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Sathish T, Saravanan R, Sharma K, Zahmatkesh S, Muthukumar K, Panchal H. A novel investigations on medical and non-medical mask performance with influence of marine waste microplastics (polypropylene). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115004. [PMID: 37163794 PMCID: PMC10166062 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The entire human race is struggling with the spread of COVID-19. Worldwide, the wearing of face masks is indispensable to prevent such spread. Despite numerous studies reporting on the fabrication of face masks and surgical masks to reduce spread and thus human deaths, this novel work is considered the marine waste of microplastics, namely Polypropylene (PP) polymer, used to fabricate non-woven fabric masks through the melt-blown process. This experimental work aims to maximize the mask's quality and minimize its fabrication cost by optimizing the melt-blown process parameters and using microplastics. The melt-blown process was used to make masks. Parameters such as extruder temperature, hot air temperature, melt flow rate, and die-to-collector distance (DCD) were investigated as independent variables. The quality of the mask was investigated in terms of bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE), particle filtration efficiency (PFE), and differential pressure. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array and Taguchi analysis were employed for experimental design and statistical optimization, respectively. The results reveal that the higher BFE and PFE are recorded at 96.7 % and 98.6 %, respectively. The surface morphological investigation on different layers ensured the fine and uniform porosity of the layers and exhibited minimum breath resistance (a low differential pressure of 0.00152 kPa/cm2). Hence the chemically treated marine waste microplastics improved the masks' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sathish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Saravanan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA university, Mathura, India.
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - K Muthukumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be university), Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hitesh Panchal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College Patan, Gujarat, India
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Carbon nanofibre microfiltration membranes tailored by oxygen plasma for electrocatalytic wastewater treatment in cross-flow reactors. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Deng Y, Zhu M, Lu T, Fan Q, Ma W, Zhang X, Chen L, Min H, Xiong R, Huang C. Hierarchical fiber with granular-convex structure for highly efficient PM2.5 capture. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abd‐Elhamid AI, Nayl AA. Nanomaterials in Filtration. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION 2022:77-101. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527834143.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Wu H, Geng Q, Li Y, Song Y, Chu J, Zhou R, Ning X, Dong S, Yuan D. CuMOF-decorated biodegradable nanofibrous membrane: facile fabrication, high-efficiency filtration/separation and effective antibacterial property. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Feng Z, Yu DG, Wang K. Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Air Filtration: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1077. [PMID: 35407195 PMCID: PMC9000692 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials for air filtration have been studied by researchers for decades. Owing to the advantages of high porosity, small pore size, and good connectivity, nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning technology have been considered as an outstanding air-filter candidate. To satisfy the requirements of material functionalization, electrospinning can provide a simple and efficient one-step process to fabricate the complex structures of functional nanofibers such as core-sheath structures, Janus structures, and other multilayered structures. Additionally, as a nanoparticle carrier, electrospun nanofibers can easily achieve antibacterial properties, flame-retardant properties, and the adsorption properties of volatile gases, etc. These simple and effective approaches have benefited from the significate development of electrospun nanofibers for air-filtration applications. In this review, the research progress on electrospun nanofibers as air filters in recent years is summarized. The fabrication methods, filtration performances, advantages, and disadvantages of single-polymer nanofibers, multipolymer composite nanofibers, and nanoparticle-doped hybrid nanofibers are investigated. Finally, the basic principles of air filtration are concluded upon and prospects for the application of complex-structured nanofibers in the field of air filtration are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjian Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Zhangbin Feng
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.F.)
- Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.F.)
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Efficacy of antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2803. [PMID: 35264599 PMCID: PMC8907282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the real need for mechanisms to control the spread of airborne respiratory pathogens. Thus, preventing the spread of disease from pathogens has come to the forefront of the public consciousness. This has brought an increasing demand for novel technologies to prioritise clean air. In this study we report on the efficacy of novel biocide treated filters and their antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. The antimicrobial filters reported here are shown to kill pathogens, such as Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and MRSA in under 15 min and to destroy SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in under 30 s following contact with the filter. Through air flow rate testing, light microscopy and SEM, the filters are shown to maintain their structure and filtration function. Further to this, the filters are shown to be extremely durable and to maintain antimicrobial activity throughout the operational lifetime of the product. Lastly, the filters have been tested in field trials onboard the UK rail network, showing excellent efficacy in reducing the burden of microbial species colonising the air conditioning system.
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Borgelink BTH, Carchia AE, Hernández-Sánchez JF, Caputo D, Gardeniers JGE, Susarrey-Arce A. Filtering efficiency model that includes the statistical randomness of non-woven fiber layers in facemasks. Sep Purif Technol 2022; 282:120049. [PMID: 34744488 PMCID: PMC8558106 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Facemasks have become important tools to fight virus spread during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, but their effectiveness is still under debate. We present a computational model to predict the filtering efficiency of an N95-facemask, consisting of three non-woven fiber layers with different particle capturing mechanisms. Parameters such as fiber layer thickness, diameter distribution, and packing density are used to construct two-dimensional cross-sectional geometries. An essential and novel element is that the polydisperse fibers are positioned randomly within a simulation domain, and that the simulation is repeated with different random configurations. This strategy is thought to give a more realistic view of practical facemasks compared to existing analytical models that mostly assume homogeneous fiber beds of monodisperse fibers. The incompressible Navier-Stokes and continuity equations are used to solve the velocity field for various droplet-laden air inflow velocities. Droplet diameters are ranging from 10 nm to 1.0 µm, which covers the size range from the SARS-CoV-2 virus to the large virus-laden airborne droplets. Air inflow velocities varying between 0.1 m·s-1 to 10 m·s-1 are considered, which are typically encountered during expiratory events like breathing, talking, and coughing. The presented model elucidates the different capturing efficiencies (i.e., mechanical and electrostatic filtering) of droplets as a function of their diameter and air inflow velocity. Simulation results are compared to analytical models and particularly compare well with experimental results from literature. Our numerical approach will be helpful in finding new directions for anti-viral facemask optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T H Borgelink
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - A E Carchia
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands.,Department Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - J F Hernández-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad universitaria, 04510, Mexico City
| | - D Caputo
- Department Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - A Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
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Lin S, Fu X, Luo M, Wang C, Zhong WH. Interface-tailored forces fluffing protein fiber membranes for high-performance filtration. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Advances in the Use of Nanocomposite Membranes for Carbon Capture Operations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6666242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of nanodoped membranes in the areas of gas stream separation, water, and wastewater treatments due to the physical and operational advantages of such membranes has significantly increased. The literature has shown that the surface structure and physicochemical properties of nanodoped membranes contribute significantly to the interaction and rejection characteristics when compared to bare membranes. This study reviews the recent developments on nanodoped membranes, and their hybrids for carbon capture and gas separation operations. Features such as the nanoparticles/materials and hybrids used for membrane doping and the effect of physicochemical properties and water vapour in nanodoped membrane performance for carbon capture are discussed. The highlights of this review show that nanodoped membrane is a facile modification technique which improves the membrane performance in most cases and holds a great potential for carbon capture. Membrane module design and material, thickness, structure, and configuration were identified as key factors that contribute directly, to nanodoped membrane performance. This study also affirms that the three core parameters satisfied before turning a microporous material into a membrane are as follows: high permeability and selectivity, ease of fabrication, and robust structure. From the findings, it is also observed that the application of smart models and knowledge-based systems have not been extensively studied in nanoparticle-/material-doped membranes. More studies are encouraged because technical improvements are needed in order to achieve high performance of carbon capture using nanodoped membranes, as well as improving their durability, permeability, and selectivity of the membrane.
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Essa WK, Yasin SA, Saeed IA, Ali GAM. Nanofiber-Based Face Masks and Respirators as COVID-19 Protection: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:250. [PMID: 33808380 PMCID: PMC8066241 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wearing face masks, use of respirators, social distancing, and practicing personal hygiene are all measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pandemic has revealed the deficiency of face masks and respirators across the world. Therefore, significant efforts are needed to develop air filtration and purification technologies, as well as innovative, alternative antibacterial and antiviral treatment methods. It has become urgent-in order for humankind to have a sustainable future-to provide a feasible solution to air pollution, particularly to capture fine inhalable particulate matter in the air. In this review, we present, concisely, the air pollutants and adverse health effects correlated with long- and short-term exposure to humans; we provide information about certified face masks and respirators, their compositions, filtration mechanisms, and the variations between surgical masks and N95 respirators, in order to alleviate confusion and misinformation. Then, we summarize the electrospun nanofiber-based filters and their unique properties to improve the filtration efficiency of face masks and respirators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa K. Essa
- College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq; (W.K.E.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Suhad A. Yasin
- College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq; (W.K.E.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Ibtisam A. Saeed
- College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq; (W.K.E.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Gomaa A. M. Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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