1
|
Lin RR, Lin DA, Maderal AD. Toxic Ingredients in Personal Care Products: A Dermatological Perspective. Dermatitis 2024; 35:121-131. [PMID: 38109205 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental dermatology is the study of how environmental factors affect the integumentary system. The environment includes natural and built habitats, encompassing ambient exposure, occupational exposures, and lifestyle exposures secondary to dietary and personal care choices. This review explores common toxins found in personal care products and packaging, such as bisphenols, parabens, phthalates, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, p-phenylenediamine, and formaldehyde. Exposure to these toxins has been associated with carcinogenic, obesogenic, or proinflammatory effects that can potentiate disease. In addition, these compounds have been implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can worsen dermatological conditions such as acne vulgaris, or dermatitis. Certain pollutants found in personal care products are not biodegradable and have the potential to bioaccumulate in humans. Therefore, even short-term exposure can cause long-lasting issues for communities. The skin is often the first point of contact for environmental exposures and serves as the conduit between environmental toxins and the human body. Therefore, it is important for dermatologists to understand common pollutants and their acute, subacute, and chronic impact on dermatological conditions to better diagnose and manage disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Lin
- From the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah A Lin
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea D Maderal
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghozal M, Kadawathagedara M, Delvert R, Divaret-Chauveau A, Raherison C, Varraso R, Bédard A, Crépet A, Sirot V, Charles MA, Adel-Patient K, de Lauzon-Guillain B. Prenatal dietary exposure to mixtures of chemicals is associated with allergy or respiratory diseases in children in the ELFE nationwide cohort. Environ Health 2024; 23:5. [PMID: 38195595 PMCID: PMC10775451 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-01046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals may be associated with allergies later in life. We aimed to examine the association between prenatal dietary exposure to mixtures of chemicals and allergic or respiratory diseases up to age 5.5 y. METHODS We included 11,638 mother-child pairs from the French "Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance" (ELFE) cohort. Maternal dietary exposure during pregnancy to eight mixtures of chemicals was previously assessed. Allergic and respiratory diseases (eczema, food allergy, wheezing and asthma) were reported by parents between birth and age 5.5 years. Associations were evaluated with adjusted logistic regressions. Results are expressed as odds ratio (OR[95%CI]) for a variation of one SD increase in mixture pattern. RESULTS Maternal dietary exposure to a mixture composed mainly of trace elements, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was positively associated with the risk of eczema (1.10 [1.05; 1.15]), this association was consistent across sensitivity analyses. Dietary exposure to one mixture of pesticides was positively associated with the risk of food allergy (1.10 [1.02; 1.18]), whereas the exposure to another mixture of pesticides was positively but slightly related to the risk of wheezing (1.05 [1.01; 1.08]). This last association was not found in all sensitivity analyses. Dietary exposure to a mixture composed by perfluoroalkyl acids, PAHs and trace elements was negatively associated with the risk of asthma (0.89 [0.80; 0.99]), this association was consistent across sensitivity analyses, except the complete-case analysis. CONCLUSION Whereas few individual chemicals were related to the risk of allergic and respiratory diseases, some consistent associations were found between prenatal dietary exposure to some mixtures of chemicals and the risk of allergic or respiratory diseases. The positive association between trace elements, furans and PAHs and the risk of eczema, and that between pesticides mixtures and food allergy need to be confirmed in other studies. Conversely, the negative association between perfluoroalkyl acids, PAHs and trace elements and the risk of asthma need to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ghozal
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS) Equipe EAROH, Batiment Leriche, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Paris, Villejuif Cedex, 94807, France.
| | - Manik Kadawathagedara
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS) Equipe EAROH, Batiment Leriche, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Paris, Villejuif Cedex, 94807, France
| | - Rosalie Delvert
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - Amandine Divaret-Chauveau
- Unité d'allergologie pédiatrique, Hôpital d'enfants, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
- EA 3450 DevAH, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
- UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Chantal Raherison
- Inserm, Team EPICENE, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raphaëlle Varraso
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - Annabelle Bédard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Véronique Sirot
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Aline Charles
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS) Equipe EAROH, Batiment Leriche, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Paris, Villejuif Cedex, 94807, France
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS) Equipe EAROH, Batiment Leriche, 16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Paris, Villejuif Cedex, 94807, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghozal M, Kadawathagedara M, Delvert R, Adel-Patient K, Tafflet M, Annesi-Maesano I, Crépet A, Sirot V, Charles MA, Heude B, de Lauzon-Guillain B. Prenatal dietary exposure to chemicals and allergy or respiratory diseases in children in the EDEN mother-child cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108195. [PMID: 37734145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal exposure to food chemicals may increase the risk of allergy and respiratory disorders in offspring. We aimed to assess the association of prenatal dietary exposure to single chemicals and chemical mixtures with allergy or respiratory events reported before age 8 y in children. METHODS We included 1428 mother-child pairs enrolled in the EDEN mother-child cohort. Maternal dietary exposure to 209 chemicals and eight associated mixtures was investigated. Allergic and respiratory diseases (wheezing, asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema and food allergy) were reported by parents between birth and age 8 y. Associations with the studied outcomes were evaluated with three approaches based on adjusted logistic regression, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). First, food chemicals were considered individually, with correction for multiple testing. Second, chemicals selected by elastic net regression were considered simultaneously in a multiple exposure model. Third, predefined mixtures were introduced in the same adjusted logistic regression. Results are expressed as odds ratio (OR[95 % CI]). RESULTS Prenatal single exposure to 74 food chemicals was associated with higher risk of allergic rhinitis. Prenatal single exposure to 11 chemicals was associated with higher risk of wheezing. In the multi-exposure approach, risk of wheezing was associated with the pesticides diazinon and triadimenol, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 5-methylchrysene. Phytoestrogen resveratrol was negatively associated with lower risk of both wheezing and allergic rhinitis, and mycotoxin monoacetoxyscirpenol was negatively associated with risk of eczema. Finally, a chemical mixture composed mainly of trace elements, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was associated with higher risk of allergic rhinitis (1.33 [1.02;1.73]). CONCLUSION Prenatal dietary exposure to chemicals was associated with risk of allergic rhinitis or wheezing up to age 8 y. A few chemicals were associated with other allergic and respiratory diseases. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ghozal
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France.
| | - Manik Kadawathagedara
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Rosalie Delvert
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Muriel Tafflet
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health (IDESP), Montpellier University and INSERM, Montpellier, France, Pneumology, Allergology and Thoracic Oncology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Véronique Sirot
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Aline Charles
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Urrutia-Pereira M, Guidos-Fogelbach G, Chong-Neto HJ, Solé D. Microplastics exposure and immunologic response. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2023; 51:57-65. [PMID: 37695231 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v51i5.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of microplastics (MPs) on human health. DATA SOURCE The authors conducted a non-systematic review of articles published in English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish in the last decade in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and SciELO. The keywords used were: microplastics OR nanoplastics OR marine litter OR toxicology OR additives AND human health OR children OR adults. DATA SUMMARY MPs are a group of emerging contaminants that have attracted scientific interest and societal attention in the last decade due to their ubiquitous detection in all environments. Humans can primarily be exposed to MPs and nanoplastics via oral and inhalation routes, but dermal contact cannot be overlooked, especially in young children. The possible toxic effects of plastic particles are due to their potential toxicity, often combined with that of leachable additives and adsorbed contaminants. CONCLUSIONS Unless the plastic value chain is transformed over the next two decades, the risks to species, marine ecosystems, climate, health, economy, and communities will be unmanageable. However, along with these risks are the unique opportunities to help transition to a more sustainable world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Herberto José Chong-Neto
- Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Allergy and Pneumology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Dirceu Solé
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee J, Kim J, Zinia SS, Park J, Won S, Kim WJ. Prenatal phthalate exposure and cord blood DNA methylation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7046. [PMID: 37120575 PMCID: PMC10148847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates has been shown to impede the human endocrine system, resulting in deleterious effects on pregnant women and their children. Phthalates modify DNA methylation patterns in infant cord blood. We examined the association between prenatal phthalate exposure and DNA methylation patterns in cord blood in a Korean birth cohort. Phthalate levels were measured in 274 maternal urine samples obtained during late pregnancy and 102 neonatal urine samples obtained at birth, and DNA methylation levels were measured in cord blood samples. For each infant in the cohort, associations between CpG methylation and both maternal and neonate phthalate levels were analyzed using linear mixed models. The results were combined with those from a meta-analysis of the levels of phthalates in maternal and neonatal urine samples, which were also analyzed for MEOHP, MEHHP, MnBP, and DEHP. This meta-analysis revealed significant associations between the methylation levels of CpG sites near the CHN2 and CUL3 genes, which were also associated with MEOHP and MnBP in neonatal urine. When the data were stratified by the sex of the infant, MnBP concentration was found to be associated with one CpG site near the OR2A2 and MEGF11 genes in female infants. In contrast, the concentrations of the three maternal phthalates showed no significant association with CpG site methylation. Furthermore, the data identified distinct differentially methylated regions in maternal and neonatal urine samples following exposure to phthalates. The CpGs with methylation levels that were positively associated with phthalate levels (particularly MEOHP and MnBP) were found to be enriched genes and related pathways. These results indicate that prenatal phthalate exposure is significantly associated with DNA methylation at multiple CpG sites. These alterations in DNA methylation may serve as biomarkers of maternal exposure to phthalates in infants and are potential candidates for investigating the mechanisms by which phthalates impact maternal and neonatal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jooah Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Sabrina Shafi Zinia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- RexSoft Corp, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Chen S, Chen X, Zhang Y, Han Y, Li J, Chen X. Exposure to phthalate increases the risk of eczema in children: Findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138139. [PMID: 36791818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicated phthalate exposure might raise the risk of eczema in children. However, these findings were inconsistent. The relation between phthalate exposure and childhood eczema remained debated. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to assess their association. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for eligible studies. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for risk estimate. Thirty studies involving 12,615 participants were included in this meta-analysis. For prenatal phthalate exposure assessed with maternal samples, the pooled results showed gestational exposure to monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.00-1.36), but not the other phthalates, was correlated with increased risk of eczema in children. For childhood exposure assessed using children's urine sample, our pooled results indicated that postnatal exposure to MBzP (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.19), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08-1.61), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.44), and molar summation of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.42) were associated with higher risk of eczema. While for studies using household dust to estimate environmental phthalate exposure and eczema risk, the pooled results showed no significant association. Subgroup analyses indicated study country, diagnostic mode, and children's age contributed to the heterogeneity. The results of our meta-analysis demonstrated that phthalate exposure during both prenatal and postnatal periods was associated with elevated risk of eczema in children. However, such association was not strong as the pooled ORs were relatively small. Further studies are warranted to verify these findings and explore the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xinwang Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yonghe Han
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Jiabing Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xiangqi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Imprint of Exposome on the Development of Atopic Dermatitis across the Lifespan: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062180. [PMID: 36983182 PMCID: PMC10054623 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects more than 200 million people worldwide, including up to 20% of children and 10% of the adult population. Although AD appears frequently in childhood and often continues into adulthood, about 1 in 4 adults develop the adult-onset disease. The prenatal period, early childhood, and adolescence are considered critical timepoints for the development of AD when the exposome results in long-lasting effects on the immune system. The exposome can be defined as the measure of all the exposures of an individual during their lifetime and how these exposures relate to well-being. While genetic factors could partially explain AD onset, multiple external environmental exposures (external exposome) in early life are implicated and are equally important for understanding AD manifestation. In this review, we describe the conceptual framework of the exposome and its relevance to AD from conception and across the lifespan. Through a spatiotemporal lens that focuses on the multi-level phenotyping of the environment, we highlight a framework that embraces the dynamic complex nature of exposome and recognizes the influence of additive and interactive environmental exposures. Moreover, we highlight the need to understand the developmental origins of AD from an age-related perspective when studying the effects of the exposome on AD, shifting the research paradigm away from the per se categorized exposome factors and beyond clinical contexts to explore the trajectory of age-related exposome risks and hence future preventive interventions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Souza JMO, Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Barbosa F. Levels of phthalates and bisphenol in toys from Brazilian markets: Migration rate into children's saliva and daily exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154486. [PMID: 35278545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) are extensively used in toys and childcare products. Therefore, children may be exposed to these compounds, causing potential adverse effects. Despite the strict control of the levels of these contaminants in toys by some nations, routine testing in Brazil is very scarce. The present study was aimed at determining the concentrations of PAEs and BPs in toys commercialized in Brazil, employing GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Furthermore, the migration capacity of PAEs into saliva and the daily intake (EDI) were also estimated. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the PAE with the highest detection rate (93%) and migration rate (0.26 μg/min). Moreover, the levels of DEHP in some samples were above the threshold values set by the European Commission and the Brazilian Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality. Among the BPs analogs, BPA and BPS presented the highest positive detection rates (72% and 30%, respectively). However, their levels were below the permitted values in all analyzed samples. A daily intake of DEHP was estimated at 29.8 μg/kg bw/day, being this exposure similar to those found in other countries and below the EFSA acceptable intake limit (50 μg/kg bw/day). However, our data are referred to exposure through oral contact with the analyzed toys, while the contribution of other potential sources, such as food consumption, were not here considered. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study estimating the exposure of Brazilian children to PAEs and BPs, considering toys as the exposure source. These preliminary data may become a valuable guide for the control of EDC levels in toys commercialized in Brazil, as well as for future studies regarding estimation of exposure to EDCs by children taking into account multiple potential sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Maria Oliveira Souza
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, ASTox - Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory
| | - Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, ASTox - Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, ASTox - Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, ASTox - Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Molina E, Benedé S. Is There Evidence of Health Risks From Exposure to Micro- and Nanoplastics in Foods? Front Nutr 2022; 9:910094. [PMID: 35836585 PMCID: PMC9274238 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.910094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human health impact of exposure to micro (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) from food remains unknown. There are several gaps in knowledge that prevent a complete risk assessment of them. First, the fact that some plastics may be chemically harmful, either directly toxic themselves or because they absorb and carry other components, which makes these particles may possess 3 types of hazards, physical, chemical and biological. In addition, the levels at which toxic effects may occur are unknown and there is a lack of studies to estimate the levels to which we are exposed. Plastic particles can induce physical stress and damage, apoptosis, necrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and immune responses, which could contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions, among others. In addition, they may have effects on other pathologies that have not yet been studied, such as food allergy, where they could act modifying the digestibility of food allergens, increasing intestinal permeability, promoting an intestinal inflammatory environment or causing intestinal dysbiosis, which could promote food allergen sensitization. However, given the limited information on the presence of MP and especially NP in food, further research is needed to estimate whether they could amplify the risk of allergic sensitization to food proteins and to elucidate the risk to human health.
Collapse
|