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Yang YX, Meng LL, Zhou S, Xia M, Bate B. The physicochemical interacting mechanisms and real-time spectral induced polarization monitoring of lead remediation by an aeolian soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134744. [PMID: 38850933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Compared to traditional lead-remediating materials, natural-occurring paleosol is ubiquitous and could be a promising alternative due to its rich content in calcite, a substance known for its lead-removal ability via carbonate dissolution-PbCO3 precipitation process. Yet, the capability of paleosol to remediate aqueous solutions polluted with heavy metals, lead included, has rarely been assessed. To fill this gap, a series of column permeation experiments with influent Pb2+ concentrations of 2000, 200, and 20 mg/L were conducted and monitored by the spectral induced polarization technique. Meanwhile, the SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR and MIP tests were carried out to unveil the underlying remediation mechanisms. The Pb-retention capacity of paleosol was 1.03 mmol/g. The increasing abundance of Pb in the newly-formed crystals was confirmed to be PbCO3 by XRD, SEM-EDS and XPS. Concurrently, after Pb2+ permeation, the decreasing calcite content in paleosol sample from XRD test, and the appearance of Ca2+ in the effluent confirmed that the dissolution of CaCO3 followed by the precipitation of PbCO3 was the major mechanism. The accumulated Pb (i.e., the diminished Ca) in paleosol was inversely proportional (R2 >0.82) to the normalized chargeability (mn), an SIP parameter denoting the quantity of polarizable units (primarily calcite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Yang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long-Long Meng
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Xia
- The Architectural Design & Research Institute of Zhejiang University Co., Ltd, China
| | - Bate Bate
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhou S, Yang YX, Cao JJ, Meng LL, Cao JN, Zhang C, Zhang S, Bate B. Monitoring of copper adsorption on biochar using spectral induced polarization method. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118778. [PMID: 38527721 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Copper contaminant generated from mining and industrial smelting poses potential risks to human health. Biochar, as a low-energy and cost-effective biomaterial, holds value in Cu remediation. Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) technique is employed in this study to monitor the Cu remediation processes of by biochar in column experiments. Cation exchange at low Cu2+ concentrations and surface complexation at high Cu2+ concentrations are identified as the major mechanisms for copper retention on biochar. The normalized chargeability (mn) from SIP signals linearly decreased (R2 = 0.776) with copper retention under 60 mg/L Cu influent; while mn linearly increases (R2 = 0.907, 0.852) under high 300 and 700 mg/L Cu influents. The characteristic polarizing unit sizes (primarily the pores adsorbing Cu2+) calculated from Schwartz equation match well with experimental results by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). It is revealed that Cu2+ was driven to small pores (∼3 μm) given high concentration gradient (influent Cu2+ concentration of 700 mg/L). Comparing to activated carbon, biochar is identified as an ideal adsorbent for Cu remediation, given its high adsorption capacity, cost-effectiveness, carbon-sink ability, and high sensitivity to SIP responses - the latter facilitates its performance assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Yang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Cao
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long-Long Meng
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Nan Cao
- Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - B Bate
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Carroll KC, Brusseau ML, Tick GR, Soltanian MR. Rethinking pump-and-treat remediation as maximizing contaminated groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170600. [PMID: 38336056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
For over half a century, the United States has developed water quality regulations (e.g., Safe Drinking Water Act), which has been accompanied by innumerable advances in contaminant transport and fate, site characterization, and remediation. Since the 1980s, "pump-and-treat" techniques have been the most widely used methods for groundwater contamination remediation. By 1982, pump-and-treat was included in 100 % of the U.S. Superfund groundwater remedy decisions, but applications decreased continuously after 1992. This was likely associated with the documented limitations of pump-and-treat for achieving complete remediation with site closure. Several factors can limit the effectiveness of pump-and-treat, a primary one being that contaminant mass residing in NAPL, sorbed, and low-permeability matrices is not removed in an effective or efficient manner. This ineffectiveness leads to extended cleanup times and the generation of enormous volumes of extracted groundwater, in effect creating conditions of maximizing the amount of contaminated groundwater needing treatment. We highlight a means by which to reassess our approach to remediation by recognizing that pump-and-treat, due to its well-documented limitations, often maximizes the generation of contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Carroll
- New Mexico State University, Department of Plant and Environmnetal Sciences, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Tick
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Mohamad R Soltanian
- Department of Geosciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Yang YX, Zhou S, Luo YY, Chen JK, Chen ZJ, Cao JN, Zhang C, Zhang S, Zhan LT, Chen YM, Bate B. Monitoring the remediation of groundwater polluted by MSW landfill leachates by activated carbon and zeolite with spectral induced polarization technique. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 46:1. [PMID: 38063932 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Hangzhou, China utilized zeolite and activated carbon (AC) as permeable reactive barrier (PRB) fill materials to remediate groundwater contaminated with MSW leachates containing ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and heavy metals. The spectral induced polarization (SIP) technique was chosen for monitoring the PRB because of its sensitivity to pore fluid chemistry and mineral-fluid interface composition. During the experiment, authentic groundwater collected from the landfill site was used to permeate two columns filled with zeolite and AC, and the SIP responses were measured at the inlet and outlet over a frequency range of 0.01-1000 Hz. The results showed that zeolite had a higher adsorption capacity for COD (7.08 mg/g) and ammonium (9.15 mg/g) compared to AC (COD: 2.75 mg/g, ammonium: 1.68 mg/g). Cation exchange was found to be the mechanism of ammonium adsorption for both zeolite and AC, while FTIR results indicated that π-complexation, π-π interaction, and electrostatic attraction were the main mechanisms of COD adsorption. The Cole-Cole model was used to fit the SIP responses and determine the relaxation time (τ) and normalized chargeability (mn). The calculated characteristic diameters of zeolite and AC based on the Schwarz equation and relaxation time (τ) matched the pore sizes observed from SEM and MIP, providing valuable information on contaminant distribution. The mn of zeolite was positively linear with adsorbed ammonium (R2 = 0.9074) and COD (R2 = 0.8877), while the mn of AC was negatively linear with adsorbed ammonium (R2 = 0.8192) and COD (R2 = 0.7916), suggesting that mn could serve as a surrogate for contaminant saturation. The laboratory-based real-time non-invasive SIP results showed good performance in monitoring saturation and provide a strong foundation for future field PRB monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Yang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Luo
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Kai Chen
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Jian Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jun-Nan Cao
- Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Tong Zhan
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Min Chen
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bate Bate
- Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhan L, Zhao L, Wu L, You Y, Bate B. A passive sink-zeolite permeable reactive barrier to control NH 4+-N pollution plume within groundwater: Conceptual design and numerical modeling. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138965. [PMID: 37236276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) is a typical inorganic pollutant in the groundwater at landfill sites, and high-concentration NH4+-N is toxic to humans and organisms. Zeolite can effectively remove NH4+-N in water by adsorption, and it is suitable to be used as a type of reactive materials for permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). A passive sink-zeolite PRB (PS-zPRB) with higher capture efficiency than a continuous permeable reactive barrier (C-PRB) was proposed. And a passive sink configuration was integrated with PRB in the PS-zPRB, this configuration enabled the high hydraulic gradient of groundwater at the treated sites to be fully utilized. In order to explore treatment efficiency for groundwater NH4+-N using the PS-zPRB, numerical modeling on decontamination of NH4+-N plumes at a landfill site was performed. The results indicated that the NH4+-N concentrations of PRB effluent gradually decreased from 21.0 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L within 5 y, and met the drinking water standards after treatment for 900 d. The decontamination efficiency index of PS-zPRB was consistently higher than 95% within 5 y, and the service life of PS-zPRB would be over 5 y. The capture width of PS-zPRB effectively exceeded the PRB length by around 50%. Compared with C-PRB, the capture efficiency of PS-zPRB was increased by around 28%, and the reactive material of PS-zPRB was saved by approximately 23% in volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtong Zhan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linbo Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Center for Hypergravity Experiment and Interdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yuqing You
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bate Bate
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Nakhaei M, Heidarian MH, Vatanpour V, Rezaei K. Evaluation the feasibility of using clinoptilolite as a gravel pack in water wells for removal of lead from contaminated groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:4653-4668. [PMID: 35974266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability of clinoptilolite zeolite as a filter in water wells to remove lead from polluted groundwater was tested in batch and fixed-bed column experiments. XRF, XRD, SEM, and BET were used to characterize the zeolite. Because of the pH variation in groundwater, batch experiments were performed at pH = 6, 7, and 8, with the highest removal efficiency (84.2%) at pH = 6 and 298 K within 90 min. The Freundlich model accurately predicted metal ion adsorption behavior and indicated a multilayer adsorption of Pb(II) molecules on the inhomogeneous surface of clinoptilolite. The best-fitting kinetic model for clinoptilolite is the pseudo-second order equation, highlighting that the rate of adsorption is dependent on absorbent capacity. Next, the effect of flow rate, bed depth, and grain size of clinoptilolite on lead removal was investigated in column experiments at an initial concentration of 450 mg pb/L. The highest removal efficiency was achieved in column experiments with a flow rate of 1 mL/min, a bed height of 10 cm, and a grain size of 0.6 to 0.8 mm. Breakthrough curves were predicted by the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models, with excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental data. This research will be used to develop a new in situ remedial approach for removing lead from polluted groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nakhaei
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- Water Research Center, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Khalil Rezaei
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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