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Rautela KS, Goyal MK. Transforming air pollution management in India with AI and machine learning technologies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20412. [PMID: 39223178 PMCID: PMC11369276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive approach is essential in India's ongoing battle against air pollution, combining technological advancements, regulatory reinforcement, and widespread societal engagement. Bridging technological gaps involves deploying sophisticated pollution control technologies and addressing the rural-urban disparity through innovative solutions. The review found that integrating Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI&ML) in air quality forecasting demonstrates promising results with a remarkable model efficiency. In this study, initially, we compute the PM2.5 concentration over India using a surface mass concentration of 5 key aerosols such as black carbon (BC), dust (DU), organic carbon (OC), sea salt (SS) and sulphates (SU), respectively. The study identifies several regions highly vulnerable to PM2.5 pollution due to specific sources. The Indo-Gangetic Plains are notably impacted by high concentrations of BC, OC, and SU resulting from anthropogenic activities. Western India experiences higher DU concentrations due to its proximity to the Sahara Desert. Additionally, certain areas in northeast India show significant contributions of OC from biogenic activities. Moreover, an AI&ML model based on convolutional autoencoder architecture underwent rigorous training, testing, and validation to forecast PM2.5 concentrations across India. The results reveal its exceptional precision in PM2.5 prediction, as demonstrated by model evaluation metrics, including a Structural Similarity Index exceeding 0.60, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio ranging from 28-30 dB and Mean Square Error below 10 μg/m3. However, regulatory challenges persist, necessitating robust frameworks and consistent enforcement mechanisms, as evidenced by the complexities in predicting PM2.5 concentrations. Implementing tailored regional pollution control strategies, integrating AI&ML technologies, strengthening regulatory frameworks, promoting sustainable practices, and encouraging international collaboration are essential policy measures to mitigate air pollution in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh Rautela
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar Goyal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Ankhy RS, Roy S, Nahar A, Akbor A, Al-Amin Hossen M, Jeba F, Safiqul Islam M, Moniruzzaman M, Salam A. Optical characteristics of brown carbon in the atmospheric particulate matter of Dhaka, Bangladesh: Analysis of solvent effects and chromophore identification. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36213. [PMID: 39247373 PMCID: PMC11380028 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of brown carbon (BrC) in the atmosphere has experienced a notable upsurge owing to human activities of anthropogenic origin. This study aims to examine the optical characteristics of BrC in both deionized (DI) water and organic solvents (OS), alongside the identification of BrC chromophores within the ambient atmosphere of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Particulate matter (PM) samples were collected on quartz filters using a low-volume sampler from December 2021 to May 2022 at Mukarram Hussain Khundker Bhaban, University of Dhaka. The concentration of BrC was measured using soot analyzer, optical properties of BrC were determined using UV-Vis spectrometer, and BrC chromophores were identified with GC-MS. Average concentration of BrC was 19.13 ± 5.71 μgm-3. The average of absorption coefficient (babs_365), mass absorption efficiency (MAE), absorption angstrom exponent (AAE), and refractive index (kabs_365) of BrC_DI have been observed to be 38.75 ± 21.90 Mm-1, 2.16 ± 1.42 m2 g-1, 1.51 ± 0.08, 0.06 ± 0.04, respectively. The absorption coefficient and MAE of BrC_OS are 1.3 and 1.36 times, respectively higher than that of BrC_DI. Thirty chromophores of BrC have been identified, predominantly consisting of oxygenated compounds. Derivatives of Bisphenol A (C27H44O2Si2) were detected in all samples of oxygenated compounds, primarily originating from the combustion of plastic and the incineration of e-waste. Additionally, compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur, such as C14H26N2O, C31H55N, and C31H49NO3S, were identified, largely attributed to biomass combustion and traffic emissions. These chromophores play a significant role in the absorption of solar radiation, thus influencing atmospheric photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana Ankhy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Central Analytical and Research Facilities (CARF), BCSIR, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Shatabdi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Aynun Nahar
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Ahedul Akbor
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Central Analytical and Research Facilities (CARF), BCSIR, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Al-Amin Hossen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Farah Jeba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Md Safiqul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Central Analytical and Research Facilities (CARF), BCSIR, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Katoch A, Abbass M, Chen YW, Ho TPT, Fan CF, Cheng YH. Applying the total carbon-black carbon approach method to investigate the characteristics of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols in ambient PM 2.5 in northern Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 936:173476. [PMID: 38788950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) comprises a diverse array of carbonaceous species, and the impact of carbonaceous aerosols (CA) extends to both long-term and short-term effects on human health and the environment. Understanding the distinctive composition of CA is crucial for gaining insights into the origins of airborne particulate matter. Due to their diverse physicochemical properties and intricate heterogeneous reactions, CA often exhibits temporal and spatial variations. Ground-based and highly time-resolved apportionment methods play a vital role in discerning CA emissions. This study utilized high-time resolution data of total carbon (TC) and black carbon (BC) for CA apportionment in northern Taiwan. The advanced numerical model (TC-BC(λ)), coupled with continuous measurement data, facilitated CA allocation based on optical absorption characteristics, organic or elemental carbon composition, and the distinction between primary and secondary origins. Primary carbonaceous aerosols dominated the monitoring site, accounting for 67.5 % compared to the 32.5 % contribution from secondary forms of CA. The summer season exhibited a maximum increase in secondary organic aerosols (SOA) at 41.5 %. Diurnal variations for primary emissions, such as BCc and primary organic aerosols (POA), showed marked peaks for BCff and POAnon-abs during morning rush hours. In contrast, BCbb and POABrC displayed bimodal peaks with increased concentrations during evening hours. Conversely, SOA exhibited significantly different diurnal trends, with SOABrC peaking late at night due to aqueous phased reactions and a noontime peak of SOAnon-abs observed due to photo-oxidation processes. Furthermore, the study employed backward trajectory analysis and concentration-weighted trajectories (CWTs) to examine the long-range transport of CA, identifying potential sources, origins, and transport patterns of CA components to the receptor site in Taiwan during different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Katoch
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Muneer Abbass
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Ho
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Fan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan.
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Dey S, Sarkar S. Compositional and optical characteristics of aqueous brown carbon and HULIS in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain using a coupled EEM PARAFAC, FT-IR and 1H NMR approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171084. [PMID: 38382603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This study provides insights into the fluorophoric composition of aqueous brown carbon (BrCaq) and chemically-separated humic-like substances (HULIS): neutral HULIS (HULIS-n; at pH = 7) and acidic HULIS (HULIS-a; at pH = 2) on a seasonal and day-night basis in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India. A coupled approach including excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to understand the links between structural, compositional and fluorophoric characteristics of BrCaq and HULIS fractions. HULIS fluorophores (HULISfluoro) with varying oxidation states transported from the northwest IGP were dominant during biomass burning seasons (post-monsoon and winter), while protein-like fluorophores (PRLISfluoro) from marine emissions showed large contributions during summer. HULIS-n moieties were mostly primary in nature with higher conjugation, while HULIS-a were associated with secondarily formed and aged species with a larger contribution from degradation products. A substantial presence of tyrosine-like proteins in both chemically-separated HULIS fractions indicated that atmospheric HULIS is not entirely humic or fulvic-like in the eastern IGP. Finally, the dominance of H-C-O groups across seasons suggested consistent fossil fuel signatures along with season-specific influence of photodegradable cellulose from marine organisms in the summer and biomass burning in the post-monsoon and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Dey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
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Yun L, Cheng C, Yang S, Wang Z, Li M, Zhong QE, Mao L, Liu S, Cheng X, Chen D, Yang F, Zhou Z. Mixing states and secondary formation processes of organic nitrogen-containing single particles in Guangzhou, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:62-73. [PMID: 38135425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen (ON) compounds play a significant role in the light absorption of brown carbon and the formation of organic aerosols, however, the mixing state, secondary formation processes, and influencing factors of ON compounds are still unclear. This paper reports on the mixing state of ON-containing particles based on measurements obtained using a high-performance single particle aerosol mass spectrometer in January 2020 in Guangzhou. The ON-containing particles accounted for 21% of the total detected single particles, and the particle count and number fraction of the ON-containing particles were two times higher at night than during the day. The prominent increase in the content of ON-containing particles with the enhancement of NOx mainly occurred at night, and accompanied by high relative humidity and nitrate, which were associated with heterogeneous reactions between organics and gaseous NOx and/or NO3 radical. The synchronous decreases in ON-containing particles and the mass absorption coefficient of water-soluble extracts at 365 nm in the afternoon may be associated with photo-bleaching of the ON species in the particles. In addition, the positive matrix factorization analysis found five factors dominated the formation processes of ON particles, and the nitrate factor (33%) mainly contributed to the production of ON particles at night. The results of this study provide unique insights into the mixing states and secondary formation processes of the ON-containing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yun
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Science, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Suxia Yang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zaihua Wang
- Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Resources Utilization and Rare Earth Development, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi En Zhong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Mao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sulin Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoya Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Duanying Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Pudong New District, Shanghai 201200, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Devaprasad M, Rastogi N, Satish R, Patel A, Dabhi A, Shivam A, Bhushan R, Meena R. Dual carbon isotope-based brown carbon aerosol characteristics at a high-altitude site in the northeastern Himalayas: Role of biomass burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169451. [PMID: 38143007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples (n = 34) were collected from January to April 2017 over Shillong (25.7°N, 91.9°E; 1064 m amsl), a high-altitude site situated in the northeastern Himalaya. The main aim was to understand the sources, characteristics, and optical properties of local vs long-range transported carbonaceous aerosols (CA) using chemical species and dual carbon isotopes (13C and 14C). Percentage biomass burning (BB)/biogenic fraction (fbio, calculated from 14C) varied from 67 to 92 % (78 ± 7) and correlated well with primary BB tracers like f60, and K+, suggesting BB as a considerable source. Rain events are shown to reduce the fbio fraction, indicating majority of BB-derived CA are transported. Further, δ13C (-26.6 ± 0.4) variability was very low over Shillong, suggesting it's limitations in source apportionment over the study region, if used alone. Average ratio of absorption coefficient of methanol-soluble BrC (BrCMS) to water-soluble BrC (BrCWS) at 365 nm was 1.8, indicating a significant part of BrC was water-insoluble. A good positive correlation between fbio and mass absorption efficiency of BrCWS and BrCMS at 365 nm with the higher slope for BrCMS suggests BB derived water-insoluble BrC was more absorbing. Relative radiative forcing (RRF, 300 to 2500 nm) of BrCWS and BrCMS with respect to EC were 11 ± 5 % and 23 ± 16 %, respectively. Further, the RRF of BrCMS was up to 60 %, and that of BrCWS was up to 22 % with respect to EC for the samples with fbio ≥ 0.85 (i.e., dominated by BB), reflecting the importance of BB in BrC RRF estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Devaprasad
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - N Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India.
| | - R Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - A Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - A Dabhi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - A Shivam
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - R Bhushan
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - R Meena
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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Wang L, Gao K, Li W, Lu L. Research progress on the characteristics, sources, and environmental and potential health effects of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:11472-11489. [PMID: 38198085 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) have received extensive attention due to their indistinct chemical components, complex sources, negative environmental impact, and potential health effects. To the best of our knowledge, until now, there has been no comprehensive review focused on the research progress of WSOCs. This paper reviewed the studies on chemical constituent and characterization, distribution condition, sources, environmental impact, as well as the potential health effects of WSOCs in the past 13 years. Moreover, the main existing challenges and directions for the future research on WSOCs were discussed from several aspects. Because of the complex composition of WSOCs and many unknown individual components that have not been detected, there is still a need for the identification and quantification of WSOCs. As modern people spend more time in indoor environments, it is meaningful to fill the gaps in the component characteristics and sources of indoor WSOCs. In addition, although in vitro cell experiments have shown that WSOCs could induce cellular oxidative stress and trigger the inflammatory response, the corresponding mechanisms of action need to be further explored. The current population epidemiology research of WSOCs is missing. Prospectively, we propose to conduct a comprehensive and simultaneous analysis strategy for concentration screening, source apportionment, potential health effects, and action mechanisms of WSOCs based on high throughput omics coupled with machine learning simulation and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing On Regional Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
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Singh A, Patel A, Satish R, Tripathi SN, Rastogi N. Wintertime oxidative potential of PM 2.5 over a big urban city in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167155. [PMID: 37730043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) experiences a heavy load of particulate pollution impacting the 9 % of the global population living in this region. The present study examines the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay-based oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 and the major sources responsible for the observed OP over the central IGP (Kanpur) during winter. The volume normalized OP (OPV) of PM2.5 varied from 2.7 to 10 nmol DTT min-1 m-3 (5.5 ± 1.5) and mass normalized OP (OPM) of PM2.5 varied from 19 to 58 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 (34 ± 8.0), respectively. Major sources of PM2.5 were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) and the contribution of these sources to observed OP was estimated through multivariate linear regression of OPv with PMF-resolved factors. Although the PM2.5 mass was dominated by secondary aerosols (SA, 28 %), followed by crustal dust (CD, 24 %), resuspended fine dust (RFD, 14 %), traffic emissions (TE, 8 %), industrial emissions (IE, 17 %), and trash burning (TB, 9 %), their proportionate contribution to OP (except SA) was different likely due to differences in redox properties of chemical species coming from these sources. The SA showed the highest contribution (23 %) to observed OP, followed by RFD (19 %), IE (8 %), TE & TB (5 %), CD (4 %), and others (36 %). Our results highlight the significance of determining the chemical composition of particulates along with their mass concentrations for a better understanding of the relationship between PM and health impacts. Such studies are still lacking in the literature, and these results have direct implications for making better mitigation strategies for healthier air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India; Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Anil Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
| | - R Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
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Devaprasad M, Rastogi N, Satish R, Patel A, Singh A, Dabhi A, Shivam A, Bhushan R, Meena R. Characterization of paddy-residue burning derived carbonaceous aerosols using dual carbon isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161044. [PMID: 36572314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A large scale paddy-residue burning (PRB) happens every year in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) during the post-monsoon season, and winds transport pollutants from the source region up to the northern Indian Ocean affecting air quality of the IGP and marine region. In this study, day-night pairs of fine aerosol samples (n = 69) were collected during October-November over Patiala (30.2°N, 76.3°E, 250 m amsl), a site located in the source region of PRB. Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) were characterised using chemical species and dual carbon isotopes (13C and 14C) to estimate bio vs non-bio contributions and understand their characteristics. Percentage of bio fraction (fbio, estimated using 14C) in CA varied from 74 % to 87 % (avg: 80 ± 3) during days and 71 % to 96 % (avg: 85 ± 7 %) during nights. Further, the fbio was found to be better correlated with aerosol mass spectrometer derived f60 compare to levoglucosan (LG) or nssK+, suggesting f60 a useful proxy for PRB. The δ13C varied from -27.7 ‰ to -26.0 ‰ (avg: -27.0 ± 0.4 ‰) and - 28.7 ‰ to -26.4 ‰ (avg: -27.5 ± 0.7 ‰) during day and night, respectively. Measured δ13C of the samples was found to be more enriched than expected by 0.3 to 2.0 ‰, indicating the presence of aged CA also in Patiala even during PRB period. From fbio versus δ13C correlation, and from Miller-Trans plot, δ13C of PRB is found to be -28.9 ± 1.1 ‰, which also infers that Miller-Trans plot can be used to understand source isotopic signature in the absence of radiocarbon measurements in aerosols. Further, the characteristics ratios of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) (11.9 ± 4.1), LG to potassium (K+) (0.84 ± 0.15), OC/LG (19.7 ± 2.0) and K+/EC (0.75 ± 0.27) were calculated by considering samples with fbio higher than 0.90, which can be used for source apportionment studies. Such studies are crucial in assessing the effects of PRB on regional air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Devaprasad
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - N Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India.
| | - R Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - A Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - A Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Department of Physics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - A Dabhi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - A Shivam
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - R Bhushan
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - R Meena
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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Paraskevopoulou D, Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Bikkina S, Tsagkaraki M, Vrettou IM, Tavernaraki K, Papoutsidaki K, Stavroulas I, Liakakou E, Bougiatioti A, Oikonomou K, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Brown carbon absorption and radiative effects under intense residential wood burning conditions in Southeastern Europe: New insights into the abundance and absorptivity of methanol-soluble organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160434. [PMID: 36427708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of Brown Carbon (BrC), strongly contributing to radiative forcing. In urban areas of the climate-sensitive Southeastern European region, where strong emissions from residential wood burning (RWB) are reported, radiative impacts of carbonaceous aerosols remain largely unknown. This study examines the absorption properties of water- and methanol-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, MeS_OC) in a city (Ioannina, Greece) heavily impacted by RWB. Measurements were performed during winter (December 2019 - February 2020) and summer (July - August 2019) periods, characterized by RWB and photochemical processing of organic aerosol (OA), respectively. PM2.5 filter extracts were analyzed spectrophotometrically for water- and methanol-soluble BrC (WS_BrC, MeS_BrC) absorption. WSOC concentrations were quantified using TOC analysis, while those of MeS_OC were determined using a newly developed direct quantification protocol, applied for the first time to an extended series of ambient samples. The direct method led to a mean MeS_OC/OC of 0.68 and a more accurate subsequent estimation of absorption efficiencies. The mean winter WS_BrC and MeS_BrC absorptions at 365 nm were 13.9 Mm-1 and 21.9 Mm-1, respectively, suggesting an important fraction of water-insoluble OA. Mean winter WS_BrC and MeS_BrC absorptions were over 10 times those observed in summer. MeS_OC was more absorptive than WSOC in winter (mean mass absorption efficiencies - MAE365: 1.81 vs 1.15 m2 gC-1) and especially in summer (MAE: 1.12 vs 0.27 m2 gC-1) due to photo-dissociation and volatilization of BrC chromophores. The winter radiative forcing (RF) of WS_BrC and MeS_BrC relative to elemental carbon (EC) was estimated at 8.7 % and 16.7 %, respectively, in the 300-2500 nm band. However, those values increased to 48.5 % and 60.2 % at 300-400 nm, indicating that, under intense RWB, BrC forcing becomes comparable to that of soot. The results highlight the consideration of urban BrC emissions in radiative transfer models, as a considerable climate forcing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece.
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - S Bikkina
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
| | - M Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - I M Vrettou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - K Tavernaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - K Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - K Oikonomou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
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11
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Ivančič M, Gregorič A, Lavrič G, Alföldy B, Ježek I, Hasheminassab S, Pakbin P, Ahangar F, Sowlat M, Boddeker S, Rigler M. Two-year-long high-time-resolution apportionment of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols in the Los Angeles Basin using an advanced total carbon-black carbon (TC-BC(λ)) method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157606. [PMID: 35896132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, carbonaceous aerosols (CA) have been recognized as a significant contributor to the concentration of particles smaller than 2.5 μm (i.e., PM2.5), with a negative impact on public health and Earth's radiative balance. In this study, we present a method for CA apportionment based on high-time-resolution measurements of total carbon (TC), black carbon (BC), and spectral dependence of absorption coefficient using a recently developed Carbonaceous Aerosol Speciation System (CASS). Two-year-long CA measurements at two different locations within California's Los Angeles Basin are presented. CA was apportioned based on its optical absorption properties, organic or elemental carbon composition, and primary or secondary origin. We found that the secondary organic aerosols (SOA), on average, represent >50 % of CA in the study area, presumably resulting from the oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic components. Remarkable peaks of SOA in summer afternoons were observed, with a fractional contribution of up to 90 %. On the other hand, the peak of primary emitted CA, consisting of BC and primary organic aerosol (POA), contributed >80 % to the CA during morning rush hours on winter working days. The light absorption of BC dominated over the brown carbon (BrC), which contributed to 20 % and 10 % of optical absorption at the lower wavelength of 370 nm during winter nights and summer afternoons, respectively. The highest contribution of BrC, up to 50 %, was observed during the wildfire periods. Although the uncertainty levels can be high for some CA components (such as split between primary emitted and secondary formed BrC during winter nights), further research focused on the optical properties of CA at different locations may help to better constrain the parameters used in CA apportionment studies. We believe that the CASS system combined with the apportionment method presented in this study can offer simplified and cost-effective insights into the composition of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Ivančič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Lavrič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bálint Alföldy
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Ježek
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Payam Pakbin
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Faraz Ahangar
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Mohammad Sowlat
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Steven Boddeker
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Martin Rigler
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Jiang X, Liu D, Li Q, Tian P, Wu Y, Li S, Hu K, Ding S, Bi K, Li R, Huang M, Ding D, Chen Q, Kong S, Li W, Pang Y, He D. Connecting the Light Absorption of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols with Oxidation State and Polarity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12873-12885. [PMID: 36083258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The light-absorbing organic aerosol (OA) constitutes an important fraction of absorbing components, counteracting major cooling effect of aerosols to climate. The mechanisms in linking the complex and changeable chemistry of OA with its absorbing properties remain to be elucidated. Here, by using solvent extraction, ambient OA from an urban environment was fractionated according to polarity, which was further nebulized and online characterized with compositions and absorbing properties. Water extracted high-polar compounds with a significantly higher oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) than methanol extracts. A transition O/C of about 0.6 was found, below and above which the enhancement and reduction of OA absorptivity were observed with increasing O/C, occurring on the less polar and high polar compounds, respectively. In particular, the co-increase of nitrogen and oxygen elements suggests the important role of nitrogen-containing functional groups in enhancing the absorptivity of the less polar compounds (e.g., forming nitrogen-containing aromatics), while further oxidation (O/C > 0.6) on high-polar compounds likely led to fragmentation and bleaching chromophores. The results here may reconcile the previous observations about darkening or whitening chromophores of brown carbon, and the parametrization of O/C has the potential to link the changing chemistry of OA with its polarity and absorbing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Bi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Deping Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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13
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Zhan Y, Li J, Tsona NT, Chen B, Yan C, George C, Du L. Seasonal variation of water-soluble brown carbon in Qingdao, China: Impacts from marine and terrestrial emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113144. [PMID: 35341756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) has been attracting more and more attention owing to its significant effects on climate. However, the limited knowledge on its chemical composition and sources limits the precision of aerosol radiative forcing estimated by climate models. In this study, the chemical components of PM2.5 and optical properties of water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) were investigated from atmospheric particles collected in summer and winter in Qingdao, China. On the whole, though there were slight diurnal variations, seasonal differences were more obvious. Due to the influence of emission sources and meteorological conditions, the heavier pollution of carbonaceous aerosols occurred in winter. By comparison, the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency of WS-BrC at 365 nm (MAE365) showed that WS-BrC in winter had stronger wavelength dependence and light absorption capacity, which might be associated with biomass burning source contributions. This was further confirmed by a strong correlation between the light absorption coefficient at 365 nm (Abs365) and non-sea salt K+, an indicator for biomass burning emissions. Four fluorescent components (C1∼C4) with high unsaturation in water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were identified by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis method, which showed that WSOC in Qingdao was mainly related to humic-like chromophores. It is worth noting that C1 was similar to the water-soluble chromophore of simulated marine aerosols, which proved that marine emissions do have a certain impact on atmospheric particulate matter in coastal areas. In addition, the results of source analysis showed that WS-BrC originated from different terrestrial sources in different seasons. The current results may help to improve the knowledge of optical properties of WS-BrC in coastal cities, optimize the global climate model and formulate air management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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14
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Shaikh N, Bernhard SP, Walker RA. Surface Activity and Aggregation Behavior of Polyhydroxylated Fullerenes in Aqueous Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10412-10418. [PMID: 35969487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated fullerene (PHF) surface activity and aggregation behavior at the air-water interface were examined using surface tension and resonance-enhanced second harmonic generation (SHG). Surface tension data showed that PHFs are surface active with a limiting surface excess corresponding to 130 Å2/molecule in aqueous (Millipore water) solutions. Increasing the solution-phase ionic strength (through the addition of NaCl) reduces the PHF surface excess. Conductivity measurements show that PHFs carry a single charge, presumably negative. Surface-specific SHG experiments show a small but measurable fixed wavelength, nonlinear response from solutions having surface excess coverages as low as ∼400 Å2/molecule. The SHG response of PHF solutions in the low-concentration limit shows unexpected behavior, implying that at bulk concentrations below 0.06 mg/mL, PHF monomers adsorb to the surface and interfere destructively with the intrinsic nonlinear susceptibility of the aqueous/vapor interface, leading to a ∼75% reduction in the SH signal. Above a PHF concentration of 0.0.06 mg/mL, the SH signal begins to rise in the Millipore and 50 mM NaCl solutions but remains very low in the 500 mM NaCl solutions. From this behavior, we infer that an increased nonlinear optical response is due to adsorbed aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Shaikh
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Samuel P Bernhard
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Robert A Walker
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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15
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Shaikh N, Andriolo JM, Skinner JL, Walker RA. Carbon Nanoparticle-Induced Changes to Lipid Monolayer Structure at Water-Air Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5667-5677. [PMID: 35877465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface specific vibrational spectroscopy experiments together with surface tension measurements and spectroscopic ellipsometry data were used to characterize the effects of soluble carbon particulates on compressed and partially compressed lipid monolayers adsorbed to the water-air interface. The lipid monolayers consisted of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and measurements were made for both tightly packed monolayers (40 Å2/molecule) and monolayers in their liquid condensed state (55 Å2/molecule). Langmuir trough data show that very small amounts of PHF (0.0075 mg/mL or 6.4 × 10-6 M) decrease lipid film compressibility. This finding supports a cooperative adsorption mechanism whereby the soluble PHFs are drawn to the surface and associate with the insoluble DPPC monolayer. Excess free energies (ΔGmixE) were positive, consistent with the cooperative adsorption mechanism, and although the excess free energies are small (≤1 kJ/mol), adsorbed PHF has measurable effects on monolayer structure. Further support for the cooperative adsorption mechanism at the water-air interface comes from vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) experiments. Low PHF concentrations (≤0.06 mg/mL) increase DPPC acyl chain ordering in liquid condensed lipid films and decrease DPPC acyl chain ordering and film thickness in tightly packed lipid films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Shaikh
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Jessica M Andriolo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana U.S. 59701, United States.,Montana Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Jack L Skinner
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana U.S. 59701, United States.,Montana Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States.,Materials Science Ph.D. Program, Montana Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Robert A Walker
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States.,Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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16
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Bessagnet B, Allemand N, Putaud JP, Couvidat F, André JM, Simpson D, Pisoni E, Murphy BN, Thunis P. Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022; 12:1-52. [PMID: 35529678 PMCID: PMC9067409 DOI: 10.3390/app12073623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant of concern not only because of its adverse effects on human health but also on visibility and the radiative budget of the atmosphere. PM can be considered as a sum of solid/liquid species covering a wide range of particle sizes with diverse chemical composition. Organic aerosols may be emitted (primary organic aerosols, POA), or formed in the atmosphere following reaction of volatile organic compounds (secondary organic aerosols, SOA), but some of these compounds may partition between the gas and aerosol phases depending upon ambient conditions. This review focuses on carbonaceous PM and gaseous precursors emitted by road traffic, including ultrafine particles (UFP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are clearly linked to the evolution and formation of carbonaceous species. Clearly, the solid fraction of PM has been reduced during the last two decades, with the implementation of after-treatment systems abating approximately 99% of primary solid particle mass concentrations. However, the role of brown carbon and its radiative effect on climate and the generation of ultrafine particles by nucleation of organic vapour during the dilution of the exhaust remain unclear phenomena and will need further investigation. The increasing role of gasoline vehicles on carbonaceous particle emissions and formation is also highlighted, particularly through the chemical and thermodynamic evolution of organic gases and their propensity to produce particles. The remaining carbon-containing particles from brakes, tyres and road wear will still be a problem even in a future of full electrification of the vehicle fleet. Some key conclusions and recommendations are also proposed to support the decision makers in view of the next regulations on vehicle emissions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bessagnet
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | | | | | - Florian Couvidat
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - David Simpson
- EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0313 Oslo, Norway
- Department Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Enrico Pisoni
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Philippe Thunis
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
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17
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Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Dumka UC, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Apportionment of black and brown carbon spectral absorption sources in the urban environment of Athens, Greece, during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149739. [PMID: 34467915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the spectral properties and source characteristics of absorbing aerosols (BC: Black Carbon; BrC: Brown Carbon, based on aethalometer measurements) in the urban background of Athens during December 2016-February 2017. Using common assumptions regarding the spectral dependence of absorption due to BC (AAEBC = 1) and biomass burning (AAEbb = 2), and calculating an optimal AAEff value for the dataset (1.18), the total spectral absorption was decomposed into five components, corresponding to absorption of BC and BrC from fossil-fuel (ff) combustion and biomass burning (bb), and to secondary BrC estimated using the BC-tracer minimum R-squared (MRS) method. Substantial differences in the contribution of various components to the total absorption were found between day and night, due to differences in emissions and meteorological dynamics, while BrC and biomass burning aerosols presented higher contributions at shorter wavelengths. At 370 nm, the absorption due to BCff contributed 36.3% on average, exhibiting a higher fraction (58.1%) during daytime, while the mean BCbb absorption was estimated at 18.4%. The mean absorption contributions due to BrCff, BrCbb and BrCsec were 6.7%, 32.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The AbsBCff,370 component maximized during the morning traffic hours and was strongly correlated with NOx (R2 = 0.76) and CO (R2 = 0.77), while a similar behavior was seen for the AbsBrCff,370 component. AbsBCbb and AbsBrCbb levels escalated during nighttime and were highly associated with nss-K+ and with the organic aerosol (OA) components related to fresh and fast-oxidized biomass burning (BBOA and SV-OOA) as obtained from ACSM measurements. Multiple linear regression was used to attribute BrC absorption to five OA components and to determine their absorption contributions and efficiencies, revealing maximum contributions of BBOA (33%) and SV-OOA (21%). Sensitivity analysis was performed in view of the methodological uncertainties and supported the reliability of the results, which can have important implications for radiative transfer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India.
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece.
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - U C Dumka
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India
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