Dudzińska
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Mustafa Mutlu
- Vocational School of Yenisehir Ibrahim Orhan, Bursa Uludag University, 16900, Yenisehir, Turkey.
| | - Georgios Panaras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, 50131, Greece.
| | - Giannis Papadopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, 50131, Greece.
| | | | | | - Christian Struck
- Saxion University of Applied Science, Sustainable Building Technology, M. H. Tromplaan 28, 7513 AB, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemarie Weersink
- Saxion University of Applied Science, Sustainable Building Technology, M. H. Tromplaan 28, 7513 AB, Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Rufo JC, Annesi-Maesano I, Carreiro-Martins P, Moreira A, Sousa AC, Pastorinho MR, Neuparth N, Taborda-Barata L. Issue 2 - "Update on adverse respiratory effects of indoor air pollution" Part 1): Indoor air pollution and respiratory diseases: A general update and a Portuguese perspective. Pulmonology 2024; 30:378-389. [PMID: 37230882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the impact of different air pollutants on respiratory health based on robust estimates based on international data and to summarise the evidence of associations between indoor exposure to those pollutants and respiratory morbidity in the Portuguese population. RESULTS Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses (MA) at the world level demonstrate the impact of indoor air quality on respiratory health, with indoor particulate matter and gasses exerting a significant effect on the airways. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) have been related to asthma and lung cancer. However, only meta-analyses on biomass use allowed documentation of long-term respiratory effects. While early publications concerning Portuguese-based populations mainly focused on indoor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, later studies relocated the attention to relevant exposure environments, such as day care buildings, schools, residences and nursing homes. Looking at the pooled effects from the reviewed studies, high levels of carbon dioxide and particulate matter in Portuguese buildings were significantly associated with asthma and wheezing, with VOC and fungi showing a similar effect in some instances. CONCLUSIONS Despite the significant reduction of indoor air pollution effects after the 2008 indoor smoking prohibition in public buildings, studies show that several indoor air parameters are still significantly associated with respiratory health in Portugal. The country shares the worldwide necessity of standardisation of methods and contextual data to increase the reach of epidemiological studies on household air pollution, allowing a weighted evaluation of interventions and policies focused on reducing the associated respiratory morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rufo
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - I Annesi-Maesano
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier and INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - P Carreiro-Martins
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Immunoallergology Service, Dona Estefânia Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Central (CHULC), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - A Moreira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n° 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal; Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) and Department of Biology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M R Pastorinho
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - N Neuparth
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Immunoallergology Service, Dona Estefânia Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Central (CHULC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Taborda-Barata
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; UBIAir-Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre, University of Beira Interior, CACB - Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras, Covilhã, Portugal; CICS-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, CACB - Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras, Covilhã, Portugal; Immunoallergology Service, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, CACB - Clinical Academic Centre of Beiras, Covilhã, Portugal
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Yu L, He X, Gao C, Li G, Wang Y, Wang Y. An emission model for inhalable chemicals from children's play mats based on partition coefficients. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464855. [PMID: 38569298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Inhalable chemicals found in children's play mats can be slowly released into indoor environments and consequently threaten human health. In this study, the partition coefficients of seven inhalable chemicals between play mats and air were calculated by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based on the law of conservation of mass and the principle of equilibrium of headspace bottles. Furthermore, an emission source model for the residual ratio of the inhalable chemicals in play mats was established. Most substances found in play mats have large partition coefficients owing to the complex void structure of the mats, which adsorbs a large number of organic pollutants. The partition coefficient is not only related to the boiling point and environmental temperature, but also the specific material and the adsorption of the organic pollutant onto the material. The emission source model for children's play mats developed in this study can characterize the decay of the inhalable chemicals over time. The data showed that after eight days of placing the play mat in a ventilated environment, the residual ratio of seven inhalable chemicals did not exceed 15 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yu
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Xiangke He
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Cuiling Gao
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China.
| | - Guixiao Li
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yunbo Wang
- Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
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Bozzola E, Agostiniani R, Pacifici Noja L, Park J, Lauriola P, Nicoletti T, Taruscio D, Taruscio G, Mantovani A. The impact of indoor air pollution on children's health and well-being: the experts' consensus. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:69. [PMID: 38616250 PMCID: PMC11017701 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollution of the indoor environment represents a concern for human health, mainly in case of prolonged exposure such as in the case of women, children, the elderly, and the chronically ill, who spend most of their time in closed environments. MAIN BODY The aim of the study is to organize a group of experts in order to evaluate the evidence and discuss the main risk factors concerning indoor air and the impact on human health as well as challenging factors regarding preventive strategies to reduce pollution. The experts highlighted the main risk factors concerning indoor air, including poor ventilation, climatic conditions, chemical substances, and socio-economic status. They discussed the impact on human health in terms of mortality and morbidity, as well as challenging factors regarding preventive strategies to reduce pollution. CONCLUSION The experts identified strategies that can be reinforced to reduce indoor pollution and prevent negative consequences on human health at national and local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bozzola
- Pediatric Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Jibin Park
- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Rete Italiana Medici Sentinella per l'Ambiente (RIMSA), ISDE/FNOMCeO, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Nicoletti
- Association of the chronically ill and rare patients, Cittadinazattiva APS, Rome, Italy
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Xuan L, Ren L, Zhang W, Du P, Li B, An Z. Formaldehyde aggravates airway inflammation through induction of glycolysis in an experimental model of asthma exacerbated by lipopolysaccharide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168947. [PMID: 38043820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) exposure has been reported to induce or aggravate allergic asthma. Infection is also a potential risk factor for the onset and aggravation of asthma. However, no study has addressed the effects of FA exposure on asthmatic patients with respiratory infection. FA is ubiquitous in environment and respiratory infections are common in clinics. Therefore, it is necessary to explore whether FA exposure leads to the further worsening of symptoms in asthma patients with existing respiratory infection. In the present study, ovalbumin (OVA) was used to establish the murine asthma model. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intratracheal administrated to mimic asthma with respiratory infection. The mice were exposed to 0.5 mg/m3 FA. FA exposure did not induce a significant aggravation on OVA induced allergic asthma. However, the lung function of specific airway resistance (sRaw), histological changes and cytokines production were greatly aggravated by FA exposure in OVA/LPS induced murine asthma model. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were isolated from asthmatic patients. Exposure of MDMs to FA and LPS resulted in increased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and nitric oxide (NO) production. Lactate produciton and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) expression were found to be upregulated by FA in OVA/LPS induced asthmatic mice and LPS stimulated MDMs. Furthermore, glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-d-glucose attenuated FA and LPS induced TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production. We conclude that FA exposure can lead to the aggravation of allergic asthma with infection through induction of glycolysis. This study could offer some new insight into how FA promotes asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Lulu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ping Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Boyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhuoling An
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
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Lu Y, Jie X, Zou F, Wang D, Da H, Li H, Zhao H, He J, Liu J, Fan X, Liu Y. Investigation analysis of the acute asthma risk factor and phenotype based on relational analysis with outdoor air pollutants in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:75. [PMID: 38367077 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic heterogeneous disease. Outdoor air pollutants are an important cause of acute asthma. Until now, the association between the risk of acute asthma and outdoor air pollutants is unclear. And the relationship between the different phenotypes of asthma and outdoor air pollutants has not been reported. Thus, an analysis of the association between outdoor air pollutants and daily acute asthma inpatient and outpatient visits in Xi'an, China, from January 1 to December 31, 2018, was conducted. A total of 3395 people were included in the study. The statistical analysis and relational analysis based on the logistic regression were used for illustrating the relatedness of the acute asthma risk factor and phenotype with outdoor air pollutants, while the age, gender, pollen peak and non-pollen peak periods, high type 2 (T2) asthma and non-high T2 asthma were also stratified. Results showed that particulate matter with particle size below 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5), sulfur dioxide(SO2), nitrogen dioxide(NO2), and carbon monoxide(CO) increase the risk of acute asthma and that air pollutants have a lagged effect on asthma patients. PM10, NO2, CO, and Ozone (O3) are associated with an increased risk of acute attacks of high T2 asthma. PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and CO are associated with an increased risk of acute asthma in males of 0-16 years old. PM10 and PM2.5 are more harmful to asthma patients with abnormal lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ganzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Ganzhou Fifth People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341007, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xueyan Jie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fan Zou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongju Da
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianghao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xinping Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Ferguson L, Taylor J, Symonds P, Davies M, Dimitroulopoulou S. Analysis of inequalities in personal exposure to PM 2.5: A modelling study for the Greater London school-aged population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167056. [PMID: 37717780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution can lead to negative health impacts, with children highly susceptible due to their immature immune and lung systems. Childhood exposure may vary by socio-economic status (SES) due to differences in both outdoor and indoor air pollution levels, the latter of which depends on, for example, building quality, overcrowding and occupant behaviours; however, exposure estimates typically rely on the outdoor component only. Quantifying population exposure across SES requires accounting for variations in time-activity patterns, outdoor air pollution concentrations, and concentrations in indoor microenvironments that account for pollution-generating occupant behaviours and building characteristics. Here, we present a model that estimates personal exposure to PM2.5 for ~1.3 million children aged 4-16 years old in the Greater London region from different income groups. The model combines 1) A national time-activity database, which gives the percentage of each group in different residential and non-residential microenvironments throughout a typical day; 2) Distributions of modelled outdoor PM2.5 concentrations; 3) Detailed estimates of domestic indoor concentrations for different housing and occupant typologies from the building physics model, EnergyPlus, and; 4) Non-domestic concentrations derived from a mass-balance approach. The results show differences in personal exposure across socio-economic groups for children, where the median daily exposure across all scenarios (winter/summer and weekends/weekdays) is 17.2 μg/m3 (95%CIs: 12.1 μg/m3-41.2 μg/m3) for children from households in the lowest income quintile versus 14.5 μg/m3 (95%CIs: 11.5 μg/m3 - 27.9 μg/m3) for those in the highest income quintile. Though those from lower-income homes generally fare worse, approximately 57 % of London's school-aged population across all income groups, equivalent to 761,976 children, have a median daily exposure which exceeds guideline 24-h limits set by the World Health Organisation. The findings suggest residential indoor sources of PM2.5 are a large contributor to personal exposure for school children in London. Interventions to reduce indoor exposure in the home (for example, via the maintenance of kitchen extract ventilation and transition to cleaner cooking fuels) should therefore be prioritised along with the continued mitigation of outdoor sources in Greater London.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Ferguson
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK; Air Quality and Public Health Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK.
| | - Jonathon Taylor
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Phil Symonds
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK
| | - Michael Davies
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK
| | - Sani Dimitroulopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett School of Energy, Environment and Resources, University College London, UK; Air Quality and Public Health Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
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Economidou E, Gerner N, Pichler C, Hartl A, Frauenberger C. Uncovering placemaking needs with(in) a kindergarten community: a cross-disciplinary approach to participatory design. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1126276. [PMID: 37408970 PMCID: PMC10319412 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The design of early childhood education and care facilities faces the double challenge of creating a stimulating environment for young children and a supportive workplace for staff. The existing body of research suggests that placemaking strategies serve both requirements. A promising approach to meet placemaking needs is the participation of future occupants in the building design. Methods We pursued a participatory design study with the community of an Austrian kindergarten aiming to inform the future building renovation. We combined novel cultural fiction probes methods with conventional inquiry methods to gather information from children and teachers about their experience of the built environment. Using thematic and content analyzes we explored placemaking needs from different epistemic perspectives and converged findings through iterative exchange. Results Returns of children and teachers were interconnected and complementary. From a design-oriented perspective, children's experience of place was relatable to spatial, temporo-spatial, and acoustic qualities as well as control needs. From a human-centered perspective, teachers' experience of place was relatable to the needs of feeling embedded, protected, enacted, and socially connected. The converged findings revealed dynamic placemaking processes involving the elements of space, time, and control at different levels. Discussion Cross-disciplinary collaboration and research consolidation brought forth valuable insights on supportive structures for both children and teachers, facilitated timely knowledge transfer, and converted into design solutions that foster enacted placemaking. Albeit general transferability is limited, findings are interpretable within a solid framework of existing theories, concepts and evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléni Economidou
- Human-Computer Interaction Division, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nathalie Gerner
- Institute of Ecomedicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Pichler
- Institute of Ecomedicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Arnulf Hartl
- Institute of Ecomedicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christopher Frauenberger
- Human-Computer Interaction Division, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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10
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Reddam A, Bollati V, Wu H, Favero C, Tarantini L, Hoxha M, Comfort N, Gold DR, Phipatanakul W, Baccarelli AA. Air pollution and human endogenous retrovirus methylation in the school inner-city asthma intervention study. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:166-174. [PMID: 37042721 PMCID: PMC10230279 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are transposable genomic elements generally repressed through DNA methylation. HERVs can be demethylated and expressed in response to environmental stimuli. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the influence of environmental exposures on HERV methylation. Air pollutants are commonly linked with global hypomethylation, and as HERVs comprise of nearly 8% of repetitive elements in the human genome, our objective was to examine the association between air pollutant exposure and HERV methylation. We investigated 180 students with asthma participating in the School Inner-City Asthma Intervention Study, which evaluated the efficacy of classroom air filters and school-wide pest management on air pollutant/allergen exposure and asthma. Both air pollutants measured in classrooms and asthma outcomes assessed by surveys were collected pre- and post-intervention. Buccal swabs were also collected pre- and post-intervention, and methylation levels from 9 transposable genomic elements (HERV-E, -FRD, -K, -L, -R, -W, -9, and HRES and LINE1) were measured. Adjusting for relevant covariates, the overall air pollutant mixture was cross-sectionally associated with higher HERV-W and lower HERV-L and LINE1 methylation. Coarse PM was cross-sectionally associated with higher HERV-K methylation and CO2 with lower LINE1 methylation. These results suggest that exposure to air pollutants is associated with HERV-W and HERV-K hypermethylation and HERV-L and LINE1 hypomethylation in children with asthma. Future studies are needed to characterize the links between HERV methylation and possible adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalekhya Reddam
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Chiara Favero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Mirjam Hoxha
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Nicole Comfort
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Asthma Clinical Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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11
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Branco PTBS, Martin-Gisbert L, Sá JP, Ruano-Raviña A, Barros-Dios J, Varela-Lema L, Sousa SIV. Quantifying indoor radon levels and determinants in schools: A case study in the radon-prone area Galicia-Norte de Portugal Euroregion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163566. [PMID: 37084905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Radon is a carcinogenic compound, and is particularly concerning in the education sector, where children and teachers may be exposed even longer than at home. Thus, this study intended to characterise radon in the indoor air of scholar environments in different provinces/districts of the Euroregion Galicia-Norte de Portugal. With a pioneering approach, this study evaluated the influence of specific factors/characteristics (location, type of management, construction material, season and floor within the building) and quantified their relative contribution to indoor radon levels. Radon was continuously monitored in 416 classrooms from school buildings located in urban and rural sites from different provinces/districts both in the regions of Galicia (A Coruña and Lugo provinces) and Portugal (Porto and Bragança districts), considering rooms for different age groups (from nursery schools to universities). Single and multivariate linear regression models were built considering the radon concentrations as the outcome variable and different room/building characteristics as predictor variables. Mean and median radon concentrations were 332 Bq·m-3 and 181 Bq·m-3, respectively. The radon concentrations observed are a public health concern, as almost 1/3 of the places monitored exceeded the reference limit value of the European legislation (300 Bq·m-3). Moreover, around 50 % of the indoor levels measured could be attributed to room/building characteristics: the building's location and the main construction material, as well as the occupants' age group, the floor within the building and the school's type of management (public/private). This study concluded that radon testing is needed in all school buildings and classrooms without exceptions. Thus, public administrations are urged to dedicate funds for testing, mitigation and public dissemination initiatives in schools. A special protocol for radon sampling in school buildings should also be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro T B S Branco
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucia Martin-Gisbert
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cross-Disciplinary Research in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela-IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juliana P Sá
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Ruano-Raviña
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cross-Disciplinary Research in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública/CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Barros-Dios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela-IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública/CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Varela-Lema
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela-IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública/CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Li X, Hu Y, Li D, Su Y. Transport and removal mechanism of benzene by Tradescantia zebrina Bosse and Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S. Bunting in air-plant-solution system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58282-58294. [PMID: 36977874 PMCID: PMC10047475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is considered an effective method for indoor air pollution control. The removal rate and mechanism of benzene in air by two plants, Tradescantia zebrina Bosse and Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G. S. Bunting, were investigated through fumigation experiments under the condition of plant hydroponics culturing. Results showed that the plant removal rates increased with increase in benzene concentration in air. When the benzene concentration in air was set at 432.25-1314.75 mg·m-3, the removal rates of T. zebrina and E. aureum ranged from 23.05 ± 3.07 to 57.42 ± 8.28 mg·kg-1·h-1 FW and from 18.82 ± 3.73 to 101.58 ± 21.20 mg·kg-1·h-1 FW, respectively. The removal capacity was positively related to the transpiration rate of plants, indicating that gas exchange rate could be a key factor for the evaluation of removal capacity. There existed fast reversible transport of benzene on air-shoot interface and root-solution interface. After shoot exposure to benzene for 1 h, downward transport was the dominant mechanism in the removal of benzene in air by T. zebrina, while in vivo fixation was the dominant mechanism at exposure time of 3 and 8 h. Within 1-8 h of shoot exposure time, in vivo fixation capacity was always the key factor affecting the removal rate of benzene in the air by E. aureum. Contribution ratio of in vivo fixation in the total benzene removal rate increased from 6.29 to 92.29% for T. zebrina and from 73.22 to 98.42% for E. aureum in the experimental conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst induced by benzene exposure was responsible for the contribution ratio change of different mechanisms in the total removal rate, which also was verified by the change of activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, and SOD). Transpiration rate and antioxidant enzyme activity could be considered parameters to evaluate the plant removal ability to benzene and to screen plants for establishment of plant-microbe combination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
| | - Depeng Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Anake WU, Nnamani EA. Indoor air quality in day-care centres: a global review. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:997-1022. [PMID: 36819788 PMCID: PMC9930043 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A healthy indoor environment is critical for children due to the severe effect of poor indoor air quality (IAQ) on their overall well-being. Day-care centres (DCCs) are important indoor microenvironments for children apart from their homes. Therefore, monitoring IAQ in this microenvironment is vital because of the vulnerability of the occupants. This review gives a global overview of the predominant indoor chemical pollutant levels monitored in DCCs, compares their concentration with available regulations for IAQ, evaluates the sources and health risk effects of chemical pollutants and proposes strategies for enhancing IAQ in DCCs. Thirty-seven (37) articles were used based on specific stated inclusion and exclusion criteria. Continents like Europe and Asia have the most published studies in indoor DCCs. The decreasing trend of pollutants examined in most studies include particulate matter > carbon dioxide > formaldehyde > carbon monoxide > total volatile organic compounds > volatile organic compounds > nitrogen dioxide > ozone > benzene > sulphur dioxide = radon. Particulate matter in the size and mass concentration range of PM10 (0.116-1920.71 μg/m3) > PM2.5 (0.279.2-260.74 μg/m3) was the most investigated pollutant. While nitrogen dioxide, radon and carbon monoxide were consistent with the existing national and international reference values for IAQ across the continents, exceedances occurred in other pollutants. The limited number of indoor chemical pollutant studies suggests the need for more comprehensive studies on IAQ in DCC globally. Further studies should highlight the availability of low-cost sensors and mobile analytical equipment that will promote affordable ground-level data accessibility. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-023-01320-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred U. Anake
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Covenant University, Km10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Esther A. Nnamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Covenant University, Km10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria
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14
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Zhou J, Lei R, Xu J, Peng L, Ye X, Yang D, Yang S, Yin Y, Zhang R. The Effects of Short-Term PM 2.5 Exposure on Pulmonary Function among Children with Asthma-A Panel Study in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11385. [PMID: 36141658 PMCID: PMC9517124 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been reported to be an important risk factor for asthma. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between PM2.5 and lung function among children with asthma in Shanghai, China. From 2016 to 2019, a total of 70 Chinese children aged 4 to 14 in Shanghai were recruited for this panel study. The questionnaire was used to collect baseline information, and the lung function covering forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were carried out for each child more than twice during follow-up. Meanwhile, the simultaneous daily air atmospheric pollutants and meteorological data were collected. The linear mixed effect (LME) model was used to assess the relationship between air pollutants and lung function. A significantly negative association was found between PM2.5 and lung function in children with asthma. In the single-pollutant model, the largest effects of PM2.5 on lung function were found for lag 0-2, with FVC and FEV1 decreasing by 0.91% [95% confidence interval (CI): -1.75, -0.07] and 1.05% (95% CI: -2.09, 0.00), respectively, for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. In the multi-pollution model (adjusted PM2.5 + SO2 + O3), the maximum effects of PM2.5 on FVC and FEV1 also appeared for lag 0-2, with FVC and FEV1 decreasing by 1.57% (95% CI: -2.69, -0.44) and 1.67% (95% CI: -3.05, -0.26), respectively, for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. In the subgroup analysis, boys, preschoolers (<6 years old) and hot seasons (May to September) were more sensitive to changes. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the short-term exposure effects of PM2.5 on lung function in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ruoyi Lei
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaofang Ye
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sixu Yang
- Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Respiratory, School of Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Renhe Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
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15
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Gheissari R, Liao J, Garcia E, Pavlovic N, Gilliland FD, Xiang AH, Chen Z. Health Outcomes in Children Associated with Prenatal and Early-Life Exposures to Air Pollution: A Narrative Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080458. [PMID: 36006137 PMCID: PMC9415268 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis links adverse fetal exposures with developmental mal-adaptations and morbidity later in life. Short- and long-term exposures to air pollutants are known contributors to health outcomes; however, the potential for developmental health effects of air pollution exposures during gestation or early-childhood have yet to be reviewed and synthesized from a DOHaD lens. The objective of this study is to summarize the literature on cardiovascular and metabolic, respiratory, allergic, and neuropsychological health outcomes, from prenatal development through early childhood, associated with early-life exposures to outdoor air pollutants, including traffic-related and wildfire-generated air pollutants. (2) Methods: We conducted a search using PubMed and the references of articles previously known to the authors. We selected papers that investigated health outcomes during fetal or childhood development in association with early-life ambient or source-specific air pollution exposure. (3) Results: The current literature reports that prenatal and early-childhood exposures to ambient and traffic-related air pollutants are associated with a range of adverse outcomes in early life, including cardiovascular and metabolic, respiratory and allergic, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Very few studies have investigated associations between wildfire-related air pollution exposure and health outcomes during prenatal, postnatal, or childhood development. (4) Conclusion: Evidence from January 2000 to January 2022 supports a role for prenatal and early-childhood air pollution exposures adversely affecting health outcomes during development. Future studies are needed to identify both detrimental air pollutants from the exposure mixture and critical exposure time periods, investigate emerging exposure sources such as wildfire, and develop feasible interventional tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Gheissari
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jiawen Liao
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Erika Garcia
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nathan Pavlovic
- Sonoma Technology Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Frank D. Gilliland
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Anny H. Xiang
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - Zhanghua Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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16
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Juskiene I, Prokopciuk N, Franck U, Valiulis A, Valskys V, Mesceriakova V, Kvedariene V, Valiulyte I, Poluzioroviene E, Sauliene I, Valiulis A. Indoor air pollution effects on pediatric asthma are submicron aerosol particle-dependent. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:2469-2480. [PMID: 35312840 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The school environment is crucial for the child's health and well-being. On the other hand, the data about the role of school's aerosol pollution on the etiology of chronic non-communicable diseases remain scarce. This study aims to evaluate the level of indoor aerosol pollution in primary schools and its relation to the incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma among younger school-age children. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 11 primary schools of Vilnius during 1 year of education from autumn 2017 to spring 2018. Particle number (PNC) and mass (PMC) concentrations in the size range of 0.3-10 µm were measured using an Optical Particle Sizer (OPS, TSI model 3330). The annual incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma in each school was calculated retrospectively from the data of medical records. The total number of 6-11 years old children who participated in the study was 3638. The incidence of asthma per school ranged from 1.8 to 6.0%. Mean indoor air pollution based on measurements in classrooms during the lessons was calculated for each school. Levels of PNC and PMC in schools ranged between 33.0 and 168.0 particles/cm3 and 1.7-6.8 µg/m3, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of asthma and PNC as well as asthma and PMC in the particle size range of 0.3-1 µm (r = 0.66, p = 0.028) and (r = 0.71, p = 0.017) respectively. No significant correlation was found between asthma incidence and indoor air pollution in the particle size range of 0.3-2.5 and 0.3-10 µm. Conclusion: We concluded that the number and mass concentrations of indoor air aerosol pollution in primary schools in the particle size range of 0.3-1 µm are primarily associated with the incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma among younger school-age children. What is Known: • Both indoor and outdoor aerosol pollution is associated with bronchial asthma in children. What is New: • The incidence of bronchial asthma among younger school age children is related to indoor air quality in primary schools. • Aerosol pollutants in the size range of 0.3-1 µm in contrast to larger size range particles can play major role in the etiology of bronchial asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabele Juskiene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania
| | - Nina Prokopciuk
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania. .,Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ulrich Franck
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Algirdas Valiulis
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidotas Valskys
- Center of Life Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Violeta Kvedariene
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indre Valiulyte
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Kantonsspital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Edita Poluzioroviene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania
| | | | - Arunas Valiulis
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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17
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Hu D, Tobon Y, Agostini A, Grosselin B, Chen Y, Robin C, Yahyaoui A, Colin P, Mellouki A, Daële V. Diurnal variation and potential sources of indoor formaldehyde at elementary school, high school and university in the Centre Val de Loire region of France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152271. [PMID: 34902409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the abundant indoor pollutants and has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Indoor HCHO at schools is particularly important due to the high occupancy density and the health effects on children. In this study, high time resolved measurement of formaldehyde concentration was conducted in the classrooms at elementary school, high school and university under normal students' activities in three different locations in the Region Centre Val de Loire-France. Indoor average formaldehyde concentrations at those three educational institutions were observed to be in the range 10.96-17.95 μg/m3, not exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 100 μg/m3. As expected, ventilation was found playing an important role in the control of indoor formaldehyde concentration. After opening windows for 30 min, formaldehyde level decreased by ~25% and 38% in the classroom at the elementary school and the high school, respectively. In addition to the primary sources, the objective of this study was also to determine potential secondary sources of indoor formaldehyde in these schools by measuring the other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the classrooms by a Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). The measurements suggest that the release of residue from tobacco smokers is one of the major sources of indoor HCHO at the high school, which increases HCHO by ~55% averagely within 1 h. Moreover, the control experiments conducted in the university suggests that VOCs such as that released from cleaning products like terpenes, can contribute to the increase of indoor formaldehyde levels through chemical reactions with ozone. This study confirms simple recommendations to reduce the indoors HCHO concentration in schools: use ventilation systems, limit the emissions like cigarette smoke or cleaning products. It also points out that the secondary sources of formaldehyde must be also considered in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Hu
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Yeny Tobon
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Aymeric Agostini
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Benoit Grosselin
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Ying Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), Lancaster University, UK
| | - Corinne Robin
- Lig'Air - Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre, 260, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Abderrazak Yahyaoui
- Lig'Air - Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre, 260, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Patrice Colin
- Lig'Air - Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre, 260, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Daële
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France.
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18
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Evaluation of Children's Thermal Environment in Nursery School: Through the Questionnaire and Measurement of Wearable Sensors Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052866. [PMID: 35270558 PMCID: PMC8910104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to psychological and physical differences, children are more vulnerable to the influence of the surrounding environment than adults. A nursery school in Japan was selected as the research object. The actual thermal environment of children aged 1 to 5 in the classroom was evaluated based on measured data in winter and summer. Through a questionnaire survey of nursery teachers, this paper analyzed and compared the relationship between teachers’ thermal adaptation behavior and children’s thermal sensation. Compared with the traditional fixed-points measurement method, a method of wearable sensors for children was proposed to measure the indoor temperature distribution. The traditional measurement results showed that 73% of classroom indoor temperatures and humidity do not meet the thermal comfort standard stipulated by the government. The method proposed in this paper indicates that: (1) nursery teachers’ thermal adaptation behavior may not be based on children’s thermal sensations; (2) solar radiation and weather context could lead to uneven indoor horizontal temperature distribution, hence, specific attention should be paid to the thermal environment when children move to the window side; and (3) the density of occupants causes the temperature around the human body to be relatively high. We suggest that teachers improve the thermal comfort of gathered children through thermal adaptive behaviors. The results of the study provide valuable information for nursery managers to formulate effective indoor thermal environment strategies from the perspective of children.
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19
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Di Gilio A, Palmisani J, Pulimeno M, Cerino F, Cacace M, Miani A, de Gennaro G. CO 2 concentration monitoring inside educational buildings as a strategic tool to reduce the risk of Sars-CoV-2 airborne transmission. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111560. [PMID: 34224708 PMCID: PMC8253691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to avoid SARS-CoV-2 transmission inside educational buildings and promote the safe reopening of schools, the Italian Government, in line with the other European countries and in accordance with the WHO recommendations, adopted a contingency plan including actions able to guarantee adequate air ventilation in classrooms. Therefore, in this pilot study, a surveillance activity based on the real-time monitoring of CO2 levels as a proxy of SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk, was conducted inside 9 schools (11 classrooms) located in Apulia Region (South of Italy) during the reopening of schools after the lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic. More specifically, monitoring activities and data treatment were conducted to evaluate the initial scenario inside the classrooms (first stage of evaluation) and the potential improvements obtained by applying a detailed operating protocol of air ventilation based on specific actions and the simultaneous real time visualization of CO2 levels by non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors (second stage of evaluation). Although, during the first evaluation stage, air ventilation through the opening of windows and doors was guaranteed, 6 (54%) classrooms showed mean values of CO2 higher than 1000 ppm and all classrooms exceeded the recommended CO2 concentration limit value of 700 ppm. The development and implementation of tailored ventilation protocol including the real time visualization of CO2 levels allowed to depict better scenariosAn overall improvement of CO2 levels was indeed registered for all classrooms where teachers were compliant and helpful in the management of the air ventilation strategy. Therefore, this study reports the first evidence-based measures demonstrating that, with the exception of few environments affected by structural limits, the real-time visualization and monitoring of CO2 concentrations allowes effective air exchanges to be implemented and contributes to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Moreover, on the basis of the monitoring outcomes and in order to ensure adequate air ventilation in educational buildings, a 4 level-risk classification including specific corrective actions for each level was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Di Gilio
- Biology Department, University of Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Biology Department, University of Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Manuela Pulimeno
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Cerino
- Befreest srl, viale Virgilio 113, 74121, Taranto, Italy
| | - Mirko Cacace
- Befreest srl, viale Virgilio 113, 74121, Taranto, Italy
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20
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Islam MS, Huq S, Ahmed S, Roy S, Schwarze J, Sheikh A, Saha SK, Cunningham S, Nair H. Operational definitions of paediatric asthma used in epidemiological studies: A systematic review. J Glob Health 2021; 11:04032. [PMID: 34326990 PMCID: PMC8285759 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Researchers use different definitions to identify children with asthma in epidemiological surveys. We conducted a systematic review to describe the definitions used in epidemiologic studies for wheeze and asthma in the paediatric population, aimed to inform the development of a uniform definition of paediatric asthma for future epidemiological research. Methods We systematically searched terms to identify asthma and/or wheeze among children aged <13 years and published between 1995-2020 across seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Global Health, AMED, LILACS and CINAHL). PRISMA guidelines were followed for this review. Results We extracted a total of 11 886 records, where 190 met our eligibility criteria and included in the analysis. Among the included studies, 62.1% (n = 118/190) used the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires, predominantly in developing countries (80%, n = 64/80). ‘Wheeze’ was reported in five categories, subdivided by 14 different definitions. “Current wheeze”, defined as caregivers report of wheezing sounds from the chest of the child in the past 12 months and “Wheeze ever”, defined as caregivers’ report of wheezing or whistling in the chest of the child at any previous time, were the most common wheeze category reported in 129 and 95 studies, respectively. Asthma was reported in nine categories using 53 definitions. The most common asthma category was “Asthma ever”, which was reported in 89 studies, based on caregiver statement that the child had asthma in the past. Conclusion Definitions of wheeze and asthma for children used in surveys are primarily based on parent-reported clinical features. Studies from developing countries more frequently used the ISAAC definitions to report childhood asthma and wheeze compared to the studies from developed counties. The use of a uniform asthma definition will aid the interpretation of research findings globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahidul Islam
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Samin Huq
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK.,KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Steve Cunningham
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harish Nair
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Lu X, Li R, Han B, Ma H, Hou X, Kang Y, Zhang Y, Wang JJ. Fluorescence Sensing of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Based on Responsive Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals: A Multiple-Application Detection Platform. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13792-13801. [PMID: 33705107 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde (AcH) used as common chemicals in many fields are carcinogenic. The presently reported detection methods usually need expensive instruments, professional technicians, and time-consuming processes, and the detection sensitivity still needs further improvement. Herein, we report a highly effective fluorescence (FL) sensing film for FA and AcH based on naphthalimide derivative-infiltrated responsive SiO2 inverse opal photonic crystals (PCs), establishing a practically multiple-application detection platform for FA and AcH in air, aquatic products, and living cells. Nucleophilic addition products between the amine group of the naphthalimide derivative and aldehydes emit strong FL at ∼550 nm, realizing selective FL detection for FA and AcH. The emitted FL can be enhanced remarkably because of the slow photon effect of PCs, in which the FL wavelength is located at the stopband edge of PCs. A highly sensitive detection for FA and AcH with limits of detection of 10.6 and 7.3 nM, respectively, is achieved, increasing 3 orders of magnitude compared with that in the solution system. Additionally, the interconnected three-dimensional microporous inverse opal structure endows the sensor with a rapid response within 1 min. Furthermore, the as-prepared PC sensor can be reused by simple washing in an acidic aqueous solution. The sensing system can be used as a FL multi-detection platform for FA and AcH in air, aqueous solution, and living cells. This FL sensing approach based on small organic molecule-functionalized PCs is universally available to develop various sensors for target analytes by designing new functional organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Haojie Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Xueyan Hou
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Yulong Kang
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Ji-Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
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