1
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Chen Z, Zhou H, Jia S. Multiple benefits of new-energy vehicle power battery recycling strategies based on the theory of planned behavior and stimulus organism response. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37202. [PMID: 39296023 PMCID: PMC11408834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
With the yearly increasing market penetration of new-energy vehicles in China, the retirement of power batteries has gradually become a scale, and most of the waste batteries have entered informal recycling channels, which has induced a series of environmental problems. Considering this issue, we introduced the system dynamics (SD), stimulus organism response (SOR), and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in behavioral economics to establish the environmental economic benefit evaluation model of power battery recycling strategies, and we performed a dynamic simulation analysis on the effect of government subsidy policy, policy advocacy, and other recycling strategies. The results show that: (1) the recovery subsidy policy can improve the formal recycling quantity and economic benefits of recovery, but the effect on the degree of environmental pollution is limited. (2) The combination of environmental awareness promotion strategy and subsidy policy can overcome the shortcomings of subsidy policy and has significant environmental and economic performance. (3) Compared with the benchmark scenario, the formal recycling quantity, the CO2 emission reduction, and the economic benefits of recovery in scenario 4 (high subsidy-high policy propaganda strategy) increased by approximately 112 %, 208 %, and 223 %, respectively, and the degree of environmental pollution decreased by approximately 65 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Nanjing, 211106, China
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou East New District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Haizhou Zhou
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou East New District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Shuwei Jia
- College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzi Lake Campus, Zhengzhou East New District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
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2
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Ma X, Lu C, Gao J, Cao J, Wan Y, Fang H. Sustainability of new energy vehicles from a battery recycling perspective: A bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33800. [PMID: 39027595 PMCID: PMC11255506 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new energy vehicles (NEVs) have taken the world by storm. A large number of NEV batteries have been scrapped, and research on NEV battery recycling is important for promoting the sustainable development of NEVs. Battery recycling is an important aspect of the sustainable development of NEVs. In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the current status of research on NEV battery recycling from a new perspective using bibliometric methods and visualization software. This study shows that research targeting the recycling of NEV batteries is growing rapidly, and collaborative networks exist among researchers from different countries, institutions, and fields. The focus of research has shifted from lead-acid batteries to lithium batteries, and the supply chain and circular economy related to NEV battery recycling is an emerging research hotspot. Based on our analysis, we propose that the government should establish policies to improve the recycling networks at the collection stage and provide subsidies to attract consumers. Enterprises should develop low-cobalt and cobalt-free technologies, utilize green solvents, and develop new battery swap modes. The establishment of an information platform is conducive to the further development of collaborative networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Ma
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Chunxia Lu
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Jiawei Gao
- Business School, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, 1860004, Japan
| | - Jian Cao
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Center for Global & Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, United States
| | - Yuehua Wan
- Library, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Institute of Information Resource, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Library, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Institute of Information Resource, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
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3
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Ping T, Li C, Yezhe Y. Conversion of cobalt from spent LIBs to Co 3O 4 electrode material for application in supercapacitors. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39002154 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2376288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The cathode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is endowed with valuable metals, such as cobalt. The improper treatment of these batteries pollutes the environment and causes enormous resource waste. Therefore, the recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs has attracted widespread attention. In this study, Co3O4 electrode materials were prepared by a simple homogeneous precipitation method and heat treatment using a leaching solution of spent LIBs-positive electrode material as the cobalt source. The crystal structure and morphology of the products were examined at different annealing temperatures, and their electrochemical performance was analyzed. The results show that low-temperature annealing contributes to grain refinement. The Co3O4 material prepared at 300°C annealing temperature has a rod-like structure with distinct pores and a specific surface area of 58.98 m2 g-1. Furthermore, electrochemical performance testing reveals that Co3O4 prepared at 300°C displays the best electrochemical performance as an electrode material, with a specific capacitance of 97.93 F g-1 and a cycle retention rate of 79.12% after 500 charge-discharge cycles. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of recycling valuable metal cobalt from spent LIBs cathode materials to produce Co3O4 materials for use as supercapacitor electrode materials, opening up new avenues for the recycling and utilisation of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Ping
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yezhe
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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4
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Gao Y, Zhang S, Lin S, Li Z, Chen Y, Wang C. Opportunity and challenges in recovering and functionalizing anode graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118216. [PMID: 38242420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent concerns have emerged regarding the improper disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which has garnered widespread societal attention. Graphite materials accounted for 12-21 wt % of LIBs' mass, typically contain heavy metals, binders, and residual electrolytes. Regenerating spent graphite not only alleviated the shortage of plumbago, but also contributed to the supports environmental protection as well as national carbon peak and neutrality ("dual carbon" goals). Despite significant advancements in recycling spent LIBs had been made, a comprehensive overview of the processes for pretreatment, regeneration, and functionalization of spent graphite from retired LIBs, along with the associated technical standards and industry regulations enabling their smooth implementation still needed to be mentioned. Hence, we conducted the following research work. Firstly, the pre-treatment process of spent graphite, including discharging, crushing, and screening was summed up. Next,. Subsequently, graphite recovery methods, such as acid leaching, pyrometallurgy, and combined methods were summarized. Moreover, the modification and doping approach was used to enhance the electrochemical properties of graphite. Afterwards, we reviewed the functionalization of anode graphite from an economically and environmentally friendly view. Meanwhile, the technical standards and industry regulations of spent LIBs in domestic and oversea industries were described. Finally, we provided an overview of the technical challenges and development bottlenecks in graphite recycling, along with future prospects Overall, this study outlined the opportunities and challenges in recovering and functionalizing of anode materials via a efficient and sustainable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China.
| | - Shuanglong Lin
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China; Shijiazhuang Concrete Green Intelligent Manufacturing and Recycling Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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5
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Liu X, Wang B, Ma Y, Zhou X, Yang J, He Y, Tang J, Su F, Yang W. Preferential and efficient extraction of lithium under the combined action of reduction of herb-medicine residue and leaching of oxalic acid. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:44-52. [PMID: 38006757 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for lithium resources, the efficient recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become the focus of social attention. Herein, a combined process of reduction roasting of herb-medicine residue (HMR) and oxalic acid (OA) leaching is proposed to improve the recovery efficiency of lithium. Due to the large amount of reducing gas produced by the pyrolysis of herb-medicine residue, the layered structure of LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode powder can be destroyed at 650℃ for 10 min, and the cathode powder is converted into Li2CO3, Ni, Co, MnO. Moreover, about 99.6 % of Li in the roasting residue can be selectively extracted by 0.5 mol L-1 oxalic acid for 20 min. Under the combined action of HMR and OA, the extraction efficiency and kinetics of lithium are improved simultaneously. This work achieves synergistic treatment of two types of waste from the perspective of waste management for waste. Meanwhile, it provides an alternative and innovative approach for the difficult problem of low efficiency of lithium recovery from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Bei Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Yayun Ma
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuehui He
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fanyun Su
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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6
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Meng Y, Lai J, Fan L, Mo S, Gou C, Zhang C. Recycling of the waste battery: Effect of waste battery on property of asphalt and environmental impact evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166983. [PMID: 37699487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
A waste battery is a kind of hazardous solid waste, and traditional recycling methods can cause serious environmental pollution. In this paper, a pilot study was conducted to reduce the leaching of heavy metals in waste battery power (WBP) by using the wrapping effect of asphalt and explored the feasibility of adding waste battery as a modifier to asphalt. The main components of WBP are determined through microscopic experiments, and its compatibility with asphalt and microscopic mechanism are analyzed; The influence of WBP on asphalt properties are analyzed through routine tests and mixture tests; The leaching test of toxicity is used to analyze the impact of WBP and WBP modified asphalt on the environment. The experimental results indicate that WBP is mainly composed of MnO2, C, and ZnO; There are many wrinkles and grooves on the surface of WBP, which can effectively adsorb asphalt during the modification process, produce anchoring effect, and have good compatibility with asphalt; The components of waste battery adsorb the aging light components in asphalt through their folds and swelling, so that the proportion of heavy components is relatively increased, improving the property indicators of asphalt; From the perspective of engineering property, WBP modified asphalt mixture has strong resistance to deformation and water damage. The leaching concentration of heavy metal ions from bare WBP in soil seriously exceeded the standard. In contrast, when WBP was added to asphalt, the cumulative leaching concentration of heavy metal ions was significantly reduced due to the wrapping effect of asphalt, and the WBP leaching toxicity was greatly suppressed; The method of recycling waste battery and adding it to asphalt as a modifier can prevent the release of heavy metal ions from waste battery into the environment and reduce the risk of the total environmental harm to soil, groundwater and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Meng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety of Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Special Geological Highway Safety Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China; National High- property Computing Center Nanning Branch, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jun Lai
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Liupeng Fan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Shuyi Mo
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chaoliang Gou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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7
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Tian X, Tan H, Xie J, Xia Z, Liu Y. Design and simulation of a cross-regional collaborative recycling system for secondary resources: A case of lead-acid batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119181. [PMID: 37879172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In emerging economies, a significant amount of secondary resources are recycled by the informal sector, which can seriously harm the environment. However, some previous studies of industry management policy design ignored geographical factors. This paper introduces Geographic Information Systems into an agent-based cross-regional recycling model, and employs lead-acid batteries as an example. The model quantitatively displays the evolution of recycling markets in 31 provinces in Mainland China. Results show that: (1) High subsidies can significantly increase the number of formal enterprises in the short term, but their effectiveness decreases when the proportion of government funds in subsidies is above 80% in the long run; (2) The number of illegal recycling enterprises increases by 294% in eight inland provinces (e.g., Ningxia, Xinjiang) when all funds are invested in supervision, but this number is quite small in subsidy policy scenarios; (3) In four eastern regions, including Beijing and Tianjin, the number of illegal recycling enterprises decreases by 84% if supervision is more favored than subsidy; (4) In the optimal case where spatiotemporal factors are considered in all 31 regions, illegal recycling enterprises and waste lead emissions can be reduced by 95.59% and 45.85% nationwide. Our proposed recycling model offers a detailed simulation of multiple regions and diverse stakeholders, and serves as a useful reference for targeted recovery policies. Governments in inland regions like Ningxia and Xinjiang should implement subsidy policies, while supervision policies should be implemented in developed regions like Beijing and Tianjin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tian
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Ecological Civilization Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Hongbin Tan
- School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Jinliang Xie
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ziqian Xia
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yaobin Liu
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
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8
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Yin H, Qu Y, Guo L. Critical factors for implementing collection target responsibility in e-waste collection in China: A DEMATEL-ISM analysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 172:278-289. [PMID: 37931547 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The Collection Target Responsibility (CTR) is the direction for the proper management of e-waste reuse and recycling. Despite its potential, the CTR policy is still in its infancy in China and faces significant challenges to its effective implementation. There are a few studies that have systematically identified and analyzed the factors that influence the application of CTR to e-waste collection systems in China. This study proposes a comprehensive process that considers collection targets and behaviors to develop the critical factors (CFs) involved in e-waste collection under CTR by participants including government, manufacturers and recyclers. The Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory and Interpretative Structural Modeling (DEMATEL-ISM) method was applied to analyze these CFs. The findings show that the development of policy and regulation is the root factor influencing the implementation of CTR in China, both in terms of collection targets and behaviors. Incentives and regulation of government, collection channels, and benefits of manufacturers and recyclers are important CFs that participants consider when adopting CTR and should be prioritized. This study not only contributes to the literature on e-waste collection under CTR, but also provides valuable insights for decision-makers to improve the performance of e-waste collection practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailei Yin
- School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ying Qu
- School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Lingling Guo
- School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
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9
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Ma L, Liu G, Wang Y, Xi X. Preparation and Performance of Regenerated Al 2O 3-Coated Cathode Material LiNi 0.8Co 0.15Al 0.05O 2 from Spent Power Lithium-Ion Batteries. Molecules 2023; 28:5165. [PMID: 37446830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2@x%Al2O3-coated cathode materials were regeneratively compounded by the solid-phase sintering method, and their structural characterization and electrochemical performance were systematically analyzed. The regenerated ternary cathode material precursor synthesized by the co-precipitation method was roasted with lithium carbonate at a molar ratio of 1:1.1, and then completely mixed with different contents of aluminum hydroxide. The combined materials were then sintered at 800 °C for 15 h to obtain the regenerated coated cathode material, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2@x%Al2O3. The thermogravimetry analysis, phase composition, morphological characteristics, and other tests show that when the added content of aluminum hydroxide is 3%, the regenerated cathode material, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2@1.5%Al2O3, exhibits the highest-order layered structure with Al2O3 coating. This material can better inhibit the production of Ni2+, and improve material structure and electrochemical properties. The first charge-discharge efficiency of the battery assembled with this regenerated cathode material is 97.4%, a 50-cycle capacity retention is 93.4%, and a 100-cycle capacity retention is 87.6%. The first charge-discharge efficiency is far better than that of the uncoated regenerated battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-Data Application Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guangyun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoli Xi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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10
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Ma X, Ge P, Wang L, Sun W, Bu Y, Sun M, Yang Y. The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Crucial Flotation for the Separation of Cathode and Anode Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104081. [PMID: 37241821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted great attention, mainly because of its significant impact on resource recycling and environmental protection. Currently, the processes involved in recovering valuable metals from spent LIBs have shown remarkable progress, but little attention has been paid to the effective separation of spent cathode and anode materials. Significantly, it not only can reduce the difficulty in the subsequent processing of spent cathode materials, but also contribute to the recovery of graphite. Considering the difference in their chemical properties on the surface, flotation is an effective method to separate materials, owing to its low-cost and eco-friendly characteristics. In this paper, the chemical principles of flotation separation for spent cathodes and materials from spent LIBs is summarized first. Then, the research progress in flotation separation of various spent cathode materials (LiCoO2, LiNixCoyMnzO2, and LiFePO4) and graphite is summarized. Given this, the work is expected to offer the significant reviews and insights about the flotation separation for high-value recycling of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Ma
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Peng Ge
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongjie Bu
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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11
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Wei Q, Wu Y, Li S, Chen R, Ding J, Zhang C. Spent lithium ion battery (LIB) recycle from electric vehicles: A mini-review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161380. [PMID: 36610625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrifying transportation through the large-scale implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective route for mitigating urban atmospheric pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and alleviating petroleum-derived fossil fuel reliance. However, huge dumps of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged worldwide as a consequence of their extensive use in EVs. With the increasing shortage in LIB raw materials, the recycling of spent LIBs has become a fundamental part of a sustainable approach for energy storage applications, considering the potential economic and environmental benefits. In this mini-review, we will provide a state-of-the-art overview of LIB recycling processes (e.g., echelon utilization, pretreatment, valuable metal leaching and separation). We then discuss the sustainability of current LIB recycling processes from the perspectives of life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic feasibility. Finally, we highlight the existing challenges and possibilities of LIB recycling processes and provide future directions that can bridge the gap between proof-of-concept bench demonstrations and facility-scale field deployments through mutual efforts from academia, industry, and government. It is expected that this review could provide a guideline for enhancing spent LIB recycling and facilitating the sustainable development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yangyang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sijia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Changyong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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12
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Sahu S, Devi N. Two-step leaching of spent lithium-ion batteries and effective regeneration of critical metals and graphitic carbon employing hexuronic acid. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7193-7205. [PMID: 36875878 PMCID: PMC9982715 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07926g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovering precious metal ions like Co, Li, Mn, and Ni from discarded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significant environmental and economic benefits. Also, graphite will be in high demand in the coming years due to the development of LIBs for use in electric vehicles (EVs) and the need for it for electrodes in a variety of energy storage devices. However, it has been overlooked during the recycling of used LIBs, which resulted in resource waste and environmental pollution. In this work, a comprehensive and environmentally friendly approach for recycling critical metals as well as graphitic carbon from discarded LIBs was proposed. To optimize the leaching process, various leaching parameters were investigated by employing hexuronic acid or ascorbic acid. The feed sample was analyzed using XRD, SEM-EDS, and a Laser Scattering Particle Size Distribution Analyzer to determine the phases, morphology, and particle size. 100% of Li and 99.5% of Co were leached at the optimum conditions of 0.8 mol L-1 ascorbic acid, a particle size of -25 μm, 70 °C, 60 min of leaching time, and 50 g L-1 of S/L ratio. A detailed study of the leaching kinetics was carried out. The leaching process was found to be well-fitted with the surface chemical reaction model based on the findings of temperature, acid concentration, and particle size variations. To obtain pure graphitic carbon after the initial leaching, the leached residue was subjected to further leaching with various acids (HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3). The Raman spectra, XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS analysis of the leached residues following the two-step leaching process were examined to exemplify the quality of the graphitic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibananda Sahu
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Niharbala Devi
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Odisha India .,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Odisha India
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13
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Nie Y, Wang Y, Li L, Liao H. Literature Review on Power Battery Echelon Reuse and Recycling from a Circular Economy Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4346. [PMID: 36901376 PMCID: PMC10002271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing new energy vehicles (NEVs) is necessary to grow the low-carbon vehicle industry. Many concentrated end-of-life (EoL) power batteries will cause large-scale environmental pollution and safety accidents when the time comes to replace the first generation of batteries if improper recycling and disposal methods are utilized. Significant negative externalities will result for the environment and other economic entities. When recycling EoL power batteries, some countries need to solve problems about lower recycling rates, unclear division of echelon utilization scenarios, and incomplete recycling systems. Therefore, this paper first analyzes representative countries' power battery recycling policies and finds out the reasons for the low recycling rate in some countries. It is also found that echelon utilization is the critical link to EoL power battery recycling. Secondly, this paper summarizes the existing recycling models and systems to form a complete closed-loop recycling process from the two stages of consumer recycling and corporate disposal of batteries. The policies and recycling technologies are highly concerned with echelon utilization, but few studies focus on analyzing application scenarios of echelon utilization. Therefore, this paper combines cases to delineate the echelon utilization scenarios clearly. Based on this, the 4R EoL power battery recycling system is proposed, which improves the existing recycling system and can recycle EoL power batteries efficiently. Finally, this paper analyzes the existing policy problems and existing technical challenges. Based on the actual situation and future development trends, we propose development suggestions from the government, enterprises, and consumers to achieve the maximum reused of EoL power batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyou Nie
- School of Economics, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Economics, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Environmental Science Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Haolan Liao
- School of Economics, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
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14
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Zhang H, Liu G, Li J, Qiao D, Zhang S, Li T, Guo X, Liu M. Modeling the impact of nickel recycling from batteries on nickel demand during vehicle electrification in China from 2010 to 2050. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159964. [PMID: 36372177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
China is promoting the production and use of electric vehicles (EVs) to achieve carbon neutrality. However, the shift will drive higher demand and tighter supply of nickel in China. We develop a stock-driven bottom-up dynamic substance flow analysis (SFA) model to simulate the demand trends of various EVs under 3 scenarios, the flow of nickel under 9 scenarios and the amount of recoverable nickel under 27 scenarios in China's EV industry from 2010 to 2050. The results indicate that China's current production capacity and primary reserves of nickel cannot meet the growing nickel demand, especially under the High EVs-LNCT scenarios, and closed-loop nickel recovery from EV batteries can effectively alleviate the demand-supply contradiction. In different scenarios, the annual recycling nickel could cover between 67.7 % and 96.6 % of the demand for EV batteries in 2050, and between 37.9 % and 58.1 % in terms of the cumulative quantity by 2050. When the low nickel battery technology is adopted and the recovery efficiency is rapidly improved, the recovered nickel would meet the demand for EV batteries to the highest degree. Therefore, sufficient attention should be paid to low-nickel battery technology and efficient recycling of spent EV batteries, which is of great significance to ensure the development of EV industry and the availability of nickel in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Guwang Liu
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Jianwu Li
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Donghai Qiao
- College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China
| | - Shouting Zhang
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiaoqian Guo
- Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Mingkai Liu
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
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15
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Yu X, Li W, Gupta V, Gao H, Tran D, Sarwar S, Chen Z. Current Challenges in Efficient Lithium-Ion Batteries' Recycling: A Perspective. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200099. [PMID: 36532242 PMCID: PMC9749077 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Li-ion battery (LIB) recycling has become an urgent need with rapid prospering of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, which has caused a shortage of material resources and led to an increasing amount of retired batteries. However, the global LIB recycling effort is hampered by various factors such as insufficient logistics, regulation, and technology readiness. Here, the challenges associated with LIB recycling and their possible solutions are summarized. Different aspects such as recycling/upcycling techniques, worldwide government policies, and the economic and environmental impacts are discussed, along with some practical suggestions to overcome these challenges for a promising circular economy for LIB materials. Some potential strategies are proposed to convert such challenges into opportunities to maintain the global expansion of the EV and other LIB-dependent industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Yu
- Program of Materials ScienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Weikang Li
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Varun Gupta
- Program of Materials ScienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Hongpeng Gao
- Program of Materials ScienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Duc Tran
- Program of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Shatila Sarwar
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Program of Materials ScienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- Program of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy CenterUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
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16
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Hu Z, Liu J, Gan T, Lu D, Wang Y, Zheng X. High-intensity magnetic separation for recovery of LiFePO4 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Islam MT, Huda N, Baumber A, Hossain R, Sahajwalla V. Waste battery disposal and recycling behavior: a study on the Australian perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58980-59001. [PMID: 35377120 PMCID: PMC9399068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consumer behavior is a critical consideration for the development of sustainable waste management systems, including waste batteries, which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment if disposed of improperly. This study investigates the consumers' perspective on the waste battery collection and recycling behaviors in Australia, and analyses their implications for the development of recycling schemes. The results show that, although general awareness exists among consumers about the negative impacts of improper disposal, this awareness was not reflected during the disposal of waste batteries among the participants. Insufficient knowledge about the waste battery collection points and convenience were the most important factors affecting the inappropriate disposal behavior from most of the consumers. Over 50% of participants were unaware of the collection points for waste batteries. The most-preferred battery collection systems involved a deposit return system similar to that used for bottle recycling in the state of New South Wales (NSW) or collection at supermarkets/retailers. The most preferred methods for providing an incentive to recycle batteries were "old-for-new" battery swaps, "vouchers that could be used for other items in a store," and "cash payments." Several policy implications have been highlighted from this pioneering study that could shape the future development of sustainable waste battery management systems in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tasbirul Islam
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, 44 Waterloo Road (44 WR), Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT Centre), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nazmul Huda
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, 44 Waterloo Road (44 WR), Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia.
| | - Alex Baumber
- Faculty of Transdisciplinary Innovation, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Rumana Hossain
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT Centre), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Veena Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT Centre), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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18
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Wang Y, Tang B, Shen M, Wu Y, Qu S, Hu Y, Feng Y. Environmental impact assessment of second life and recycling for LiFePO 4 power batteries in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115083. [PMID: 35447455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will increase exponentially in the coming decade with the retirement of electric vehicles (EVs). There is a knowledge gap in assessing the environmental impact of different terminal disposal paths for EV LIBs in China. Here, we take representative lithium iron phosphate (LFP) power batteries as example and carry out a bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA). The life cycle stages of battery manufacturing, use, second life and battery recycling are considered to conduct a cradle-to-grave environmental impact analysis. To investigate the environmental benefits of end-of-life (EoL) stage for LFP batteries, two EoL management scenarios are considered in this study. The first one combines second life application with battery recycling, and the second recycles the retired batteries directly after EV use. The result shows that the secondary application of retired LFP batteries in energy storage systems (ESSs) can effectively reduce the net environmental impact of LIB life cycle, especially for fossil fuel depletion. When the service life of secondary use is increased from 1 year to 10 years, the environmental benefits of different impact categories will increase by 0.24-4.62 times. For direct recycle scenario, recycling retired LFP batteries can save more than 30% of metal resources. By comparison, we find that recycling lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM) batteries has greater environmental benefits than recycling LFP batteries for all impact categories. When considering the environmental benefits at the EoL stage, most life cycle environmental impact is likely to be offset or even show positive benefits if more than 50% of power batteries can be reused in ESSs after retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baojun Tang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Meng Shen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yizhou Wu
- East China Institute of Optoelectronic Integrated Devices, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- School of Management, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ye Feng
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
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19
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Makwarimba CP, Tang M, Peng Y, Lu S, Zheng L, Zhao Z, Zhen AG. Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries. iScience 2022; 25:104321. [PMID: 35602951 PMCID: PMC9117887 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses physical, chemical, and direct lithium-ion battery recycling methods to have an outlook on future recovery routes. Physical and chemical processes are employed to treat cathode active materials which are the greatest cost contributor in the production of lithium batteries. Direct recycling processes maintain the original chemical structure and process value of battery materials by recovering and reusing them directly. Mechanical separation is essential to liberate cathode materials that are concentrated in the finer size region. However, currently, the cathode active materials are being concentrated at a cut point that is considerably greater than the actual size found in spent batteries. Effective physical methods reduce the cost of subsequent chemical treatment and thereafter re-lithiation successfully reintroduces lithium into spent cathodes. Some of the current challenges are the difficulty in controlling impurities in recovered products and ensuring that the entire recycling process is more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengetai Portia Makwarimba
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Lingxia Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhefei Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ai-gang Zhen
- Zhejiang Tianneng New Materials Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313000, PR China
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20
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Min J, Xu X, Koh JJ, Gong J, Chen X, Azadmanjiri J, Zhang F, Liu S, He C. Diverse-shaped tin dioxide nanoparticles within a plastic waste-derived three-dimensional porous carbon framework for super stable lithium-ion storage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152900. [PMID: 34998743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tin dioxides (SnO2) inserted into carbons to serve as anodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are known to improve their cycling stability. However, studies on diverse-shaped SnO2 nanoparticles within a porous carbon matrix for super stable lithium-ion storage are rare. Herein, a hollow carbon sphere/porous carbon flake (HCS/PCF) framework is fabricated through template carbonization of plastic waste. By changing the doping mechanism and tuning the loading content, nano SnO2 spheres and cubes as well as bulk SnO2 flakes and blocks are in-situ grown within the HCS/PCF. Then, the as-prepared hybrids with built-in various morphological SnO2 nanoparticles serve as anodes towards advanced lithium-ion batteries. Notably, HCS/PCF embedded with nano SnO2 spheres and cubes anodes possess superb long-term cycling stability (~0.048% and ~0.05% average capacitance decay per cycle at 1 A/g over 400 cycles) with high reversible specific capacities of 0.45 and 0.498 Ah/g after 1000 cycles at 5 A/g. The ultra-stabilized Li+ storage is attributed to the effective mitigation of nano SnO2 spheres/cubes volume expansion, originating from the compact SnO2 yolk-HCS/PCF shell construction. This study paves a general strategy for disposing of polymeric waste to produce SnO2 core-carbon shell anodes for super stable lithium-ion storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakang Min
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin 71065, Poland
| | - J Justin Koh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Semiconductor Chemistry Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xuecheng Chen
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin 71065, Poland
| | - Jalal Azadmanjiri
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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21
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Miao Y, Liu L, Zhang Y, Tan Q, Li J. An overview of global power lithium-ion batteries and associated critical metal recycling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127900. [PMID: 34896721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in emerging markets is pouring huge reserves into, and triggering broad interest in the battery sector, as the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs)is driving the explosive growth of EV LIBs. These mounting demands are posing severe challenges to the supply of raw materials for LIBs and producing an enormous quantity of spent LIBs, bringing difficulties in the areas of resource allocation and environmental protection. This review article presents an overview of the global situation of power LIBs, aiming at different methods to treat spent power LIBs and their associated metals. We provide a critical review of power LIB supply chain, industrial development, waste treatment strategies and recycling, etc. Power LIBs will form the largest proportion of the battery industry in the next decade. The analysis of the sustainable supply of critical metal materials is emphasized, as recycling metal materials can alleviate the tight supply chain of power LIBs. The existing significant recycling practices that have been recognized as economically beneficial can promote metal closed-loop recycling. Scientific thinking needs to innovate sustainable and cost-effective recycling technologies to protect the environment because of the chemicals contained in power LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- National WEEE Recycling Engineering Research Centre, Jingmen, Hubei 448124, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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22
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Khan AH, López-Maldonado EA, Khan NA, Villarreal-Gómez LJ, Munshi FM, Alsabhan AH, Perveen K. Current solid waste management strategies and energy recovery in developing countries - State of art review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133088. [PMID: 34856242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste generation has rapidly increased due to the worldwide population, urbanization, and industrialization. Solid waste management (SWM) is a significant challenge for a society that arises local issues with global consequences. Thus, solid waste management strategies to recycle waste products are promising practices that positively impact sustainable goals. Several developed countries possess excellent solid waste management strategies to recycle waste products. Developing countries face many challenges, such as municipal solid waste (MSW) sorting and handling due to high population density and economic instability. This mismanagement could further expedite harmful environmental and socioeconomic concerns. This review discusses the current solid waste management and energy recovery production in developing countries; with statistics, this review provides a comprehensive revision on energy recovery technologies such as the thermochemical and biochemical conversion of waste with economic considerations. Furthermore, the paper discusses the challenges of SWM in developing countries, including several immediate actions and future policy recommendations for improving the current status of SWM via harnessing technology. This review has the potential of helping municipalities, government authorities, researchers, and stakeholders working on MSW management to make effective decisions for improved SWM for achieving sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 706, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, CP, 22390, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, CP, 22390, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de La Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd Universitario 1000, Unidad Valle de Las Palmas, 22260, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Faris M Munshi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah H Alsabhan
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kahkashan Perveen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Taneja A, Dutt I, Srivastav AL. Advances of waste management practices in India and China along with bibliometric assessment of their research outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:66485-66495. [PMID: 34647213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the progress made by India and China in the field of waste management and its disposal since l996 to 2020. To access it, bibliometric analysis has been carried out using SCOPUS linked SCImago electronic database. Different bibliometric indicators such as documents, citable documents, external and self-citations, and external and self-citations per document along with their annual corresponding growth (ACG) have been calculated in order to explore the progresses made in both the countries. China has contributed 16.3% and India 4.3% to the total documents produced worldwide during 1996-2020 in waste management with the average ACG of 26.42% and 15.37%, respectively, during the same time span. Also, the average ACG for self-citations of published research documents is more than that of external citations for both the countries. In addition to that, the average self-citation magnitude reported for China (28,475) is more than that of India (5223), whereas this trend reverses in the case of average external citation per document with values 16.9 and 28.94, respectively. Moreover, the waste management practices being followed in both countries have also been compared and also presented so that it could be beneficial for the country which is relatively not good in the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Taneja
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ishwar Dutt
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Lal Srivastav
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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The Electrochemical Mechanism of Preparing Mn from LiMn2O4 in Waste Batteries in Molten Salt. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction mechanism of Mn in LiMn2O4 in molten salt was studied. The results show that in the NaCl-CaCl2 molten salt, the process of reducing from Mn (IV) to manganese is: Mn (IV)→Mn (III)→Mn (II)→Mn. LiMn2O4 reacts with molten salt to form CaMn2O4 after being placed in molten salt for 1 h. The reaction of reducing CaMn2O4 to Mn is divided into two steps: Mn (III)→Mn (II)→Mn. The results of constant voltage deoxidation experiments under different conditions show that the intermediate products of LiMn2O4 reduction to Mn are CaMn2O4, MnO, and (MnO)x(CaO)(1−x). As the reaction progresses, x gradually decreases, and finally the Mn element is completely reduced under the conditions of 3 V for 9 h. The CaO in the product can be removed by washing the sample with deionized water at 0 °C.
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