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Diao Z, Feng G, Xu W, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Duan J, Xu M, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhao S, Wang S, Yuan X. Development of diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134384. [PMID: 38663292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Addressing the challenge of accurately monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic systems, this study employed diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique to achieve methods detection limits as low as 0.02 ng L-1 to 0.05 ng L-1 through in situ preconcentration and determination of time-integrated concentrations. The efficacy of the developed DGT samplers was validated under diverse environmental conditions, demonstrating independence from factors such as pH (5.03-9.01), dissolved organic matter (0-20 mg L-1), and ionic strength (0.0001-0.6 M). Notably, the introduction of a novel theoretical approach to calculate diffusion coefficients based on solvent-accessible volume tailored for PAHs significantly enhanced the method's applicability, particularly for organic pollutants with low solubility. Field deployments in coastal zones validated the DGT method against traditional grab sampling, with findings advocating a 4 to 7-day optimal deployment duration for balancing sensitivity and mitigating lag time effects. These results provide a sophisticated, efficient solution to the persistent challenge of monitoring hydrophobic organic pollutants in aquatic environments, broadening the scope and applicability of DGT in environmental science and providing a robust tool for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishan Diao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Guoqin Feng
- Shanghai Hansoh Biomedical, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Weikun Xu
- National Deep-Sea Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Fanping Zhu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yiqiao Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Jianlu Duan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
| | - Shan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; WeiHai Research Institute of Industrial Technology of Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
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2
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Lee K, Raverty S, Cottrell P, Zoveidadianpour Z, Cottrell B, Price D, Alava JJ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) source identification and a maternal transfer case study in threatened killer whales (Orcinus orca) of British Columbia, Canada. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22580. [PMID: 38114485 PMCID: PMC10730697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The northeastern Pacific (NEP) Ocean spans the coast of British Columbia (Canada) and is impacted by anthropogenic activities including oil pipeline developments, maritime fossil fuel tanker traffic, industrial chemical effluents, agricultural and urban emissions in tandem with stormwater and wastewater discharges, and forest wildfires. Such events may expose surrounding marine environments to toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and impact critical habitats of threatened killer whales (Orcinus orca). We analyzed skeletal muscle and liver samples from stranded Bigg's killer whales and endangered Southern Resident killer whales (SRKWs) for PAH contamination using LRMS. C3-phenanthrenes/anthracenes (mean: 632 ng/g lw), C4-dibenzothiophenes (mean: 334 ng/g lw), and C4-phenanthrenes/anthracenes (mean: 248 ng/g lw) presented the highest concentrations across all tissue samples. Diagnostic ratios indicated petrogenic-sourced contamination for SRKWs and pyrogenic-sourced burdens for Bigg's killer whales; differences between ecotypes may be attributed to habitat range, prey selection, and metabolism. A mother-fetus skeletal muscle pair provided evidence of PAH maternal transfer; low molecular weight compounds C3-fluorenes, dibenzothiophene, and naphthalene showed efficient and preferential exposure to the fetus. This indicates in-utero exposure of PAH-contamination to the fetus. Our results show that hydrocarbon-related anthropogenic activities are negatively impacting these top predators; preliminary data found here can be used to improve oil spill and other PAH pollution management and regulation efforts, and inform policy to conserve killer whale habitats in the NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiah Lee
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Toxicology and Environmental Sciences, Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stephen Raverty
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Cottrell
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Fisheries and Aquaculture Management, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zeinab Zoveidadianpour
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendan Cottrell
- Applied Remote Sensing Lab, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dana Price
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juan José Alava
- Ocean Pollution Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Li J, Chang R, Ban X, Yuan GL, Du X, Yin G, Lin T. Aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as stratigraphic marker in the Anthropocene: Evidence from Tibetan Lake sediments. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120652. [PMID: 37741038 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were supposed to serve as combustion marker reflecting the past energy use, but it was unclear whether their sediment records in the Anthropocene were "weathered" due to aging-induced formation of bound residues. In this study, the total concentration of PAHs (the sum of rapid desorption, slow desorption, and bound residue fractions) were determined in four dated sediment cores from eastern to central Tibet using multi-step sequential extraction method. The total 16 PAH concentrations were 11.8, 13.5, 18.9, and 29.4 ng/g dw (in average) in the Co Ngoin, Pung Co, Ahung Co, and Putok lakes, respectively. The stratigraphic records and estimated source contributions of PAHs in different areas of Tibet exhibited a coherent change in the mid-20th century in response to the Holocene-Anthropocene transition. The sediment PAHs also displayed a comparable pattern when the bound residue fraction was not accounted for, suggesting their effective retainability under natural aging conditions. This may be elucidated by the enduring forward and back conversions between slow desorption and bound residue fractions, which manifested similar time-dependent variations across PAH congeners. The distinct conversion tendencies of different congeners were predicted by the binding affinity of congeners to surface/inner regions of organic matter using molecular docking simulations. Our findings demonstrate the persistence of sediment PAH records under natural aging and validate the use of PAH documentary evidence for investigating the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruwen Chang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiyu Ban
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xinyu Du
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Cesila CA, Souza MCO, Cruz JC, Bocato MZ, Campíglia AD, Barbosa F. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian pregnant women: Urinary levels and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116571. [PMID: 37467941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, humans have been continuously exposed to several compounds directly generated by industrial processes and/or present in consumed products. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants ubiquitous in the environment and represent the main chemical pollutants in urban areas. Worldwide, studies that aim to understand the impacts of exposure to these chemicals have gained increasing prominence due to their potential toxicity profile, mainly concerning genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Human biomonitoring (HB) is an analytical approach to monitoring population exposure to chemicals; however, these studies are still limited in Brazil. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the exposure of Brazilian pregnant women to PAHs through HB studies. Besides, the risk characterization of this exposure was performed. For this purpose, urine samples from 358 Brazilian pregnant women were used to evaluate 11 hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs employing gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The 1OH-naphthol and 2OH-naphthol were detected in 100% of the samples and showed high levels, corresponding to 16.99 and 3.62 μg/g of creatinine, respectively. 2OH-fluorene (8.12 μg/g of creatinine) and 9OH-fluorene (1.26 μg/g of creatinine) were detected in 91% and 66% of the samples, respectively. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) metabolites were detected in more than 50% of the samples (0.58-1.26 μg/g of creatinine). A hazard index of 1.4 and a carcinogenic risk above 10-4 were found for BaP metabolites in the risk characterization. Therefore, our findings may indicate that exposure to PAHs poses a potential risk to pregnant women's health and a high probability of carcinogenic risk due to their exposure to BaP. Finally, this work shows the need for more in-depth studies to determine the sources of exposure and the implementation of health protection measures regarding the exposure of the Brazilian population to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Aparecida Cesila
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences. ASTox Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory. Av. do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences. ASTox Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory. Av. do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jonas Carneiro Cruz
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences. ASTox Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory. Av. do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Zuccherato Bocato
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences. ASTox Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory. Av. do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Barbosa
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences. ASTox Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory. Av. do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Liu J, Deng S, Tong H, Yang Y, Tuheti A. Emission profiles, source identifications, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85125-85138. [PMID: 37380852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and characteristics of PM2.5-bound PAHs from traffic-related pollution can provide valuable data for mitigating air contamination from traffic in local urban regions. However, little information on PAHs is available regarding the typical arterial highway-Qinling Mountains No.1 tunnel in Xi'an. We estimated the profiles, sources, and emission factors of PM2.5-bound PAHs in this tunnel. The total PAH concentrations were 22.78 ng·m-3 and 52.80 ng·m-3 at the tunnel middle and exit, which were 1.09 and 3.84 times higher than that at the tunnel entrance. Pyr, Flt, Phe, Chr, BaP, and BbF were the dominant PAH species (representing approximately 78.01% of total PAHs). The four rings PAHs were dominant (58%) among the total PAH concentrations in PM2.5. The results demonstrated that diesel and gasoline vehicles exhaust emissions contributed 56.81% and 22.60% to the PAHs, respectively, while the corresponding value for together brakes, tyre wear, and road dust was 20.59%. The emission factors of total PAHs were 29.35 μg·veh-1·km-1, and emission factors of 4 rings PAHs were significantly higher than those of the other PAHs. The sum of ILCR was estimated to be 1.41×10-4, which accorded with acceptable level of cancer risk (10-6-10-4), PAHs should not ignored as they still affect the public health of inhabitants. This study shed light on PAH profiles and traffic-related sources in the tunnel, thereby facilitating the assessment of control measures targeting PAHs in local areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
| | - Hui Tong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Abula Tuheti
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
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Wang X, Guo S, Huang Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. A novel biomass pyrogenic index and its application coupled with black carbon for improving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon source identification. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:882. [PMID: 37354324 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
To accurately subdivide the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the composition characteristics of 36 total polycyclic hydrocarbons (T-PAHs; 16 parent PAHs and 20 alkylated PAHs [A-PAHs]) in biomass-residue samples were analyzed. A novel biomass pyrogenic index (BPI) was defined based on A-PAH-fingerprinting differences between biomass-combustion and petroleum sources of PAHs and the sum of the concentrations of pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, and alkylated homologs) divided by the ∑value of EPA PAHs with 2-3 rings. BPIs of < 0.5 and > 0.5 indicated that the PAHs originated mainly from biomass combustion and petroleum, respectively. And the ∑targeted A-PAH pairs influencing the BPI/black carbon (BC) ratio was used to identify PAH sources in surface-sediment samples, using 0.5 as the threshold to distinguish between different sources across the strait. The columnar sediments were used to verify the accuracy of two source-identification methods. The results revealed that the main PAH sources changed since 2005, which is highly consistent with those obtained using positive matrix factors and a changing trend in the main types of local energy use. These results highlight the significance of A-PAHs in accurately identifying PAH sources and suggest that applying compositional differences in BC from different sources for PAH-source identification merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, College of the Environment & EcologyFujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
- City Management Bureau, Management Committee of Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanchang, 330000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, College of the Environment & EcologyFujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, College of the Environment & EcologyFujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, People's Republic of China.
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Najurudeen NANB, Khan MF, Suradi H, Mim UA, Raim INJ, Rashid SB, Latif MT, Huda MN. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air particles and estimation of the respiratory deposition flux. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163129. [PMID: 37001671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheric particles constitute a topic of growing health concern. This study aims to calculate PAH concentrations, identify the source, assess the health risk from exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, and the respiratory deposition flux. PM10 and PM2.5 were collected in September 2019 in the urban, semi-urban, and semi-urban-industrial areas of Kuala Lumpur, Batu Pahat, and Bukit Rambai, respectively. A total of 18 PAHs from PM10 and 17 PAHs from PM2.5 were extracted using dichloromethane and determined using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The health risk assessment (HRA) calculated included B[a]P equivalent (B[a]Peq), lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and respiratory deposition dose (RDD). The results show PAHs in PM10 recorded in Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), Batu Pahat (UTHM), and Bukit Rambai are 9.91, 8.45, and 9.57 ng/m3, respectively. The average PAHs in PM2.5 at the three sampling sites are 11.65, 9.68, and 9.37 ng/m3, respectively. The major source of PAHs obtained from the DRs indicates pyrogenic activities for both particle sizes. For PM10, the total B[a]Peq in DBKL, UTHM, and Bukit Rambai were 1.97, 1.82, and 2.32 ng/m3, respectively. For PM2.5 samples, the total B[a]Peq in DBKL, UTHM, and Bukit Rambai were 2.80, 2.33, and 2.57 ng/m3, respectively. The LLCR and ILCR show low to moderate risk for all age groups. The RDD of adults and adolescents is highest in both PM10 and PM2.5, followed by children, toddlers, and infants. Overall, we perceive that adults and adolescents living in the urban area of Kuala Lumpur are at the highest risk for respiratory health problems because of prolonged exposure to PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5, followed by children, toddlers, and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
| | - Hamidah Suradi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ummay Ayesha Mim
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Nur Janntul Raim
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sara Binte Rashid
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nurul Huda
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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8
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Shankar S, Gadi R, Bajar S, Yadav N, Mandal TK, Sharma SK. Insights into seasonal-variability of SVOCs, morpho-elemental and spectral characteristics of PM2.5 collected at a dense industrial site: Faridabad, Haryana, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138204. [PMID: 36828107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development-oriented anthropogenic activities have led to intensive increase in emission of various organic pollutants, which contribute considerably to human health risk. In the present study, chemical, physical and spectral characterisation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), collected at Faridabad city, in northern India, were examined. Seasonal variation of organic compounds [n-alkanes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs)], and potential health risk of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure using toxic equivalency potential (TEQ) approach had been assessed. These showed seasonal average values ranging from 156.4 ± 57.0 ng/m3 to 217.6 ± 72.9 ng/m3, 98.0 ± 21.4 ng/m3 to 177.8 ± 72.8 ng/m3, and 30.9 ± 11.9 ng/m3 to 82.5 ± 29.2 ng/m3, respectively, with the highest value for winter. It is noteworthy that unlike, n-alkanes and PAEs, PAHs were least during spring. The high molecular weight PAHs (BaP, BkF, DahA and IcdP) were found to exhibit higher TEQ values (ranging from 0.7 to 9.7) despite of their lower concentrations. The PAH diagnostic ratio, carbon preference index and total index revealed the enhanced impact of biogenic sources of emissions in comparison to diesel emission sources during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Somvir Bajar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Neha Yadav
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Tuhin K Mandal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sudhir K Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
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9
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Świt P, Orzeł J, Maślanka S. Investigation of the origin and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with improved accuracy by the use of a multi-component integrated calibration method in the Katowice region, Poland. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130871. [PMID: 36709741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The basic variant of the integrated calibration method (ICM), based on a combination of external calibration (EC) and standard addition method (SAM), was applied to multi-component (MC) analysis to obtain a new methodological approach to improve the quality of analytical results. The analytical performance of the proposed method was evaluated on indicated by EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determination in various environmental samples (air, house dust, tap water, river water, river sediment, and snow) from the Katowice region (Poland). HPLC-FLD was used during all analyses. The main aim was to show the origin of PAHs in different places in the urban and industrialized region of Poland. MC-ICM allowed for the elimination of interference from the coelution of other substances. Several diagnostic coefficients were calculated for the results free from systematic errors and interferences. The obtained results were consistent with the chemometric analysis (PCA). The method was assessed regarding analytical usefulness using the RGB model (the color method is White) and environmental friendliness using the AGREE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Świt
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Joanna Orzeł
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sławomir Maślanka
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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10
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Mdaini Z, Telahigue K, Hajji T, Rabeh I, Pharand P, El Cafsi M, Tremblay R, Gagné JP. Spatio-temporal distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Tunis Lagoon: Concentrations in sediments and Marphysa sanguinea body and excrement. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114769. [PMID: 36871343 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite international recognition as an important coastal wetland, Tunis Lagoon is still subjected to anthropogenic pressures. This article provides valuable data on the spatio-temporal distribution, toxicity, and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Tunis Lagoon complex. PAHs' concentrations were measured in Marphysa sanguinea body and excrements, as well as in surface sediments. Total mean PAHs' concentrations reached a maximum of 2398 ng/g dry weight (DW) in sediments, 1007.19 ng/g DW in M. sanguinea, and 2602.05 ng/g DW in excrements. Diagnostic PAHs' ratios were used to determine whether PAHs' origins were pyrogenic or petrogenic. Our data showed a predominance of PAHs with a pyrogenic source. Principal component analysis showed PAHs isolated from polychaetes clearly separated from those measured in sediment and excrement. We believe that sediments are not the main source of bioaccumulation by M. sanguinea. Moreover, the toxicity of PAHs in sediments is moderate to high for benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Mdaini
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques LR18ES41, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Khaoula Telahigue
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques LR18ES41, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tarek Hajji
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation des Bio-Géo Ressources LR11ES31, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Université La Manouba, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabeh
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques LR18ES41, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pamela Pharand
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - M'hamed El Cafsi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques LR18ES41, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rejean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Jean Pierre Gagné
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
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11
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Shen M, Liu G, Zhou L, Yin H, Arif M, Leung KMY. Spatial distribution, driving factors and health risks of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoors and outdoors in Hefei, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158148. [PMID: 35988617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter, especially in urban and industrial environments, can act as a source of different organic pollutants that can pose significant health impacts to residents. However, the pollution status and transport mechanisms of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor environments are uncertain. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of fine particle-bound PAHs and analyze the factors (source contributions and backward trajectories) that influence their concentrations. The results showed that mean concentrations of 16 PAHs were higher in indoor dust as compared to outdoor dust. In addition, the lowest concentrations of the 16 PAHs were found on the 11-20th floor, with smoking households > nonsmoking households (except Nap, Acy, and Ace). The 2-3 ring PAHs were more prominent in households with cooking activities. The particle size distribution showed that most of the particles were <62 μm in diameter, indicating that the indoor particles were smaller in size. Furthermore, the range of δ13C values in the outdoor dust (-30.17 ~ -28.63 ‰) samples was significantly lower than in indoor dust (-28.29 ~ -22.53 ‰). The results based on diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and backward trajectory model analysis suggested that the sources of PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust were mixed, originated both locally and from neighboring provinces transported over long distances, especially concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta area. Finally, carcinogenic risk values for indoor dust were greater than those for outdoor dust. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments and industries with high PAH emissions should implement proper protocols to monitor and minimize the pollution levels of PAHs in the urban industrial environment in order to mitigate their health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Cao H, Li X, Qu C, Gao M, Cheng H, Ni N, Yao S, Bian Y, Gu C, Jiang X, Song Y. Bioaccessibility and Toxicity Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Two Contaminated Sites. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:592-599. [PMID: 35635563 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous soil contaminants, and their bioaccessibility determines their environmental risks in contaminated land. In the present study, the residual concentrations of PAHs in the soils of two industrial sites were determined, and their bioaccessibility was estimated by the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extraction (HPCD) extraction method. The results showed heavy PAH contamination at both site S1 (0.38-3342.5 mg kg-1) and site S2 (0.2-138.18 mg kg-1), of which high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-, 5-, and 6-ring compounds) accounted for approximately 80%. The average bioaccessibility of PAHs at sites S1 and S2 was 52.02% and 29.28%, respectively. The bioaccessibility of certain PAH compounds decreased with increasing ring number of the molecule. Lower PAH bioaccessibility was detected in loamy and silty soil textures than in sandy soil. Moreover, among the soil properties, the dissolved organic matter, total organic carbon, total potassium, and total manganese concentrations had significant effects on the bioaccessibility of PAHs. The toxicity analysis showed that the composition and bioaccessibility of PAHs could affect their potential toxicity in soil. We suggest that bioaccessibility should be taken into consideration when assessing the toxicity of PAHs in soil, and more attention should be given to low-ring PAHs with high bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Changsheng Qu
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Meng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ni Ni
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Shi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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13
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Zeng Y, Guan Y, Huang Y, Chen Y, Li D, Mo L, Chen S, Mai B. Semi-volatile organic compounds in fine particulate matter on a tropical island in the South China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128071. [PMID: 34922134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of hazardous semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in remote tropical regions are rare. In this study, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) [including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs)], organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were measured in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at Yongxing Island in the South China Sea (SCS). The concentrations of PACs (median = 53.5 pg/m3) were substantially low compared with previous measurements. The concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) model showed that the eastern and southern China was the main source region of PAC, occurring largely during the northeast (NE) monsoon. The PM2.5 showed remarkably high concentrations of OPEs (median = 3231 pg/m3) and moderate concentrations of PAEs (13,013 pg/m3). Some Southeast Asian countries were largely responsible for their higher concentrations, driven by the tropical SCS monsoons. We found significant atmospheric loss of the SVOCs, which is an explanation for the low concentrations of PACs. Enhanced formation of N/OPAHs originated from tropical regions was also observed. The positive matrix factorization model was applied to apportion the SVOC sources. The results, as well as correlation analyses of the SVOC concentrations, further indicate insignificant local sources and enhanced atmospheric reactions on this island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ling Mo
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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14
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Moradi M, Hung H, Li J, Park R, Shin C, Alexandrou N, Iqbal MA, Takhar M, Chan A, Brook JR. Assessment of Alkylated and Unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air in Urban and Semi-Urban Areas in Toronto, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2959-2967. [PMID: 35148085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
22 alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alk-PAHs) were characterized in ambient air individually for the first time in urban and semi-urban locations in Toronto, Canada. Five unsubstituted PAHs were included for comparison. Results from the measurements were used to estimate benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq) of individual compounds in order to investigate the significance of a single compound in contributing to the overall toxic equivalency (TEQ) of air mixtures. To determine which compounds merit further investigation, BaPeq values of individual compounds were compared to the measured BaP toxicity. Our results showed that both unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs were more abundant in the urban area (38 and 30%, respectively). Benzo[a]pyrene levels at the urban location exceeded Ontario's 24 h guideline (40% of the events), and on average, it was 5 times higher than that at the semi-urban area. Gas-phase two- and three-ring compounds contributed up to 39% (urban) and 76% (semi-urban) of the TEQ of all compounds analyzed. Some alk-PAHs such as 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene had a huge impact on the toxicity of urban air, and its BaPeq was on average 8 times higher than that of BaP. We emphasize that the toxic impact of alkylated and gaseous PAHs, which is not routinely included in many air monitoring programs, is significant and should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - James Li
- Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Cecilia Shin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Mohammed Asif Iqbal
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Manpreet Takhar
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Arthur Chan
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
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15
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Yang B, Shi Y, Xu S, Wang Y, Kong S, Cai Z, Wang J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon occurrence in forest soils in response to fires: a summary across sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:32-41. [PMID: 34982084 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are important sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. However, factors controlling PAH production in soils subjected to fires in different sites are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed 143 sets of previously published data to evaluate the concentrations and composition profiles of PAHs in ash and soils associated with forest fires and to assess the impacts of soil depth, fire intensity, post-fire duration, and vegetation type on their occurrence. Compared to unburned soils, the total PAH concentrations increased by 205% (95% confidential interval of 152-269%; n = 136) in soils associated with fires. This increase surpassed that of PAH toxic equivalents (73%) because fires produce dominantly low-ring PAHs with relatively low toxicity. PAH concentrations in fire-impacted sites increased by 684%, 258%, and 155% in the ash, 0-5 cm soil depth interval, and >5 cm soil depth interval, respectively. The increases in PAH concentrations associated with mild-intensity fires (412%) exceeded those associated with moderate-intensity (163%) and high-intensity (168%) fires, which is possibly due to pyromineralization or volatilization of organic matters at high burning temperatures. These increases were highest within a month after the fire (280%), gradually decreasing over time, and showed no significant difference compared to the reference sites after 24 months. The concentration increases exhibit no major difference between various vegetation types (broad-leaved forest vs. coniferous forest vs. shrub). Assessments reveal that exposure to post-fire soil PAHs involves no serious human health risk. However, potential adverse effects of soil PAHs on other organisms (e.g., microbes and plants) and ecosystems should be further examined. The present study highlights the strong impacts of soil depth, fire intensity, and post-fire duration, and the relatively weak impact of the vegetation type on PAH concentrations in soils associated with fires in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwei Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yameng Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Sifang Kong
- Department of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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16
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Nayak Y, Chakradhari S, Patel KS, Patel RK, Yurdakul S, Saathoff H, Martín-Ramos P. Distribution, Variations, Fate and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Carbon in Particulate Matter, Road Dust, and Sediments in Central India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2026991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Nayak
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Suryakant Chakradhari
- School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | | | - Raj Kishore Patel
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundargarh, Odisha, India
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), EPS, Universito Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte, s/n, Huesca, Spain
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17
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Noblet C, Besombes JL, Lemire M, Pin M, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Dermigny A, Karoski N, Van Elsuve D, Dubois P, Collet S, Lestremau F, Albinet A. Emission factors and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from garden green waste burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149367. [PMID: 34375266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work provides an evaluation of the emission factors (EFs) of typical garden waste burning (fallen leaves and hedge trimming) in terms of particulate matter (PM), elemental and organic carbon (EC-OC) together with a detailed chemical characterization of 88 particle-bound organic species including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), levoglucosan and its isomers, lignin breakdown products (methoxyphenols), cholesterol, alkanes, polyols and sugars. Furthermore, wood-log based burning experiments have been performed to highlight key indicators or chemical patterns of both, green waste and wood burning (residential heating) sources, that may be used for PM source apportionment purposes. Two residential log wood combustion appliances, wood stove (RWS) and fireplace, under different output conditions (nominal and reduced) and wood log moisture content (mix of beech, oak and hornbeam), have been tested. Open wood burning experiments using wood logs were also performed. Green waste burning EFs obtained were comparable to the available literature data for open-air biomass burning. For PM and for most of the organic species studied, they were about 2 to 30 times higher than those observed for wood log combustion experiments. Though, poor performance wood combustions (open-air wood log burning, fireplace and RWS in reduced output) showed comparable EFs for levoglucosan and its isomers, methoxyphenols, polyols, PAHs and sugars. Toxic PAH equivalent benzo[a]pyrene EFs were even 3-10 times higher for the fireplace and open-air wood log burning. These results highlighted the impact of the nature of the fuel burnt and the combustion performances on the emissions. Different chemical fingerprints between both biomass burning sources were highlighted with notably a predominance of odd high-molecular weight n-alkanes (higher carbon preference index, CPI), lower levoglucosan/mannosan ratio and lower sinapylaldehyde abundance for green waste burning. However, the use of such indicators seems limited, especially if applied alone, for a clear discrimination of both sources in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noblet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Besombes
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Marie Lemire
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Mathieu Pin
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Robin Aujay-Plouzeau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Adrien Dermigny
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Karoski
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Denis Van Elsuve
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Dubois
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Serge Collet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - François Lestremau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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