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Yang Y, Ma K, Cui Y, Zhao K, Lu Y, Zhang W, Kuang P, Zou X. Novel cow dung-doped sludge biochar as an efficient ozone catalyst: Synergy between graphitic structure and defects induces free radical pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118747. [PMID: 38527717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A composite material, cow dung-doped sludge biochar (Zn@SBC-CD), was synthesized by one-step pyrolysis using ZnCl2 as an activating agent and applied to a catalytic ozonation process (COP) for methylene blue (MB) removal. SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET analyses were performed to characterize the biochar (BC) catalysts. Zn@SBC-CD had high graphitization degree, abundant active sites and uniform distribution of Zn on its surface. Complete removal of MB was achieved within 10 min, with a removal rate much higher than that of ozone alone (32.4%), implying the excellent ozone activation performance of Zn@SBC-CD. The influence of experimental parameters on MB removal efficiency was examined. Under the optimum conditions in terms of ozone dose 0.04 mg/mL, catalyst dose 400 mg/L and pH 6.0, COD was completely removed after 20 min. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed radical and non-radical pathways were involved in MB degradation. The Zn@SBC-CD/O3 system generated superoxide anion radicals (•O2-), which were the main active species for MB removal, through adsorption, transformation, and transfer, Furthermore, Zn@SBC-CD exhibited good reusability and stability in cycling experiments. This study provides a novel approach for the utilization of cow dung and sludge in synthesis of functional biocatalysts and application in organic wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Kedong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yubo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuning Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijing Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China
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Liu H, Zeng W, Meng Q, Zhang J, Peng Y. An integrated system combining Tetrasphaera-dominated enhanced biological phosphorus removal with sulfur autotrophic denitrification to enhance biological nutrients removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:169957. [PMID: 38242446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This study developed a two-stage process, including Tetrasphaera-dominated enhanced biological phosphorus-removal (EBPR(T)) sequencing batch reactor (SBR), followed by sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SADN) SBR, to achieve advanced nutrients removal from low VFAs wastewater. The removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus (PO43--P) reached 99 % with effluent PO43--P and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) below 0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L in EBPR(T) and SADN SBR, respectively. Mechanism analysis indicated that as increasing drainage ratio and complex carbon sources, free amino acids, glycogen, and PHA served as the endogenous carbon sources of Tetrasphaera to store energy. SADN contributed to approximately 80 % of nitrogen removal. DNA and cDNA results indicated Tetrasphaera was shifted from clade 2 to clade 1 after increasing the drainage ratio and the complexity of the carbon source, and Tetrasphaera (50.95 %) and Ca. Accumulibacter (9.12 %) were the most important functional microorganisms synergized to remove phosphorus at the transcriptional level in EBPR(T). Thiobacillus (45.97 %) and Sulfuritalea (9.24 %) were the dominant sulfur autotrophic denitrifiers at gene and transcriptional level in SADN. The results suggested that the EBPR(T) - SADN SBRs have great nutrient removal performance in treating low VFAs wastewater without additional carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Qingan Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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Ma K, Han X, Li Q, Kong Y, Liu Q, Yan X, Luo Y, Li X, Wen H, Cao Z. Improved anaerobic sludge fermentation mediated by a tryptophan-degrading consortium: Effectiveness assessment and mechanism deciphering. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 350:119623. [PMID: 38029496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) represents a critical bottleneck in the anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS), while tryptophan is identified as an underestimated constituent of EPS. Herein, we harnessed a tryptophan-degrading microbial consortium (TDC) to enhance the hydrolysis efficiency of WAS. At TDC dosages of 5%, 10%, and 20%, a notable increase in SCOD was observed by factors of 1.13, 1.39, and 1.88, respectively. The introduction of TDC improved both the yield and quality of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the maximum SCFA yield increased from 590.6 to 1820.2, 1957.9 and 2194.9 mg COD/L, whilst the acetate ratio within SCFAs was raised from 34.1% to 61.2-70.9%. Furthermore, as TDC dosage increased, the relative activity of protease exhibited significant increments, reaching 116.3%, 168.0%, and 266.1%, respectively. This enhancement facilitated WAS solubilization and the release of organic substances from bound EPS into soluble EPS. Microbial analysis identified Tetrasphaera and Soehngenia as key participants in WAS solubilization and the breakdown of protein fraction. Metabolic analysis revealed that TDC triggered the secretion of enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis, thereby fostering the decomposition of proteins and production of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Ma
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
| | - Xinxin Han
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Qiujuan Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yu Kong
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Qiaoli Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yahong Luo
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xiaopin Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Huiyang Wen
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang, 453000, China
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Peng Q, Lü X, Ou J, Zhou Y, Xu T, Hu B, Yu G, Zhu C, Xie Z. Study on removal of phosphorus and COD in wastewater by sinusoidal AC Fenton oxidation-coagulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3382-3392. [PMID: 35332842 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2058423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to treat domestic wastewater containing phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand (COD), the new technology of Sinusoidal Alternating Current (AC) Fenton Oxidation-Coagulation (SACFOC) was used to improve the removal efficiency (Re) and reduce energy consumption (EEC). The morphology, elemental composition, crystal structure and functional groups of the sludge were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that total phosphorus removal efficiency {Re(TP)} and removal efficiency of organic matter {Re(COD)} can reach 97.56% and 87.77%, respectively, but EEC is only 0.09 kWh·m-3 under the optimum conditions of pH0 = 3, current density (j) = 0.5 A·m-2, c0(TP) = 18 mg·dm-3, c0(COD) = 300 mg·dm-3, c0(H2O2) = 0.06 mol·dm-3, t = 45 min. As compared with direct current (DC) Fenton Oxidation-Coagulation (DCFOC), the COD removal efficiency of SACFOC treatment was improved by 37%, but the energy consumption was reduced by 45%. The degradation process of total phosphorus and COD by SACFOC abides by the quasi-first-order kinetic model. The process of SACFOC includes double effects of electrocoagulation of iron sol by electrolysis and degrade COD by oxidation of formed hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in wastewater, which improves removal efficiency of total phosphorus and COD in wastewater. Our research findings will provide technical guidance and a theoretical basis for the simultaneous treatment of wastewater containing phosphorus and COD applying SACFOC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjuan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliu Lü
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Ou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonian Hu
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyou Zhu
- Aerospace kaitian Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Zhang C, Li P, Xu H, Wang W, Yin W, Wu J, Hu Z. Bioaugmentation with Tetrasphaera to improve biological phosphorus removal from anaerobic digestate of swine wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128744. [PMID: 36791978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetrasphaera-enhanced biological phosphorus removal (T-EBPR) was developed by augmenting conventional EBPR (C-EBPR) with Tetrasphaera to improve phosphorus removal from anaerobic digestate of swine wastewater. At influent total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of 45-55 mg/L, T-EBPR achieved effluent TP concentration of 4.17 ± 1.02 mg/L, 54 % lower than that in C-EBPR (8.98 ± 0.76 mg/L). The enhanced phosphorous removal was presumably due to the synergistic effect of Candidatus Accumulibacter and Tetrasphaera occupying different ecological niches. Bioaugmentation with Tetrasphaera promoted the polyphosphate accumulation metabolism depending more on the glycolysis pathway, as evidenced by an increase in intracellular storage compounds of glycogen and polyhydroxyalkanoates by 0.87 and 0.34 mmol C/L, respectively. The enhanced intracellular storage capacity was coincidentally linked to the increase in phosphorus release and uptake rates by 1.23 and 1.01 times, respectively. These results suggest bioaugmentation with Tetrasphaera could be an efficient way for improved phosphorus removal from high-strength wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chiqian Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Zhongshan Institute of Modern Industrial Technology of South China University of Technology, Zhongshan 528400, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weizhao Yin
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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6
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Zhang C, Guisasola A, Baeza JA. Exploring the stability of an A-stage-EBPR system for simultaneous biological removal of organic matter and phosphorus. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137576. [PMID: 36529170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the performance and stability of a continuous anaerobic/aerobic A-stage system with integrated enhanced biological phosphorus removal (A-stage-EBPR) under different operational conditions. Dissolved oxygen (DO) in the aerobic reactor was tested in the 0.2-2 mgDO/L range using real wastewater amended with propionic acid, obtaining almost full simultaneous COD and P removal without nitrification in the range 0.5-1 mgDO/L, but failing at 0.2 mgDO/L. Anaerobic purge was tested to evaluate a possible mainstream P-recovery strategy, generating a P-enriched stream containing 22% of influent P. COD and N mass balances indicated that about 43% of the influent COD could be redirected to the anaerobic digestion for methane production and 66% of influent NH4+-N was discharged in the effluent for the following N-removal B-stage. Finally, when the system was switched to glutamate as sole carbon source, successful EBPR activity and COD removal were maintained for two months, but after this period settleability problems appeared with biomass loss. Microbial community analysis indicated that Propionivibrio, Thiothrix and Lewinella were the most abundant species when propionic acid was the carbon source and Propionivibrio was the most favoured with glutamate. Thiothrix, Hydrogenophaga, Dechloromonas and Desulfobacter appeared as the dominant polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) under different operation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- GENOCOV. Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental. Escola d'Enginyeria. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Guisasola
- GENOCOV. Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental. Escola d'Enginyeria. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Baeza
- GENOCOV. Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental. Escola d'Enginyeria. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Shao Y, Zhou Z, Zuo Y, Jiang J, Wang L, Sun Y, He J, Qiu J, An Y, Jiang LM. Sludge decay kinetics and metagenomic analysis uncover discrepant metabolic mechanisms in two different sludge in situ reduction systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158346. [PMID: 36041603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted between an anaerobic side-stream reactor (ASSR) process and a sludge process reduction (SPR) activated sludge (SPRAS) process for uncovering crucial metabolic mechanisms governing sludge reduction. Both of two processes were efficient in removing pollutants, while the SPRAS (62.3 %) obtained much higher sludge reduction than the ASSR (27.9 %). The highest rate coefficients of sludge decay, heterotroph lysis and particles hydrolysis were 0.106, 0.219 and 0.054 d-1 in the SPR module, followed by ASSR with coefficients of 0.060, 0.135 and 0.047 d-1. The SPR module achieved an 81.9 % higher sludge decay mass with a 32.8 % smaller volume than the ASSR module. The SPR module preferentially enriched hydrolytic/fermentative and slow-growing bacteria. Metagenomic analysis revealed that SPR strengthened the key hydrolases and L-lactate dehydrogenase in the glycolysis pathways and weakened the citrate cycle, inducing metabolic uncoupling due to the reduced biosynthesis of ATP. Inserting ASSR only altered the ATP biosynthesis pathway, but maintenance metabolism was dominant for sludge reduction, with a long sludge retention time prolonging the food chain for predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Shao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yi Zuo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiyue Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Junli He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ji Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ying An
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Lu-Man Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
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Sun Y, Su J, Ali A, Zhang S, Zheng Z, Min Y. Effect of fungal pellets on denitrifying bacteria at low carbon to nitrogen ratio: Nitrate removal, extracellular polymeric substances, and potential functions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157591. [PMID: 35901879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to elucidate the effect of fungal pellets (FP) on denitrifying bacteria regarding nitrate (NO3--N) removal, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and potential functions at a low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. A symbiotic system of FP and denitrifying bacteria GF2 was established. The symbiotic system showed 100% NO3--N removal efficiency (4.07 mg L-1 h-1) at 6 h and enhanced electron transfer capability at C/N = 1.5. The interactions between FP and denitrifying bacteria promoted the production of polysaccharides (PS) in EPS. Both the increased PS and the PS provided by FP as well as protein and humic acid-like substances in EPS could be consumed by denitrifying bacteria. FP acted as a protector and provided habitat and nutrients for denitrifying bacteria as well as improved the ability of carbohydrate metabolism, amino metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism of denitrifying bacteria. This study provides a new perspective on the relationship between FP and denitrifying bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhijie Zheng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yitian Min
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Zhao W, Bi X, Peng Y, Bai M. Research advances of the phosphorus-accumulating organisms of Candidatus Accumulibacter, Dechloromonas and Tetrasphaera: Metabolic mechanisms, applications and influencing factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135675. [PMID: 35842039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs), which harbor metabolic mechanisms for phosphorus removal, are widely applied in wastewater treatment. Recently, novel PAOs and phosphorus removal metabolic pathways have been identified and studied. Specifically, Dechloromonas and Tetrasphaera can remove phosphorus via the denitrifying phosphorus removal and fermentation phosphorus removal pathways, respectively. As the main PAOs in biological phosphorus removal systems, the conventional PAO Candidatus Accumulibacter and the novel PAOs Dechloromonas and Tetrasphaera are thoroughly discussed in this paper, with a specific focus on their phosphorus removal metabolic mechanisms, process applications, community abundance and influencing factors. Dechloromonas can achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an anoxic environment through the denitrifying phosphorus removal metabolic pathway, which can further reduce carbon source requirements and aeration energy consumption. The metabolic pathways of Tetrasphaera are diverse, with phosphorus removal occurring in conjunction with macromolecular organics degradation through anaerobic fermentation. A collaborative oxic phosphorus removal pathway between Tetrasphaera and Ca. Accumulibacter, or a collaborative anoxic denitrifying phosphorus removal pathway between Tetrasphaera and Dechloromonas are future development directions for biological phosphorus removal technologies, which can further reduce carbon source and energy consumption while achieving enhanced phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recycling, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xuejun Bi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recycling, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Meng Bai
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recycling, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
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Jia Y, Zeng W, Fan Z, Meng Q, Liu H, Peng Y. An effective titanium salt dosing strategy for phosphorus removal from wastewater: Synergistic enhancement of chemical and biological treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156960. [PMID: 35760169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium salt coagulant, as a new type of water treatment agent, has been widely studied, but most researches do not consider its effect on the biological treatment. In this study, different doses of TiCl4 were added to the biological phosphorus removal (BPR) system to investigate the impact of TiCl4 on BPR. The results showed that the addition of TiCl4 not only significantly reduced the phosphorus concentration in effluent (below 0.5 mg/L), but also kept it stable. Moreover, the sedimentation performance of activated sludge was improved, which was superior to the control group. According to the results of flow cytometry (FCM), a small amount of TiCl4 significantly improved the bioactivities, but excessive dosage caused inhibition. When the dosage of TiCl4 below 20 mg/L, polyphosphate accumulating metabolism (PAM) was strengthened. In addition, the richness of microbial community and the relative abundance of Candidatus Accumulibacter clades also increased. However, when the dosage reached 60 mg/L, the relative abundance of Candidatus Competibacter increased and the BPR system was deteriorated. This study suggests that the addition of appropriate concentration of TiCl4 can realize the synergistic enhancement of biological and chemical phosphorus removal in sewage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Zhiwei Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qingan Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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11
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Liu H, Zeng W, Meng Q, Fan Z, Peng Y. Phosphorus removal performance, intracellular metabolites and clade-level community structure of Tetrasphaera-dominated polyphosphate accumulating organisms at different temperatures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156913. [PMID: 35753450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tetrasphaera are polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that play an important role in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) from wastewater. The effect of a wide range of temperature changes (1-30 °C) on phosphorus removal, metabolism and clade-level community structure of Tetrasphaera-dominated PAOs was investigated. At 10 °C, the bioactivities of Tetrasphaera-dominated communities were obviously inhibited and the EBPR efficiency was only 73 %. Yet at 20-30 °C, EBPR efficiency reached 99 % and the relative abundance of Tetrasphaera was up to 90 %. The temperature variation changed the community distribution of Tetrasphaera clades, which was possibly a main reason for EBPR performance. Amino acids and PHA with different contents were intracellular metabolite of Tetrasphaera-dominated communities during phosphorus release and uptake at different temperatures. Moreover, Tetrasphaera fermented protein and amino acids and released VFAs. The outcomes suggested the great potential of Tetrasphaera-PAOs in the treatment of wastewater with varying temperatures and limited carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Qingan Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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12
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Yang L, Liu Y, Li C, Liu Z, Liu X, Wei C, Yang Z, Zhang A. Biodegradation time series characteristics and metabolic fate of different aromatic compounds in the biochemical treatment process of coal chemical wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127688. [PMID: 35901864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biochemical treatment system of coal chemical wastewater (CCW) was constructed to degrade aromatic compounds. The biodegradation time series characteristics of 8 benzene series (BTEX), 6 phenols, 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 3 nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) were detected. The aim was to clarify the storage characteristics and dynamic transformation in water, EPS, and cells of these aromatic compounds. The results showed that BTEX and NHCs were more easily degraded than PAHs and phenols. Furthermore, aromatic compounds were initially adsorbed into EPS from water by microorganisms. Then, some were degraded, and others were transferred into the cell. Finally, they were completely degraded. The percentage of surplus content with them in EPS and cells were PAHs > phenols > NHCs = BTEX. The study could lay a theoretical foundation for the regulation and harmless treatment of the CCW in the stable operation of the biochemical treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xingshe Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Chunxiao Wei
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Aining Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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13
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Han J, Qiu Q, Gao M, Qiu L, Wang Y, Sun S, Song D, Ma J. Phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater through a novel Trichosporon asahii BZ: Performance and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134329. [PMID: 35304214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A yeast BZ was screened from a laboratory-scale anaerobic/aerobic reactor and designated as Trichosporon asahii through 26S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The screened BZ abated over 70% of phosphorus in municipal sewage with 2-10 mg/L phosphorus in the appropriate conditions. The yeast BZ had strong adaptability to pH and the dissolved oxygen, but the cultivation temperature, carbon source, the ratio of C/P and the ratio of N/P had a critical influence on the phosphorus abatement performance of yeast BZ. The analysis of phosphorus concentration in the wastewater, cells, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) suggested that about 55%-66% of the removed phosphorus was in the yeast cells and 34%-45% in the EPS. The proposed probable metabolic mechanism of phosphorus in yeast BZ showed that EPS acted as a dynamic phosphorous transfer station, and most of phosphorus was transferred into yeast cells through EPS transfer station. These findings have crucial implications for the development of a promising stable and easy-operation biological phosphorus abatement process for municipal wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Han
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Mingchang Gao
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Shaofang Sun
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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14
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Fan Z, Zeng W, Liu H, Jia Y, Peng Y. A novel partial denitrification, anammox-biological phosphorus removal, fermentation and partial nitrification (PDA-PFPN) process for real domestic wastewater and waste activated sludge treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118376. [PMID: 35405552 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel process was developed for real domestic wastewater and waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment based on partial denitrification, anammox-biological phosphorus removal, fermentation and partial nitrification (PDA-PFPN). After 246 days of operation, the effluent concentrations of NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N were below detection limits (0.1 mg/L), and the effluent concentration of PO43--P was 0.1 mg/L without the addition of external carbon source in PDA-PFPN system. Moreover, the sludge reduction efficiency reached 48.1% due to fermentation. The nitrite accumulation ratios by ammonia oxidation and nitrate reduction pathway were 60.6% and 87%, respectively. Intracellular metabolites measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) suggested that different intracellular amino acids were stored and consumed at different duration, and intracellular Valine, Glycine and Lysine were not utilized in oxic stage. Results of flow cytometry showed that the proportion of intact cells decreased from 94.7% to 82.9%, and necrotic cells increased from 5.3% to 17.1% with the increase of DNA content in sludge supernatant and cell decay rate, indicating the occurrence of cell death and lysis and leading to WAS reduction. Analysis of transcriptional community composition revealed that partial denitrification bacteria (Thauera), anammox bacteria (Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia), simultaneous phosphorus removal and fermentation bacteria (Tetrasphaera) and partial nitrification bacteria (Nitrosomonas) coexisted and actually worked in PDA-PFPN system. The novel PDA-PFPN process simultaneously achieved highly efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal and WAS reduction without the addition of external carbon source, which greatly reduced the operation cost of carbon source dosing and WAS treatment in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuan Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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15
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He ZW, Zou ZS, Sun Q, Jin HY, Yao XY, Yang WJ, Tang CC, Zhou AJ, Liu W, Ren YX, Wang A. Freezing-low temperature treatment facilitates short-chain fatty acids production from waste activated sludge with short-term fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126337. [PMID: 34780904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a novel and high-efficiency strategy, i.e., freezing followed by low-temperature thermal treatment, to significantly promote short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production from waste activated sludge compared to traditional freezing/thawing treatment. The maximal production of SCFAs was 212 mg COD/g VSS with a shortened retention time of five days, and the potentially recovered carbon source, including SCFAs, soluble polysaccharides and proteins, reached 321 mg COD/g VSS, increased by 92.1 and 28.3% compared to sole freezing and thermal treatment. Both the solubilization and hydrolysis steps of WAS were accelerated, and the acid-producing microorganisms, such as Macellibacteroides, Romboutsia and Paraclostridium, were greatly enriched, with a total abundance of 13.9%, which was only 0.54% in control. Interestingly, the methane production was inhibited at a shortened retention time, resulting in SCFAs accumulation, whereas it was increased by 32.0% at a longer sludge retention time, providing a potential solution for energy recovery from WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Wei He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Zheng-Shuo Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Environmental Science Academy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Yu Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xing-Ye Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Cong-Cong Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ai-Juan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wenzong Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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