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Shao M, Zhang C, Chen Q, Wu H, Dong Z, Bai X, Wang N, Xu Q. Hydrothermal-enhanced pyrolysis for efficient NO X reduction and biochar valorization from food waste digestate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 183:112-122. [PMID: 38739988 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Pyrolysis has emerged as a promising technology for valorizing digestate resulting from the anaerobic digestion of food waste. However, the high NOX emissions during pyrolysis limit its application. This study proposed a hydrothermal coupled pyrolysis process to control the element transfer in digestate during biochar production. The efficient reduction of NOX emissions and the improvement of biochar adsorbability were realized. The hydrothermal process reduced the nitrogen content in solid digestate by 49.10 %-81.79 %, thus reducing the NOX precursors in syngas and the N-containing substances in bio-oil. Additionally, the specific surface area and the total pore volume of biochar were enhanced from 25 m2/g to 60-73 m2/g and 0.06 cm3/g to 0.12-0.14 cm3/g, respectively. More defects, oxygen-containing functional groups, and doped Ca on the biochar resulted in a high phosphate removal efficiency of 94 %. The proposed technology provides an efficient and environmentally friendly way to utilize the digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuai Shao
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Qindong Chen
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Huanan Wu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zihang Dong
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xinyue Bai
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Jalilian M, Bissessur R, Ahmed M, Hsiao A, He QS, Hu Y. A review: Hydrochar as potential adsorbents for wastewater treatment and CO 2 adsorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169823. [PMID: 38199358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To valorize the biomass and organic waste, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) stands out as a highly efficient and promising pathway given its intrinsic advantages over other thermochemical processes. Hydrochar, as the main product obtained from HTC, is widely applied as a fuel source and soil conditioner. Aside from these applications, hydrochar can be either directly used or modified as bio-adsorbents for environmental remediation. This potential arises from its tunable surface chemistry and its suitability to act as a precursor for activated or engineered carbon. In view of the importance of this topic, this review offers a thorough examination of the research progress for using hydrochar and its modified forms to remove organic dyes (cationic and anionic dyes), heavy metals, herbicides/pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and CO2. The review also sheds light on the fundamental chemistry involved in HTC of biomass and the major analytical techniques applied for understanding surface chemistry of hydrochar and modified hydrochar. The knowledge gaps and potential hurdles are identified to highlight the challenges and prospects of this research field with a summary of the key findings from this review. Overall, this article provides valuable insights and directives and pinpoints the areas meriting further investigation in the application potential of hydrochar in wastewater management and CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Jalilian
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Rabin Bissessur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Amy Hsiao
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Quan Sophia He
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Yulin Hu
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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O'Connor J, Mickan BS, Yusiharni E, Singh G, Gurung SK, Siddique KHM, Leopold M, Bolan NS. Characterisation and agronomic evaluation of acidified food waste anaerobic digestate products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120565. [PMID: 38461637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Raw liquid anaerobic digestate was synthesised into nutrient-dense solid digestates via acidification and evaporation. Acidification retained ammonium in the digestate whilst also donating the anion to free ammonium to form an ammonium salt. Digestate was treated with the addition of sulphuric, nitric, and phosphoric acid resulting in the formation of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium phosphate, respectively then evaporated into a solid fertiliser product. FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS collectively confirm that the addition of acids completely converted the free ammonium in the raw digestate into their respective ammonium salt counterparts. Compounds of potassium chloride, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, sodium nitrate, and sodium chloride were identified in all solid digestate samples. Plant growth and grain yield was higher in urea ammonium nitrate, raw liquid digestate and acidified digestate products compared to control and unacidified solid digestate. Urea ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate solid digestate had the highest dry shoot, likely due to the high available nitrogen found in both fertilisers. Overall, acidification and evaporation of liquid digestate can efficiently transform it into a valuable solid fertiliser with a high nutrient density. This process not only has the potential to mitigate handling and storage constraints of low nutrient density digestate in anaerobic digestion facilities but also offers a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O'Connor
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soil, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia.
| | - Bede S Mickan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; Richgro Garden Products, 203 Acourt Rd, Jandakot, WA, 6164, Australia
| | - Emielda Yusiharni
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Sun K Gurung
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Matthias Leopold
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soil, Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
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Zhong J, Zhu W, Mu B, Sun J, Wang X, Lin N, Cao J. Improved solid/liquid separation performance of hydrochar from sludge via hydrothermal carbonization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119182. [PMID: 37806276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A solid-liquid separation process is crucial for the utilization of hydrochar from biomasses through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This study aimed to evaluate the separation performance of hydrochar from coking sludge (CS) and municipal sludge (MS) via HTC and propose its mechanistic insights. The results indicated that the separation performance of hydrochar was enhanced, and relatively severe hydrothermal temperatures exerted a relatively stronger dewatering effect (53.25% and 77.05% reductions in the total water contents in CS and MS, respectively) and a superior separation efficiency (the specific resistance to filtration of products obtained from CS and MS decreased form 7.21 × 1011 and 2.46 × 1012 to 1.92 × 1010 m/kg and 2.14 × 1011 m/kg, respectively). Mechanism investigation involved analyzing the surface functional groups of hydrochar and changes in organic components. It was demonstrated that the improvement in dewatering effect predominantly resulted from the release of bound water due to the decomposition of carbohydrates and proteins. Specifically, the release of bound water depended on the decomposition of carbohydrates at 180 °C, while it relied on the decomposition of proteins in the 210-300 °C range. Compared with particle size, the hydrophilicity of the particle played a more important role in improving the separation efficiency. The HTC reaction eliminated hydrophilic groups, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, and induced the formation of aromatic structures, thus reducing the hydrophilicity of hydrochar particles. Moreover, it was found that the lower heating value of hydrochar from CS and MS increased from 3.51 to 1.94 to 8.32 and 4.60 MJ/kg due to the improvement of the separation efficiency. These comprehensive findings provide valuable mechanistic insights into the solid-liquid separation process and controlling the dewaterability of hydrochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- Center for Taihu Basin, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Biao Mu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Jipeng Sun
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Naixi Lin
- Center for Taihu Basin, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Center for Taihu Basin, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
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Wu S, Wang Q, Fang M, Wu D, Cui D, Pan S, Bai J, Xu F, Wang Z. Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste for sustainable biofuel production: Advancements, challenges, and future prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165327. [PMID: 37419347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
With the improvement of living standards, food waste (FW) has become one of the most important organic solid wastes worldwide. Owing to the high moisture content of FW, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology that can directly utilize the moisture in FW as the reaction medium, is widely used. Under mild reaction conditions and short treatment cycle, this technology can effectively and stably convert high-moisture FW into environmentally friendly hydrochar fuel. In view of the importance of this topic, this study comprehensively reviews the research progress of HTC of FW for biofuel synthesis, and critically summarizes the process parameters, carbonization mechanism, and clean applications. Physicochemical properties and micromorphological evolution of hydrochar, hydrothermal chemical reactions of each model component, and potential risks of hydrochar as a fuel are highlighted. Furthermore, carbonization mechanism of the HTC treatment process of FW and the granulation mechanism of hydrochar are systematically reviewed. Finally, potential risks and knowledge gaps in the synthesis of hydrochar from FW are presented and new coupling technologies are pointed out, highlighting the challenges and prospects of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Minghui Fang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China
| | - Dongyang Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China
| | - Da Cui
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China
| | - Shuo Pan
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China
| | - Jingru Bai
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, PR China
| | - Faxing Xu
- Jilin Dongfei Solid Waste Research Institute, Jilin 132200, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Jilin 132200, Jilin, PR China
| | - Zhenye Wang
- Jilin Dongfei Solid Waste Research Institute, Jilin 132200, Jilin, PR China; Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Jilin 132200, Jilin, PR China
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Shao M, Zhang C, Cui G, Bai X, Wang N, Wang X, Chen Q, Xu Q. Inhibition insights of hydrothermal liquid digestate in anaerobic digestion: Impact on organics conversion and inhibitor degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132221. [PMID: 37544176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquid digestate has been widely accepted as a substrate in anaerobic digestion (AD) for energy recovery. However, the potential negative impacts of hydrothermal liquid digestate on AD remain unclear. In this study, the organic biodegradability of hydrothermal liquid digestate produced from hydrothermal treatment (HTT) at different temperatures was analyzed, and the formation and degradation process of potential inhibitory substances were discussed. Results demonstrated that the AD lag phase of hydrothermal liquid digestate increased from 3 days at raw liquid digestate to 5-21 days. When the HTT temperature reached 220 °C, the methane yield decreased by 48%, and more than 71% of the organics in the hydrothermal liquid digestate were not utilized by AD. Biorefractory substances, such as fulvic and humic acids, accumulate in the hydrothermal liquid digestate. Potential inhibitory substances from Maillard reactions mainly affect the methanogenesis of AD. Most inhibitory substances were degraded within 7-22 days, with the degradation rate following the order of pyrroles > pyrazines > ketones > imidazoles > indoles. The AD community structure and methane conversion were partially re-established after most inhibitory substances were degraded. This study provides valuable information on eliminating the potential negative effects of hydrothermal liquid digestate on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuai Shao
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Guangyu Cui
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xinyue Bai
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xue Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qindong Chen
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Eco-efficient Recycled Materials, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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Shao M, Zhang C, Wang X, Wang N, Chen Q, Cui G, Xu Q. Co-digestion of food waste and hydrothermal liquid digestate: Promotion effect of self-generated hydrochars. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:100239. [PMID: 36820150 PMCID: PMC9937904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) can efficiently valorize the digestate after anaerobic digestion. However, the disposal of the HTT liquid is challenging. This paper proposes a method to recover energy through the anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and HTT liquid fraction. The effect of HTT liquid recirculation on anaerobic co-digestion performance was investigated. This study focused on the self-generated hydrochars that remained in the HTT supernatant after centrifugation. The effect of the self-generated hydrochars on the methane (CH4) yield and microbial communities were discussed. After adding HTT liquids treated at 140 and 180 °C, the maximum CH4 production increased to 309.36 and 331.61 mL per g COD, respectively. The HTT liquid exhibited a pH buffering effect and kept a favorable pH for the anaerobic co-digestion. In addition, the self-generated hydrochars with higher carbon content and large oxygen-containing functional groups remained in HTT liquid. They increased the electron transferring rate of the anaerobic co-digestion. The increased relative abundance of Methanosarcina, Syntrophomonadaceae, and Synergistota was observed with adding HTT liquid. The results of the principal component analysis indicate that the electron transferring rate constant had positive correlationships with the relative abundance of Methanosarcina, Syntrophomonadaceae, and Synergistota. This study can provide a good reference for the disposal of the HTT liquid and a novel insight regarding the mechanism for the anaerobic co-digestion.
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Zhu L, Tao H, Dai X, Dong B, Zhang W. Impact of hydrophilic functional groups of macromolecular organic fractions on food waste digestate dewaterability. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116722. [PMID: 36372037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
:Deterioration of dewaterability is one of challenges faced by anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW). The underlying mechanism of the effect of AD on digestate dewaterability remains unclear. Thus, the effect of hydrophilic functional groups of macromolecular organic on FW digestate dewaterability in different stages during AD was studied. Results showed that the dewaterability first improved at the acidification stage, and then worsened at the gasification and stabilization stages. The correlations between normalized capillary suction time (NCST), bound moisture (BM) and extracellular protein (extra-PN) were significant (R = 0.736, p < 0.05, R = 0.637, p < 0.05). Macromolecular extra-PN that enhance the bonding between organic fractions and moisture via peptide bonds. In addition, carbonyl, phenolic and amide groups increased after AD, resulting in the enhancement of the digestate hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the evolution of microbial community during AD resulting in the wrapping of BM by increased organic fractions. Therefore, higher organic fractions with hydrophilic functional groups in digestate strongly hinder moisture removal. The findings obtained deepen our understanding of hydrophilic functional groups of macromolecular organic affecting FW digestate dewaterability and provide strong supports to treatment and disposal of FW digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- School of Environment and Architecture. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Hong Tao
- School of Environment and Architecture. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering. Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
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Zhang C, Bao Q, Chen Q, Wu H, Shao M, Wang N, Xu Q. Membrane fouling behaviors and evolution during food waste digestate treatment. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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