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Zhao Y, Raj J, Xu X, Jiang J, Wu J, Fan M. Carbon Catalysts Empowering Sustainable Chemical Synthesis via Electrochemical CO 2 Conversion and Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311163. [PMID: 38308114 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbon materials hold significant promise in electrocatalysis, particularly in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2 RR) and two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR). The pivotal factor in achieving exceptional overall catalytic performance in carbon catalysts is the strategic design of specific active sites and nanostructures. This work presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments in carbon electrocatalysts for eCO2 RR and 2e- ORR. The creation of active sites through single/dual heteroatom doping, functional group decoration, topological defect, and micro-nano structuring, along with their synergistic effects, is thoroughly examined. Elaboration on the catalytic mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of these active sites is provided. In addition to directly serving as electrocatalysts, this review explores the role of carbon matrix as a support in finely adjusting the reactivity of single-atom molecular catalysts. Finally, the work addresses the challenges and prospects associated with designing and fabricating carbon electrocatalysts, providing valuable insights into the future trajectory of this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Jithu Raj
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Xiang Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Jingjie Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Mengmeng Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
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Liu H, Huang X, Tang R, Min Y, Xu Q, Hu Z, Shi P. Simultaneous peeling of precious metals in cathode and anode of spent ternary batteries using electrolysis. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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3
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Applications of Spent Lithium Battery Electrode Materials in Catalytic Decontamination: A Review. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For a large amount of spent lithium battery electrode materials (SLBEMs), direct recycling by traditional hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy technologies suffers from high cost and low efficiency and even serious secondary pollution. Therefore, aiming to maximize the benefits of both environmental protection and e-waste resource recovery, the applications of SLBEM containing redox-active transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe) for catalytic decontamination before disposal and recycling has attracted extensive attention. More importantly, the positive effects of innate structural advantages (defects, oxygen vacancies, and metal vacancies) in SLBEMs on catalytic decontamination have gradually been unveiled. This review summarizes the pretreatment and utilization methods to achieve excellent catalytic performance of SLBEMs, the key factors (pH, reaction temperature, coexisting anions, and catalyst dosage) affecting the catalytic activity of SLBEM, the potential application and the outstanding characteristics (detection, reinforcement approaches, and effects of innate structural advantages) of SLBEMs in pollution treatment, and possible reaction mechanisms. In addition, this review proposes the possible problems of SLBEMs in practical decontamination and the future outlook, which can help to provide a broader reference for researchers to better promote the implementation of “treating waste to waste” strategy.
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Li B, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Shi M, Wu C. Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19029-19051. [PMID: 35938373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical properties of DESs and their applications in recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were summarized. The viscosity, metal solubility, toxicological properties and biodegradation of DESs depend on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA). The viscosity of ChCl-based DESs increased according to the HBD in the following order: alcohols < carboxylic acids < sugars < inorganic salts. The strongly coordinating HBDs increased the solubility of metal oxide via surface complexation reactions followed by ligand exchange for chloride in the bulk solvent. Interestingly, the safety and degradability of DESs reported in the literature are superior to those of inorganic acids. Both DESs and inorganic acids have excellent metal leaching efficiencies (>99%). However, the reaction kinetics of DESs are 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than those of inorganic acids. A significant advantage of DESs is that they can be regenerated and recycled multiple times after recovering metals by electrochemical deposition or precipitation. In the future, the development of efficient and selective DESs still requires a lot of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Wang Y, Tang B, Shen M, Wu Y, Qu S, Hu Y, Feng Y. Environmental impact assessment of second life and recycling for LiFePO 4 power batteries in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115083. [PMID: 35447455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will increase exponentially in the coming decade with the retirement of electric vehicles (EVs). There is a knowledge gap in assessing the environmental impact of different terminal disposal paths for EV LIBs in China. Here, we take representative lithium iron phosphate (LFP) power batteries as example and carry out a bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA). The life cycle stages of battery manufacturing, use, second life and battery recycling are considered to conduct a cradle-to-grave environmental impact analysis. To investigate the environmental benefits of end-of-life (EoL) stage for LFP batteries, two EoL management scenarios are considered in this study. The first one combines second life application with battery recycling, and the second recycles the retired batteries directly after EV use. The result shows that the secondary application of retired LFP batteries in energy storage systems (ESSs) can effectively reduce the net environmental impact of LIB life cycle, especially for fossil fuel depletion. When the service life of secondary use is increased from 1 year to 10 years, the environmental benefits of different impact categories will increase by 0.24-4.62 times. For direct recycle scenario, recycling retired LFP batteries can save more than 30% of metal resources. By comparison, we find that recycling lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM) batteries has greater environmental benefits than recycling LFP batteries for all impact categories. When considering the environmental benefits at the EoL stage, most life cycle environmental impact is likely to be offset or even show positive benefits if more than 50% of power batteries can be reused in ESSs after retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baojun Tang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Meng Shen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yizhou Wu
- East China Institute of Optoelectronic Integrated Devices, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- School of Management, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ye Feng
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
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Liao X, Ye M, Liang J, Guan Z, Li S, Deng Y, Gan Q, Liu Z, Fang X, Sun S. Feasibility of reduced iron species for promoting Li and Co recovery from spent LiCoO 2 batteries using a mixed-culture bioleaching process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154577. [PMID: 35304146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of metals from spent LiCoO2 batteries (SLBs) is essential to avoid resource wastage and the production of hazardous waste. However, the major challenge in regard to recovering metals from SLBs using traditional bioleaching is the low Co yield. To overcome this issue, a mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus caldus and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans was designed for use in SLBs leaching in this study. With the assistance of Fe2+ as a reductant, 99% of Co and 100% of Li were leached using the above mixed-culture bioleaching (MCB) process, thus solving the problem of low metal leaching efficiency from SLBs. Analysis of the underlying mechanism revealed that the effective extraction of metals from SLBs by the Fe2+-MCB process relied on Fe2+-releasing electrons to reduce refractory Co(III) to Co(II) that can be easily bioleached. Finally, the hazardous SLBs was transformed into a non-toxic material after treatment utilizing the Fe2+-MCB process. However, effective SLBs leaching was not achieved by the addition of Fe0 to the MCB system. Only 25% Co and 31% Li yields were obtained, as the addition of Fe0 caused acid consumption and bacterial apoptosis. Overall, this study revealed that reductants that cause acid consumption and harm bacteria should be ruled out for use in reductant-assisted bioleaching processes for extracting metals from SLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maoyou Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jialin Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhijie Guan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shoupeng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanghong Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiaowei Gan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zihang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaodi Fang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuiyu Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan 528216, China.
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7
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Fan L, Gong Y, Wan J, Wei Y, Shi H, Liu C. Flower-like molybdenum disulfide decorated ZIF-8-derived nitrogen-doped dodecahedral carbon for electro-catalytic degradation of phenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134315. [PMID: 35301999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, flower-like molybdenum disulfide was constructed on the surface of ZIF-8-derived nitrogen-doped dodecahedral carbon (ZNC) for the electrocatalytic degradation of phenol. The flower-like nanostructure of MoS2@ZNC contributed to the exposure of more edge-active sites of MoS2. At the same time, Mo4+ and Mo6+ co-existed in MoS2@ZNC, which promoted the generation of H2O2 and •OH, and improved the catalytic activity of composite materials. In addition, electrochemical performance analysis showed that MoS2 loaded on the surface of ZNC significantly improved the redox capacity of the material, and the composite ratio of MoS2 and ZNC affected the structure and properties of MoS2@ZNC composites. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of prepared MoS2@ZNC was evaluated by the generation of hydroxyl (•OH) and the degradation efficiency of phenol. The results showed that MoS2@ZNC-2 had an excellent phenol degradation efficiency (98.8%) and COD removal efficiency (86.8%) within 120 min. Furthermore, MoS2@ZNC cathode still maintained good performance after being experimented with 20 times, indicated the excellent stability of MoS2@ZNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuguo Gong
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jiafeng Wan
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Yuhan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Haolin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chuntao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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Zhao Y, Wang H, Ji J, Li X, Yuan X, Duan A, Guan X, Jiang L, Li Y. Recycling of waste power lithium-ion batteries to prepare nickel/cobalt/manganese -containing catalysts with inter-valence cobalt/manganese synergistic effect for peroxymonosulfate activation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:564-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Tian W, Li Z, Sui D, Tao Y, Cui Z, Liu B. Optimal design of a multi-dimensional validated synergistic extraction process for the treatment of atmosphere-vacuum distillation wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152986. [PMID: 35032784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater discharged from atmosphere-vacuum distillation of oil refining process contains a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which are toxic and not eco-friendly. Direct discharge of the untreated wastewater will have an adverse impact on the surrounding environment. This paper proposes a multi-dimensional synergistic extraction solution to realize the effective disposal of atmosphere-vacuum distillation wastewater. Firstly, extraction experiments are conducted to select the optimal extractant. Secondly, the microscopic mechanism of separating phenolic compounds from wastewater with synergistic extractant of methyl isobutyl ketone and n-pentanol is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, the synergistic extraction process is modeled and optimized based on above multi-dimensional analyses. The optimization is performed through sensitivity analysis from three aspects: operating parameters, synergistic extractant cycling, and waste heat recovery. A control scheme is then designed to maintain the smooth operation of synergistic extraction process. Feed disturbances are specifically added to test the anti-interference capability of the control scheme. With the novel treatment process proposed in this paper, the removal rate of phenolic compounds from atmosphere-vacuum distillation wastewater reaches 93.02%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhe Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Dongwu Sui
- Production Technology Management of Poly Carbonate Business Unit, Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd., Yantai 265618, PR China
| | - Ye Tao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhe Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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Liang Q, Yue H, Zhou W, Wei Q, Ru Q, Huang Y, Lou H, Chen F, Hou X. Structure Recovery and Recycling of the Used LiCoO2 Cathode Material. Chemistry 2021; 27:14225-14233. [PMID: 34322919 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The large number of lithium batteries have been retiring from the market of energy storage. Thus, the recycling of the used electrode materials is becoming urgent. In this study, the industrial machinery processing was used to recover the crystal structure of the waste LiCoO 2 materials with the combination of small-scale equipment repair technology. The results show that the crystal parameters of the repaired LiCoO 2 material become small, the unit cell volume is reduced, and the crystal structure tends to be stable. The Co-O bond length of 1.9134 nm, O-Co-O bond angle of 94.72º, the (003) interplanar spacing of 0.467 nm indicate the excellent recovery level of the repaired LiCoO 2 . In addition, the electrochemical performance of the repaired LiCoO 2 material is greatly improved, compared with the waste material. The capacity of the repaired electrode material can be maintained at 120 mAh g -1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 0.2 C. The promising rate performance of the repaired electrode material demonstrates the stable structure. This research work provides a large-scale method for the direct recovery of LiCoO 2 with the reduction of unnecessary energy and reagent consumption, which will be beneficial to the environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liang
- South China Normal University, school of chemistry and environment, CHINA
| | | | | | - Qiang Wei
- South China Normal University, Material, CHINA
| | - Qiang Ru
- South China Normal University, Material, CHINA
| | - Yuan Huang
- South China Normal University, Material, CHINA
| | - Hongtao Lou
- Gangdong Lingguang New Materials, Material, CHINA
| | - Fuming Chen
- South China Normal University, High Education Mega Center of Guangzhou,, South China Normal University,, 510006, CHINA
| | - Xianhua Hou
- South China Normal University, Material, CHINA
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