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Aldana JC, Agudelo C, Álvarez PM, Acero JL. Removal of Micropollutants in Water Reclamation by Membrane Filtration: Impact of Pretreatments and Adsorption. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:146. [PMID: 39057654 PMCID: PMC11278704 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) present in water and wastewater are in the spotlight because of their potentially harmful effects even at low concentrations and the difficulties of their elimination in urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs). This study explores the impact of some membrane filtration processes on the removal of a group of 11 OMPs with an eye on the effects of two pretreatments (i.e., coagulation and adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC)) and the adsorption of OMPs onto the membranes on the overall removal. For this purpose, ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) experiments were conducted with selected OMPs spiked in ultrapure water and secondary effluents from UWWTPs. It was observed that the adsorption of OMPs onto the membranes was influenced by the characteristics of the membranes, as well as the presence of effluent organic matter (EfOM). Since adsorption was the dominant mechanism for the rejection of OMPs by UF membranes, a study of the adsorption equilibrium of the micropollutants using UF membrane pieces as the adsorbent was conducted. The adsorption isotherms for the most hydrophobic OMPs fitted the Langmuir model. The efficiency of coagulation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption coupled with UF were also investigated. Both pretreatments alleviated membrane fouling and improved the rejection of organic and inorganic matter. The PAC pretreatment significantly improved the removal of OMPs in the combined PAC/UF process. The best options for achieving reclaimed water with satisfactory physicochemical quality, nearly devoid of OMPs and microorganisms, and suitable for diverse reuse purposes are either the NF treatment or the combination of PAC/UF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan L. Acero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.C.A.); (C.A.); (P.M.Á.)
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Noszczyńska M, Pacwa-Płociniczak M, Bondarczuk K, Piotrowska-Seget Z. The microbial removal of bisphenols in aquatic microcosms and associated alteration in bacterial community. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85292-85304. [PMID: 37386218 PMCID: PMC10404205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The concept of the study resulted from numerous concerns around bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) in aquatic environments. In this study, river water and sediment microcosms highly polluted with bisphenols and bioaugmented with two BPs-removing bacterial strains were constructed. The study aimed to determine the rate of high-concentrated BPA and BPS (BPs) removal from river water and sediment microniches, and the effect of water bioaugmentation with bacterial consortium on the removal rates of these pollutants. Moreover, the impact of introduced strains and exposure to BPs on the structural and functional composition of the autochthonous bacterial communities was elucidated. Our findings indicate that the removal activity of autochthonous bacteria was sufficient for effectively BPA elimination and reducing BPS content in the microcosms. The number of introduced bacterial cells decreased continuously until day 40, and on consecutive sampling days, no bioaugmented cells were detected. Sequencing analysis of the total 16S rRNA genes revealed that the community composition in bioaugmented microcosms amended with BPs differed significantly from those treated either with bacteria or BPs. A metagenomic analysis found an increase in the abundance of proteins responsible for xenobiotics removal in BPs-amended microcosms. This study provides new insights into the effects of bioaugmentation with a bacterial consortium on bacterial diversity and BPs removal in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Noszczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Pacwa-Płociniczak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kinga Bondarczuk
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
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Kang JK, Lee H, Kim SB, Bae H. Alkyl chain length of quaternized SBA-15 and solution conditions determine hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions for carbamazepine adsorption. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5170. [PMID: 36997526 PMCID: PMC10063578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA) is a stable and mesoporous silica material. Quaternized SBA-15 with alkyl chains (QSBA) exhibits electrostatic attraction for anionic molecules via the N+ moiety of the ammonium group, whereas its alkyl chain length determines its hydrophobic interactions. In this study, QSBA with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized using the trimethyl, dimethyloctyl, and dimethyoctadecyl groups (C1QSBA, C8QSBA, and C18QSBA, respectively). Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely prescribed pharmaceutical compound, but is difficult to remove using conventional water treatments. The CBZ adsorption characteristics of QSBA were examined to determine its adsorption mechanism by changing the alkyl chain length and solution conditions (pH and ionic strength). A longer alkyl chain resulted in slower adsorption (up to 120 min), while the amount of CBZ adsorbed was higher for longer alkyl chains per unit mass of QSBA at equilibrium. The maximum adsorption capacities of C1QSBA, C8QSBA, and C18QSBA, were 3.14, 6.56, and 24.5 mg/g, respectively, as obtained using the Langmuir model. For the tested initial CBZ concentrations (2-100 mg/L), the adsorption capacity increased with increasing alkyl chain length. Because CBZ does not dissociate readily (pKa = 13.9), stable hydrophobic adsorption was observed despite the changes in pH (0.41-0.92, 1.70-2.24, and 7.56-9.10 mg/g for C1QSBA, C8QSBA, and C18QSBA, respectively); the exception was pH 2. Increasing the ionic strength from 0.1 to 100 mM enhanced the adsorption capacity of C18QSBA from 9.27 ± 0.42 to 14.94 ± 0.17 mg/g because the hydrophobic interactions were increased while the electrostatic attraction of the N+ was reduced. Thus, the ionic strength was a stronger control factor determining hydrophobic adsorption of CBZ than the solution pH. Based on the changes in hydrophobicity, which depends on the alkyl chain length, it was possible to enhance CBZ adsorption and investigate the adsorption mechanism in detail. Thus, this study aids the development of adsorbents suitable for pharmaceuticals with controlling molecular structure of QSBA and solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyu Kang
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Lee
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Bae Kim
- Environmental Functional Materials and Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokwan Bae
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Klančič V, Gobec M, Jakopin Ž. Environmental contamination status with common ingredients of household and personal care products exhibiting endocrine-disrupting potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73648-73674. [PMID: 36083363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continuous use of household and personal care products (HPCPs) produces an immense amount of chemicals, such as parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which are of great concern due to their well-known endocrine-disrupting properties. These chemicals easily enter the environment through man-made activities, thus contaminating the biota, including soil, water, plants and animals. Thus, on top of the direct exposure on account of their presence in HPCPs, humans are also susceptible to secondary indirect exposure attributed to the ubiquitous environmental contamination. The aim of this review was therefore to examine the sources and occurrence of these noteworthy contaminants (i.e. parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, alkylphenol ethoxylates), to summarise the available research on their environmental presence and to highlight their bioaccumulation potential. The most notable environmental contaminants appear to be MeP and PrP among parabens, BPA and BPS among bisphenols, BP-3 among benzophenones and NP among alkylphenols. Their maximum detected concentrations in the environment are mostly in the range of ng/L, while in human tissues, their maximum concentrations achieved μg/L due to bioaccumulation, with BP-3 and nonylphenol showing the highest potential to bioaccumulate. Finally, of another great concern is the fact that even the unapproved parabens and benzophenones have been detected in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klančič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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İlyasoglu G, Kose-Mutlu B, Mutlu-Salmanli O, Koyuncu I. Removal of organic micropollutans by adsorptive membrane. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134775. [PMID: 35537632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Various emerging organic micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, have attracted the interest of the water industry during the last two decades due to their insufficient removal during conventional water and wastewater treatment methods and increasing demand for pharmaceuticals projected to climate change-related impacts and COVID-19, nanosorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxides (GOs), and metallic organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently been extensively explored regarding their potential environmental applications. Due to their unique physicochemical features, the use of these nanoadsorbents for organic micropollutans in water and wastewater treatment processes has been a rapidly growing topic of research in recent literature. Adsorptive membranes, which include these nanosorbents, combine the benefits of adsorption with membrane separation, allowing for high flow rates and faster adsorption/desorption rates, and have received a lot of publicity in recent years. The most recent advances in the fabrication of adsorptive membranes (including homogeneous membranes, mixed matrix membranes, and composite membranes), as well as their basic principles and applications in water and wastewater treatment, are discussed in this review. This paper covers ten years, from 2011 to 2021, and examines over 100 published studies, highlighting that micropollutans can pose a serious threat to surface water environments and that adsorptive membranes are promising, particularly in the adsorption of trace substances with fast kinetics. Membrane fouling, on the other hand, should be given more attention in future studies due to the high costs and restricted reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülmire İlyasoglu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Borte Kose-Mutlu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Oyku Mutlu-Salmanli
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey.
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Lab-scale testing of green coagulant activity for metals and As removal from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang K, Mao Y, Wang C, Ke Q, Zhao M, Wang Q. Application of a combined response surface methodology (RSM)-artificial neural network (ANN) for multiple target optimization and prediction in a magnetic coagulation process for secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:36075-36087. [PMID: 35060026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an enhanced coagulation-flocculant process incorporating magnetic powder was used to further treat the secondary effluent of domestic wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The purpose of this work was to improve the discharged water quality to the surface water class IV standard of China. A novel approach using a combination of the response surface methodology and an artificial neural network (RSM-ANN) was used to optimize and predict the total phosphorus (TP) pollutant removal and turbidity. This work was first evaluated by RSM using the concentrations of coagulant, magnetic powder, and flocculant as the controllable operating variables to determine the optimal TP removal and turbidity. Next, an ANN model with a back-propagation algorithm was constructed from the RSM data along with the non-controllable variables, raw TP concentration, and raw water turbidity. Under the optimized experimental conditions (28.42 mg/L coagulant, 623 mg/L magnetic powder, and 0.18 mg/L flocculant), the TP and turbidity removal reached 88.79 ± 5.45% and 63.48 ± 9.60%, respectively, compared with 83.28% and 59.80%, predicted by the single RSM model, and 87.71 ± 5.74% and 64.62 ± 10.75%, predicted by the RSM-ANN model. The treated water were 0.17 ± 6.69% mg/L of TP and 2.46 ± 5.09% NTU of turbidity, respectively, which completely met the surface water class IV standard (TP < 0.3 mg/L; turbidity < 3 NTU). Therefore, this work demonstrated that the discharged water quality was completely improved using the magnetic coagulation process. In addition, the combined RSM-ANN approach could have potential application in municipal wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemei Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuxuan Mao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Chuanhua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325600, China
| | - Qiang Ke
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325600, China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325600, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325600, China.
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Morales-Paredes CA, Rodríguez-Díaz JM, Boluda-Botella N. Pharmaceutical compounds used in the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of their presence in water and treatment techniques for their elimination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152691. [PMID: 34974020 PMCID: PMC8717703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, high consumption of antivirals, antibiotics, antiparasitics, antiprotozoals, and glucocorticoids used in the treatment of this virus has been reported. Conventional treatment systems fail to efficiently remove these contaminants from water, becoming an emerging concern from the environmental field. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to address the current state of the literature on the presence and removal processes of these drugs from water bodies. It was found that the concentration of most of the drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 increased during the pandemic in water bodies. Before the pandemic, Azithromycin concentrations in surface waters were reported to be in the order of 4.3 ng L-1, and during the pandemic, they increased up to 935 ng L-1. Laboratory scale studies conclude that adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be effective in the removal of these drugs. Up to more than 80% removal of Azithromycin, Chloroquine, Ivermectin, and Dexamethasone in aqueous solutions have been reported using these processes. Pilot-scale tests achieved 100% removal of Azithromycin from hospital wastewater by adsorption with powdered activated carbon. At full scale, treatment plants supplemented with ozonation and artificial wetlands removed all Favipiravir and Azithromycin, respectively. It should be noted that hybrid technologies can improve removal rates, process kinetics, and treatment cost. Consequently, the development of new materials that can act synergistically in technically and economically sustainable treatments is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Morales-Paredes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain; Editorial Universitaria, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Manta 130802, Ecuador.
| | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130104, Ecuador; Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130104, Ecuador
| | - Nuria Boluda-Botella
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain; Instituto Universitario del Agua y las Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
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Juárez R, Karlsson S, Falås P, Davidsson Å, Bester K, Cimbritz M. Integrating dissolved and particulate matter into a prediction tool for ozonation of organic micropollutants in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148711. [PMID: 34243008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is an established technique used to reduce the discharge of organic micropollutants into the aquatic environment, but the possibility of predicting the ozone demand for different wastewater matrices is still limited, especially in the presence of suspended solids (SS). A new tool for the prediction of the removal of organic micropollutants with ozone, based on dissolved and particulate matter in activated sludge effluents, was therefore developed. The removal of 25 organic micropollutants was determined on laboratory scale in the presence and absence of suspended solids. The linear trajectories of the dose-response curves enabled the determination of a new set of removal constants, based on dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) and SS. The presence of SS had a more negative effect on the removal of slow-reacting micropollutants (removal constant <3.5 mg CODCr,diss·mg O3-1) with ozone than on the fast-reacting micropollutants (removal constant >3.5 mg CODCr,diss·mg O3-1). However, the decreased removal of the organic micropollutants was generally small, <10%, at typical SS concentrations, <25 mg SS·L-1. Integration of the new removal constants based on COD and SS enabled the removal in an ozone pilot plant to be modelled with an average deviation of <10% for several organic micropollutants. The use of the frequently measured parameters, COD and SS, as input parameters could facilitate the future use of the tool to predict the removal of micropollutants during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Juárez
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stina Karlsson
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Åsa Davidsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Carbamazepine Levels Related to the Demographic Indicators in Groundwater of Densely Populated Area. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13182539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of pharmaceuticals by people is growing. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an extensively used anti-epileptic drug that is recalcitrant to degradation. As a result, CBZ has been widely detected in the aquatic ecosystem due to its daily consumption and drainage in sewage systems. Leakages from sewage networks and septic tanks may represent one of the main sources of CBZ in groundwater. In this study, CBZ concentrations in groundwater and their correlations with the demographic structure of the population were investigated in the densely populated Milan urban area. Seventy-six demographic variables were retrieved from the Italian Population and Housing census. Twenty-one groundwater samples were collected from unconfined and semi-confined aquifers of the Milan area and the concentration of CBZ was measured. Groundwater CBZ levels in both aquifers were associated with the demographic data within a circular buffer with a radius of 1.5 km. All data were analyzed using a multivariate statistical approach. The results showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between CBZ concentrations and specific demographic segments of the population. Higher CBZ concentrations were found to be associated with the population aged 70 years and over (aging index), and with families having children aged under 5 years (family index). In addition, the divorce index was correlated with the high concentration of CBZ, whereas the educated and sexagenarian population showed a negative correlation. Our results indicated that the contamination of CBZ follows the same pattern in unconfined and semi-confined aquifers, which are used for drinking water purposes in Milan area. Therefore, changing the CBZ consumption pattern or replacing CBZ with other drugs may strongly influence groundwater contamination of the investigated area.
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wen H, Wang X, Zhang J, Long T. A critical review on challenges and trend of ultrapure water production process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147254. [PMID: 33933770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent and vigorous developments in semiconductor technology strictly request better quality and large quantity of ultrapure water (UPW) for their production. It is crucial to secure a large amount of raw water for the future development of UPW production. Using reclaimed water as alternative raw water source to produce UPW is therefore considered the feasible trend and solution for sustainable use of water resources towards a common future practice in UPW production. The challenge of using reclaimed water is due to its higher content of organic pollutants, especially small molecule organic pollutants such as urea, which are difficult to remove through traditional UPW production process. Consequently, improving the existing UPW production process to meet the water standard desired in the semiconductor industry is essential. This paper reviewed the current traditional processes for removing organic matters in UPW production, including ion-exchange (IX) adsorption, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, reverse osmosis (RO) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The potential problems in the actual UPW production process were identified when using reclaimed water as raw water source. A new strategy of applying the advanced oxidation process (AOPs) to UPW production as a supplementary unit to guarantee UPW quality was proposed. Its feasibility and research focus were then analyzed and discussed in obtaining a new solution for a future development of the UPW production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Yuanying Yang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Haitao Wen
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- TG Hilyte Environment Technology (Beijing) Co., LTD., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- TG Hilyte Environment Technology (Beijing) Co., LTD., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tianwei Long
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Jinjing Road 26, Tianjin 300384, China
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Kuczyńska J, Nieradko-Iwanicka B. Future prospects of ketoprofen in improving the safety of the gastric mucosa. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Hybrid Process of Adsorption/Coagulation/Ceramic MF for Removing Pesticides in Drinking Water Treatment-Inline vs. Contact Tank PAC Dosing. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020072. [PMID: 33498247 PMCID: PMC7909294 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Two pilot trials of powdered activated carbon (PAC)/(coagulation)/ceramic microfiltration were conducted to compare continuous 10-12 mg/L PAC inline dosing with 8-10 mg/L dosing to a 2 h-contact tank. Two low turbidity/low natural organic matter (NOM, total organic carbon <2 mg C/L) surface waters spiked with 7.2-10.3 µg/L total-pesticides were tested and the dosing options were compared towards operational performance, average removal of pesticides and NOM and costs. Removal differences between the two PAC dosing options depended on pesticides' amenability to adsorption and NOM characteristics (254 nm absorbance, A254). Waters containing low A254-absorbing NOM and only pesticides amenable to adsorption showed very high removals (all pesticides ≥93%) and no significant differences between the two PAC dosing options. Waters containing higher A254-absorbing NOM and high loads of pesticides less amenable to adsorption (dimethoate, bentazone) required higher inline PAC dose. Those or more severe conditions may require PAC doses higher than tested to comply with the Drinking Water Directive limits for pesticides. Cost analysis showed PAC inline dosing is more cost-effective than PAC dosing to the contact tank when identical PAC dose is sufficient or when the doses are low, even if 50% higher for inline dosing, and the plant is small.
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