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Siddiqui MU, Sibtain M, Ahmad F, Zushi Y, Nabi D. Screening Disinfection Byproducts in Arid-Coastal Wastewater: A Workflow Using GC×GC-TOFMS, Passive Sampling, and NMF Deconvolution Algorithm. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:554-574. [PMID: 38804286 PMCID: PMC11130967 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number of potential DBPs. This study utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) spectral deconvolution for suspect screening of DBPs in treated wastewater. PDMS samplers were deployed upstream and downstream of the chlorination unit in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Abu Dhabi, and their extracts were analyzed using GC×GC-TOFMS. A workflow incorporating a multi-tiered, eight-filter screening process was developed, which successfully enabled the reliable isolation of 22 candidate DBPs from thousands of peaks. The NMF spectral deconvolution improved the match factor score of unknown mass spectra to the reference mass spectra available in the NIST library by 17% and facilitated the identification of seven additional DBPs. The close match of the first-dimension retention index data and the GC×GC elution patterns of DBPs, both predicted using the Abraham solvation model, with their respective experimental counterparts-with the measured data available in the NIST WebBook and the GC×GC elution patterns being those observed for the candidate peaks-significantly enhanced the accuracy of peak assignment. Isotopic pattern analysis revealed a close correspondence for 11 DBPs with clearly visible isotopologues in reference spectra, thereby further strengthening the confidence in the peak assignment of these DBPs. Brominated analogues were prevalent among the detected DBPs, possibly due to seawater intrusion. The fate, behavior, persistence, and toxicity of tentatively identified DBPs were assessed using EPI Suite™ and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. This revealed their significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, including developmental, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects in certain DBPs. Some DBPs also showed activity in various CompTox bioassays, implicating them in adverse molecular pathways. Additionally, 11 DBPs demonstrated high environmental persistence and resistance to biodegradation. This combined approach offers a powerful tool for future research and environmental monitoring, enabling accurate identification and assessment of DBPs and their potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Siddiqui
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sibtain
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Ahmad
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Cypress, CA 90630, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Zushi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8569, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Deedar Nabi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 48000, Pakistan
- BioEnergy & Environmental Laboratory (BEEL), Masdar Institute Campus, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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Tatarchuk T, Shyichuk A, Danyliuk N, Lapchuk I, Macyk W. Water disinfection using hydrogen peroxide with fixed bed hematite catalyst - kinetic and activity studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26592-26605. [PMID: 38451458 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A lab-scale reactor with a fixed-bed hematite catalyst for the effective decomposition of H2O2 and bacteria inactivation was designed. The bactericidal effect is the largest at a low initial bacterial count of 2·103 CFU/L, which is typical for natural surface waters. When using a 5 mM H2O2 solution and a residence time of 104 min, the reduction in the number of E. coli bacteria is about 3.5-log. At a higher initial bacterial count of 1-2·104 CFU/L, a 5 mM H2O2 solution reduces the bacteria number by about 4-log. The H2O2 decomposition follows the log-linear kinetics of a first-order reaction while the bacterial inactivation does not. The kinetics of bacterial inactivation was described using the Weibull model in the modified form: log10(N0/N) = b · tn. The values of the non-linearity parameter n were found to be lower than 1, indicating that bacterial inactivation slows down over time. With increasing initial H2O2 concentration, the rate parameter b increases while the non-linearity parameter n decreases. With increasing temperature, both parameters increase. The stability of the catalyst has been proved by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and ICP-OES. The concentration of iron leaching into water during disinfection is much lower than the limit declared by WHO for iron in drinking water. The results show that technical-grade hematite is a promising Fenton-like catalyst for water disinfection. The fixed-bed reactor can be the basis of the mobile installations for water purification in emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Tatarchuk
- Educational and Scientific Center of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76-018, Ukraine.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Alexander Shyichuk
- Department of Chemistry, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76-018, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Nazarii Danyliuk
- Educational and Scientific Center of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76-018, Ukraine
| | - Ivanna Lapchuk
- Educational and Scientific Center of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76-018, Ukraine
| | - Wojciech Macyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Wu DX, Lu Y, Ye B, Liang JK, Wang WL, Du Y, Wu QY. Phototransformation of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts and Toxicity Elimination in Sunlit-Ozonated Reclaimed Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1700-1708. [PMID: 38154042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is universally used during water treatment but can form hazardous brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). While sunlight exposure is advised to reduce the risk of Br-DBPs, their phototransformation pathways remain insufficiently understood. Here, sunlight irradiation was found to reduce adsorbable organic bromine by 63%. Applying high-resolution mass spectrometry, the study investigated transformations of dissolved organic matter in sunlit-ozonated reclaimed water, revealing the number and abundance of assigned formulas decreased after irradiation. The Br-DBPs with O/C < 0.6 and MW > 400 Da were decreased or removed after irradiation, with the majority being CHOBr compounds. The peak intensity reduction ratio of CHOBr compounds correlated positively with double bound equivalent minus oxygen ratios but negatively with O/C, suggesting that photo-susceptible CHOBr compounds were highly unsaturated. Mass difference analysis revealed that the photodegradation pathways were mainly oxidation aligned with debromination. Three typical CHOBr molecular structures were resolved, and their photoproducts were proposed. Toxicity estimates indicated decreased toxicity in these photoproducts compared to their parent compounds, in line with experimentally determined values. Our proposed phototransformation pathways for Br-DBPs enhance our comprehension of their degradation and irradiation-induced toxicity reduction in reclaimed water, further illuminating their transformation under sunlight in widespread environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Lei X, Xie Z, Sun Y, Qiu J, Yang X. Recent progress in identification of water disinfection byproducts and opportunities for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122601. [PMID: 37742858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed from reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matter during water disinfection. More than seven hundred DBPs that have been identified in disinfected water, only a fraction of which are regulated by drinking water guidelines, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. Toxicity assessments have demonstrated that the identified DBPs cannot fully explain the overall toxicity of disinfected water; therefore, the identification of unknown DBPs is an important prerequisite to obtain insights for understanding the adverse effects of drinking water disinfection. Herein, we review the progress in identification of unknown DBPs in the recent five years with classifications of halogenated or nonhalogenated, aliphatic or aromatic, followed by specific halogen groups. The concentration and toxicity data of newly identified DBPs are also included. According to the current advances and existing shortcomings, we envisioned future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wu DX, Wang WL, Du Y, He L, Wu QY. Changes in toxicity and adsorbable organic bromine concentrations in ozonated reclaimed water irradiated with sunlight. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119512. [PMID: 36580801 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfecting reclaimed water for safe reuse can produce toxic disinfection by-products such as adsorbable organic bromine (AOBr). Irradiating stored reclaimed water with sunlight is a "green" and free method for eliminating some toxic disinfection by-products, but the effects of irradiation with sunlight on ozonated reclaimed water containing bromide are not well understood. In this study, AOBr was found at concentrations of 171-180 (µg Br)/L in ozonated reclaimed water containing bromide at a concentration of 2 (mg Br)/L and dissolved organic carbon at a concentration of ∼5 (mg C)/L. Irradiation with sunlight degraded 53-74% of the AOBr in two reclaimed water samples in 8 h, and the pseudo-first-order rate constants (k) were 0.09-0.17 h-1. The concentration of tribromomethane, a typical Br-containing disinfection by-product, was decreased by >96% by irradiation for 8 h (k = 0.42-0.47 h-1). Irradiation with sunlight decreased the toxicity of ozonated reclaimed water to Chinese hamster ovary cells. Irradiation with sunlight decreased the degree of intracellular oxidative stress and oxidative damage caused by ozonated reclaimed water. Irradiation with sunlight for 8 h decreased cytotoxicity of the ozonated reclaimed water samples by 79% and 65%. The change in AOBr concentration correlated with the change in toxicity (R2=0.69, p<0.05). The relationships between sunlight wavelength and decreases in the AOBr concentration and toxicity were assessed, and it was found that UV in sunlight was predominantly responsible for decreasing the AOBr concentration and toxicity by reclaimed water. During irradiation for 8 h, UV was responsible for 65%-66% of the decrease in the AOBr concentration and 65-79% of the decrease in reclaimed water induced cytotoxicity. Irradiation with sunlight is a promising method for degrading AOBr and detoxifying ozonated reclaimed water during storage to allow the water to be reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Liu He
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Merel S. Critical assessment of the Kendrick mass defect analysis as an innovative approach to process high resolution mass spectrometry data for environmental applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137443. [PMID: 36464021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing application of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) over the last decades has dramatically improved our knowledge about the occurrence of environmental contaminants. However, most of the compounds detected remain unknown and the large volume of data generated requires specific processing approaches. Therefore, this study presents the concepts of mass defect (MD), Kendrick mass (KM) and Kendrick mass defect (KMD) to the expert and non-expert reader along with relevant examples of applications in environmental HRMS data processing. A preliminary bibliometric overview indicates that the potential benefits of KMD analysis are rather overlooked in environmental science. In practice, a simple calculation allows transforming a mass from the IUPAC system (normalized so that the mass of 12C is exactly 12) to its corresponding KM normalized on a specific moiety such as CH2 (the mass of CH2 is exactly 14). Then, plotting the KMD according to the nominal KM allows revealing groups of compounds that differ only by their number of CH2 moieties. For instance, data processing using KM and KMD was proven particularly useful to characterize natural organic matter in a sample, to reveal the occurrence of polymers as well as poly/perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs), and to search for transformation products (TPs) of a given chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France.
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Liang JK, Lu Y, Song ZM, Ye B, Wu QY, Hu HY. Effects of chlorine dose on the composition and characteristics of chlorinated disinfection byproducts in reclaimed water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153739. [PMID: 35149072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of reclaimed water, the dose of chlorine used can influence the formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs). We used non-targeted screening by Orbitrap mass spectrometry to identify Cl-DBPs in samples of chlorinated reclaimed water, and found that chlorination was likely to form slightly oxidized unsaturated aliphatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic compounds. Increasing the chlorine dose increased the proportion of polycyclic aromatic Cl-DBPs containing one chlorine atom (Cl1-DBPs) and highly oxidized unsaturated aliphatic Cl-DBPs containing two chlorine atoms (Cl2-DBPs). In addition, increasing the chlorine dose first decreased and then increased the proportion of Cl1-DBPs with aromatic index values >0.5 and increased the proportion of Cl2-DBPs with aromatic index values <0.5. Increasing the chlorine dose increased double bond equivalent minus oxygen values of Cl1-DBPs and decreased the double bond equivalent minus oxygen values of Cl2-DBPs, while the nominal oxidant state of carbon decreased for Cl1-DBPs and increased for Cl2-DBPs. In considering the possible precursors of Cl-DBPs and their reaction pathways, substitution reactions occurred more readily with aliphatic compounds and addition reactions occurred more readily with aromatic precursors. When the chlorine dose is increased, more Cl2-DBPs may be formed by substitution. Overall, the chlorine dose influences Cl-DBP formation and composition and should be taken into account during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kun Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Bei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Lu Y, Liang JK, Wang HY, Wang C, Song ZM, Hu Q, Wu QY. Novel chlorinated disinfection byproducts from tannic acid: nontargeted identification, formation pathways, and computationally predicted toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127827. [PMID: 34894502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tannic acid is ubiquitously present in various simulated and real water sources and in wastewater. Various chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) are generated via reactions with tannic acid during disinfection with chlorine. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with our self-developed halogen extraction code to selectively identify Cl-DBPs. Our strategy enabled successful detection of 35 Cl-DBP formulas formed by chlorination of tannic acid, and we identified 26 of these structures. The structures of 17 novel Cl-DBPs are firstly reported here. The reaction pathways of these Cl-DBPs were tentatively proposed. These Cl-DBPs are likely to be generated during chlorination at various chlorine doses, from 0.0 to 10.0 mg-Cl2/L, and 14 of the 26 Cl-DBPs were detected in simulated drinking water, which implies a relatively high probability of incidence. Quantitative structure-activity relationship toxicity analyses predicted that most of these Cl-DBPs would exhibit much higher acute toxicity than the common DBPs trichloromethane and monochloroacetic acid and that some of these compounds would induce developmental toxicity and be mutagenic, which further emphasizes that these Cl-DBPs should raise concerns. This study broadens our understanding of the Cl-DBPs formed from tannic acid and should prompt wider application of our analytical strategy in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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