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Duarah P, Haldar D, Singhania RR, Dong CD, Patel AK, Purkait MK. Sustainable management of tea wastes: resource recovery and conversion techniques. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:255-274. [PMID: 36658718 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As the demand for tea (Camellia sinensis) has grown across the world, the amount of biomass waste that has been produced during the harvesting process has also increased. Tea consumption was estimated at about 6.3 million tonnes in 2020 and is anticipated to reach 7.4 million tonnes by 2025. The generation of tea waste (TW) after use has also increased concurrently with rising tea consumption. TW includes clipped stems, wasted tea leaves, and buds. Many TW-derived products have proven benefits in various applications, including energy generation, energy storage, wastewater treatment, and pharmaceuticals. TW is widely used in environmental and energy-related applications. Energy recovery from low- and medium-calorific value fuels may be accomplished in a highly efficient manner using pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and gasification. TW-made biochar and activated carbon are also promising adsorbents for use in environmental applications. Another area where TW shows promise is in the synthesis of phytochemicals. This review offers an overview of the conversion procedures for TW into value-added products. Further, the improvements in their applications for energy generation, energy storage, removal of different contaminants, and extraction of phytochemicals have been reviewed. A comprehensive assessment of the sustainable use of TWs as environmentally acceptable renewable resources is compiled in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangan Duarah
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Haldar
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, India
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, India
| | - Mihir Kumar Purkait
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
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Vercruysse W, Muniz RR, Joos B, Hardy A, Hamed H, Desta D, Boyen HG, Schreurs S, Safari M, Marchal W, Vandamme D. Co-pyrolysis of chicken feathers and macadamia nut shells, a promising strategy to create nitrogen-enriched electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 396:130417. [PMID: 38316229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Global food waste emits substantial quantities of nitrogen to the environment (6.3 Mtons annually), chicken feather (CF) waste is a major contributor to this. Pyrolysis, in particular co-pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich and lignocellulosic waste streams is a promising strategy to improve the extent of pyrolytic nitrogen retention by incorporating nitrogen in its solid biochar structure. As such, this biochar can serve as a precursor for nitrogen-enriched activated carbons for application in supercapacitors. Therefore, this study investigates the co-pyrolysis of CF with macadamia nut shells (MNS) to create nitrogen-rich activated carbons. Co-pyrolysis increased nitrogen retention during pyrolysis from 9 % to 18 % compared to CF mono-pyrolysis, while the porosity was maintained. After removing undesirable inorganic impurities by dilute acid washing, this led to a specific capacitance of 21F/g using a scan rate of 20 mV/s. Finally, cycling stability tests demonstrated good stability with 73 % capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vercruysse
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - R R Muniz
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - B Joos
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - A Hardy
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - H Hamed
- Electrochemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - D Desta
- Nano Structure Physics, Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - H-G Boyen
- Nano Structure Physics, Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S Schreurs
- Nuclear Technology Centre (NuTeC), Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - M Safari
- Electrochemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - W Marchal
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - D Vandamme
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Allende S, Brodie G, Jacob MV. Breakdown of biomass for energy applications using microwave pyrolysis: A technological review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115619. [PMID: 36906271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural industry faces a permanent increase in waste generation, which is associated with the fast-growing population. Due to the environmental hazards, there is a paramount demand for generating electricity and value-added products from renewable sources. The selection of the conversion method is crucial to develop an eco-friendly, efficient and economically viable energy application. This manuscript investigates the influencing factors that affect the quality and yield of the biochar, bio-oil and biogas during the microwave pyrolysis process, evaluating the biomass nature and diverse combinations of operating conditions. The by-product yield depends on the intrinsic physicochemical properties of biomass. Feedstock with high lignin content is favourable for biochar production, and the breakdown of cellulose and hemicellulose leads to higher syngas formation. Biomass with high volatile matter concentration promotes the generation of bio-oil and biogas. The pyrolysis system's conditions of input power, microwave heating suspector, vacuum, reaction temperature, and the processing chamber geometry were influence factors for optimising the energy recovery. Increased input power and microwave susceptor addition lead to high heating rates, which were beneficial for biogas production, but the excess pyrolysis temperature induce a reduction of bio-oil yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Allende
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Graham Brodie
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Mohan V Jacob
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
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Amrullah A, Farobie O, Septarini S, Satrio JA. Synergetic biofuel production from co-pyrolysis of food and plastic waste: reaction kinetics and product behavior. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10278. [PMID: 36042715 PMCID: PMC9420519 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a process for producing bio-oil, char, and value-added chemicals from food waste and plastic waste blend using co-pyrolysis under controlled conditions. The food waste (rice, vegetables, and fish) was blended in definite ratios (70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 w/w) with polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Experiments were conducted at various temperatures (250, 300, and 350 °C) and reaction times (30, 60, 90, and 120 min). A kinetic analysis was performed to fit experimental data, and reaction kinetics were observed to follow Arrhenius behavior. Maximum yields of bio-oil and bio-char, 66 and 40 wt% respectively, were attained at 350 °C, with yields being strongly influenced by variations in temperature and weakly affected by variations in reaction time. Co-pyrolysis promoted the formation of carboxylic acid, hydrocarbons, and furan derivatives. Formation of carboxylic acid could be increased by increasing the ratio of plastic waste. A maximum carboxylic acid content of 42.01% was achieved at 50% of plastic waste. Meanwhile, a maximum aliphatic hydrocarbon content of 44.6% was obtained with a ratio of 70:30 of food waste to plastic waste at 350 °C. Overall, pyrolysis of food and plastic waste produced value-added compounds that can be used as biofuels and for a variety of other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apip Amrullah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Obie Farobie
- Department of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), IPB Darmaga Campus, PO BOX 220, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Justinus A Satrio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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Abstract
As a promising renewable fuel, biodiesel has gained worldwide attention to replace fossil-derived mineral diesel due to the threats concerning the depletion of fossil reserves and ecological constraints. Biodiesel production via transesterification involves using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysts to speed up the reaction. The usage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts are considered more advantageous and cost-effective. Therefore, several heterogeneous catalysts have been developed from variable sources to make the overall production process economical. After achieving optimum performance of these catalysts and chemical processes, the research has been directed in other perspectives, such as the application of non-conventional methods such as microwave, ultrasonic, plasma heating etc, aiming to enhance the efficiency of the overall process. This mini review is targeted to focus on the research carried out up to this date on microwave-supported heterogeneously catalysed biodiesel production. It discusses the phenomenon of microwave heating, synthesis techniques for heterogeneous catalysts, microwave mediated transesterification reaction using solid catalysts, special thermal effects of microwaves and parametric optimisation under microwave heating. The review shows that using microwave technology on the heterogeneously catalysed transesterification process greatly decreases reaction times (5–60 min) while maintaining or improving catalytic activity (>90%) when compared to traditional heating.
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