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Minaei S, Zoroufchi Benis K, McPhedran KN, Soltan J. Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole and lincomycin from single and binary aqueous systems using acid-modified biochar from activated sludge biomass. J Environ Manage 2024; 358:120742. [PMID: 38593733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of pharmaceuticals has raised growing concerns regarding their presence in surface waters. High concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and lincomycin (LIN), as commonly prescribed antibiotics, persist in various wastewaters and surface waters, posing risks to public health and the environment. Biochar derived from accessible biowaste, like activated sludge biomass, offers a sustainable and eco-friendly solution to mitigate antibiotic release into water systems. This study investigates the effectiveness of H3PO4-modified activated sludge-based biochar (PBC) synthesized through microwave (MW) heating for the adsorption of SMX and LIN antibiotics. The synthesis parameters of PBC were optimized using a central composite design considering MW power, time, and H3PO4 concentration. Characterization results validate the efficacy of the synthesis process creating a specific surface area of 365 m2/g, and well-developed porosity with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. Batch and dynamic adsorption experiments were piloted to assess the adsorption performance of PBC in single and binary antibiotic systems. Results show that PBC exhibits a higher affinity for SMX rather than LIN, with maximum adsorption capacities of 45.6 mg/g and 26.6 mg/g, respectively. Based on kinetic studies chemisorption is suggested as the primary mechanism for SMX and LIN removal. Equilibrium studies show a strong agreement with the Redlich-Peterson isotherm, suggesting a composite adsorption mechanism with a greater probability of multilayer adsorption for both antibiotics. Hydrogen bonding and π-π electron sharing are suggested as the prevailing adsorption mechanisms of SMX and LIN on the modified biochar. Furthermore, a dynamic adsorption system was replicated using a fixed bed column setup, demonstrating effective removal of SMX and LIN from pure water and real wastewater samples using PBC-loaded hydrogel beads (PBC-B). These findings serve as crucial support for upcoming studies concerning the realistic application of sludge-based biochar in the removal of antibiotics from water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Minaei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Khaled Zoroufchi Benis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- Department of Civil, Geological & Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Jafar Soltan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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2
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Zhou Y, Lin F, Ling Z, Zhan M, Zhang G, Yuan D. Comparative study by microwave pyrolysis and conventional pyrolysis of pharmaceutical sludge: Resourceful disposal and antibiotic adsorption. J Hazard Mater 2024; 468:133867. [PMID: 38402683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Compared with conventional pyrolysis, microwave pyrolysis has superior heat transfer performance and promotes the decomposition of organic matter. The paper focuses on the harmless treatment and resource utilization of pharmaceutical sludge (PS) by microwave heating and conventional heating methods. The experimental results showed that the conventional pyrolysis gas is dominated by CO2, CO and H2. For microwave pyrolysis gas, the "microwave effect" promoted secondary cracking of volatile fractions and increases the content of CH4, CxHy, H2 and CO through condensation, aromatization, and dehydrogenation. Conventional pyrolysis oils contained the highest percentage of oxygenated compounds. However, high-temperature microwave radiation accelerated the cleavage of polar oxygenated molecular bonds and long-chain hydrocarbons, thereby increasing the aromatics content of pyrolysis oils. The solid residues obtained from microwave pyrolysis is highly graphitized and porous, with a surface area of 146.2 m2/g. Furthermore, the solid residue was rich in pyridine-N and pyrrole-N that could be utilized for adsorption and catalysis. The MA-600 removes up to 99% of tetracycline (TC) in 6 h. It was also found that the adsorption process of TC by the two pyrolysis residues was consistent with the proposed secondary and Freundlich models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fawei Lin
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhongqian Ling
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guangxue Zhang
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dingkun Yuan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Mohit A, Mishel VK, Remya N. Life cycle assessment and technoeconomic analysis of biofuels produced from polyculture microalgae cultivated in greywater. J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120711. [PMID: 38537468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the environmental and economic impacts of substituting synthetic media with greywater for cultivating microalgae in the biofuel production process. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and technoeconomic assessment (TEA) were employed to compare the impacts of two scenarios - one containing bold's basal (BB) media and another containing greywater as growth mediums for microalgae cultivation. Scenarios 1 and 2 mitigated 1.74 and 2.14 kg CO2 per kg of biofuel production, respectively. Substituting BB media with greywater resulted in a 16.3% reduction in energy requirements, leading to a 79.3% increase in net energy recovered. LCA findings demonstrate a reduction in all seven environmental categories. TEA reveals that, despite a 21.7% higher capital investment, scenario 2 proves more economically viable due to a 39.8% lower operating cost and additional revenue from wastewater treatment and carbon credits. The minimum selling price of biofuel dropped from Rs 73.5/kg to Rs 36.5/kg, highlighting the economic and environmental advantages of substituting BB media with greywater in microalgal biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggarwal Mohit
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - V Kuttickal Mishel
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Neelancherry Remya
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
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Zhang L, Wu Q, Wang Y, Ke L, Fan L, Yang Q, Zhang Q, Zou R, Liu Y, Cobb K, Ruan R, Wang Y. Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of waste cooking oil to monocyclic aromatics under a bifunctional SiC ball catalyst. J Environ Manage 2024; 357:120748. [PMID: 38552508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic pyrolysis technology proves to be a highly effective approach for waste cooking oil management. However, high-pressure drops and easy deactivation of powder catalysts hinder the industrialization of this technology. In this study, a bifunctional SiC ball (ZSM-5/SiC ball structured) catalyst was prepared to produce monocyclic aromatics. Bifunctional SiC ball catalyst demonstrates notable microwave-responsive properties and remarkable catalytic efficacy. Results showed that the content of monocyclic aromatics under BFSB catalysis with microwave heating was the highest. Weight hourly space velocity is no longer one of the main factors affecting microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis under bifunctional SiC ball catalyst. Monocyclic aromatics content did not decrease significantly and was still higher than 86% when space velocity increased from 30 h-1 to 360 h-1. The highest space velocity could only be 180 h-1 under Powder ZSM-5, and the content of the monocyclic aromatics dropped rapidly to 67.68%. Furthermore, even after five operating cycles, the content of monocyclic aromatics with bifunctional SiC ball catalyst continues to surpass the initial content observed with Powder ZSM-5 at 500 °C and 180 h-1. Related characterizations revealed that coking is the primary cause of catalyst deactivation for both catalyst types; however, the bifunctional SiC ball catalyst exhibits a 29.1% lower occurrence of polyaromatic coke formation compared to Powder ZSM-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Linyao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qihang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Rongge Zou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Krik Cobb
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Anbu M, Balakichenin R, Muthaiyan P, Sundaramoorthy S, Amesho KTT, Subramani V. Experimental investigation on the performance characteristics and emissions of a CI engine fueled with enhanced microwave-assisted Karanja seed bio-oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:125006-125018. [PMID: 36418832 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present research work is to utilise the produced bio-oil from microwave pyrolysis of Karanja, a non-edible seed, as fuel for diesel engines by increasing some up-gradation in the quality of the fuel. The emulsification process is carried out to improve the stability of the diesel-bio-oil blend using SPAN 80 and TWEEN 80, which lasted for 28 days without any layer separation termed as EKB20. The addition of 5% DEE and 10% DEE into EKB20 is done to enhance the combustion characteristics of the diesel engine. The produced bio-oil fuels were tested in a Kirloskar make, four-stroke, single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine of 5.2 kW rated power output. The addition of DEE reduces the peak pressure by 4 bar and increases the heat release rate due to the higher volatility of DEE. At full load conditions, the thermal brake efficiency improved by 9.31% and 14.11%, respectively, compared to EKB20. Adding 5% DEE and 10% DEE at the rated power output reduced the smoke density by 18.42% and 60.25%, respectively, compared to EKB20 and 5% and 4% compared to diesel. The addition of 5% DEE and 10% DEE shows a 39% and 51% increase in NOX concentration and a 90% reduction in CO emission at the maximum brake power output. Hence, it is concluded that the fuels EKB20 + 5% DEE and EKB20 + 10% DEE can be used as alternative fuels for diesel engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiarasu Anbu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, 605 107, Puducherry, India
| | - Radjaram Balakichenin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, 605 107, Puducherry, India
| | - Pugazhvadivu Muthaiyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Puducherry Technological University, Puducherry, 605 014, India
| | - Surendarnath Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering & Technology (A), Chittoor - 517 127, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kassian T T Amesho
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, The International University of Management, Main Campus, Dorado Park Ext 1, Windhoek, Namibia
- Destinies Biomass Energy and Farming Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 7387, Swakomund, Namibia
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Yan J, Shao Z, Cheng W, Xu S, Wen Q, He Z, Liu D, Li J, Lu X. Homogenizing microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge using nano-Fe 3O 4: volatile gas product analysis. Environ Technol 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37946552 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve the homogeneity of heating, the magnetic absorbing material Fe3O4 is considered to use in microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge. Therefore, the effect of Fe3O4 on the microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge is investigated based on gas volatile products. Thermogravimetric mass spectrometry result certifies that Fe3O4 will increase the weight-loss ratio from 13.0% to 14.1%. Also, the characteristic peak intensity of CO in gas products decreases from 5.41 × 10-10 A/g to 1.95 × 10-10 A/g, while H2O increases from 3.57 × 10-10 A/g to 7.32 × 10-10 A/g and CO2 increases from 6.87 × 10-10 A/g to 8.92 × 10-10 A/g. This is caused by the esterification of alcohols and esters and the reduction of Fe3O4 by CO. Based on the decrease in activation energy and enthalpy values of Stage II and IV, it infers that Fe3O4 catalyzes the pyrolysis process of oily sludge to some extent. Similarly, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results show that Fe3O4 can make the types of gas products increase. Especially, the number of molecular species increases from 5 to 46 under 200-300 °C. Finally, a simple molecular dynamics simulation model is conducted, and the results are in agreement with the experimental results. This study shows that Fe3O4 improves the pyrolysis homogeneity and the pyrolysis efficiency also improves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shipei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wen
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng He
- Human Resources Department of Petrochina Sichuan Marketing Company, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dujiang Liu
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- Shengli Oilfield Company Limited, SINOPEC, Dongying, People's Republic of China
| | - Xirui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
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Sun J, Tao J, Huang H, Ma R, Sun S. Promotion of bio-oil production from the microwave pyrolysis of cow dung using pretreated red mud as a bifunctional additive: Parameter optimization, energy efficiency evaluation, and mechanism analysis. Environ Res 2023; 236:116806. [PMID: 37536556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
To address the issues of high oxygen content and energy consumption in the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for biofuel production, this study used high-temperature pretreated red mud (RM) as an additive. The pretreated RM exhibited dual functionalities, namely microwave absorption and catalytic properties, during the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of cow dung (CD). This study also evaluated the optimization potential of energy recovery efficiency. The results showed that the addition of pretreated RM significantly increased the oil yield during the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of CD. The highest oil yield (59.63%) was obtained via the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of CD over catalysis with RM pretreated at 750 °C (RM750). Through the optimization of the RM750-to-CD mixing ratio, optimal oil quality and energy recovery efficiency were achieved. At a mixing ratio of 1:1, the pyrolysis oil featured the highest aromatic hydrocarbon content and lowest acid content. The high-temperature pretreatment of RM increased the Fe2O3 content, which enhanced the dielectric properties and magnetic loss ability of the reactants. This resulted in localized high temperatures and the formation of "hot spots," which can promote the deoxygenation and hydrogenation reactions of oil. Consequently, the lower heating rate of oil increased from 35.12 to 40.11 MJ kg-1. The released oxygen escaped in the form of CO. In addition, pyrolytic char was used as an in situ microwave absorbing material owing to its increased Fe2O3 content and graphitization degree, leading to an increase in energy recovery efficiency from 4.71% to 9.98%. This study provides valuable guidance for the efficient utilization of diversified solid wastes and demonstrates the potential application of microwave-assisted pyrolysis technology in the resource utilization of solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jinlin Tao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Allende S, Brodie G, Jacob MV. Breakdown of biomass for energy applications using microwave pyrolysis: A technological review. Environ Res 2023; 226:115619. [PMID: 36906271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural industry faces a permanent increase in waste generation, which is associated with the fast-growing population. Due to the environmental hazards, there is a paramount demand for generating electricity and value-added products from renewable sources. The selection of the conversion method is crucial to develop an eco-friendly, efficient and economically viable energy application. This manuscript investigates the influencing factors that affect the quality and yield of the biochar, bio-oil and biogas during the microwave pyrolysis process, evaluating the biomass nature and diverse combinations of operating conditions. The by-product yield depends on the intrinsic physicochemical properties of biomass. Feedstock with high lignin content is favourable for biochar production, and the breakdown of cellulose and hemicellulose leads to higher syngas formation. Biomass with high volatile matter concentration promotes the generation of bio-oil and biogas. The pyrolysis system's conditions of input power, microwave heating suspector, vacuum, reaction temperature, and the processing chamber geometry were influence factors for optimising the energy recovery. Increased input power and microwave susceptor addition lead to high heating rates, which were beneficial for biogas production, but the excess pyrolysis temperature induce a reduction of bio-oil yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Allende
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Graham Brodie
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Mohan V Jacob
- Electronics Material Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
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Huang H, Chen Y, Ma R, Luo J, Sun S, Lin J, Wang Y. Preparation of high performance porous carbon by microwave synergistic nitrogen/phosphorus doping for efficient removal of Cu 2+ via capacitive deionization. Environ Res 2023; 222:115342. [PMID: 36690244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sargassum biochar has potential advantages as an electrode material due to its natural microscopic pore channels. However, conventional pyrolysis method is prone to thermal damage to the biochar, and incapable to form a complete pore structure resulting in poor biochar electrode performance. In this study, a strategy of microwave pyrolysis coupled with KOH activation was used to prepare nitrogen/phosphorus double-doped graded porous biochar (STC) using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as dopant. The carbon material STC-1.24-800 prepared by the optimal parameters had a high specific surface area (SSA) of 1367.6 m2 g -1 and a total pore volume of 1.499 cm3 g-1. The precise inside-out heating characteristics of microwave facilitated the generation of suitable meso-micropore distribution ratios in carbon, and the graded porous structure provided abundant active sites for charge accumulation and ion diffusion. The doped nitrogen/phosphorus atoms responding to the microwave field, generated spin to promote microwave absorption, introducing surface structural defects to produce electron density differences. The change in the nature of the electron donor and its electron density enhanced the electrical conductivity and chemical stability of STC. Nitrogen/phosphorus polar surface functional groups improved hydrophilicity and wettability. STC-1.24-800 had a higher specific capacitance of 531 F g-1 and exhibits great cycle performance in capacitive deionization (CDI) applications (1.0 V, 50 mg L-1 Cu2+) as well as adsorption performance (56.16 mg g -1). The present work can provide a novel feasible idea for preparing diatomically doped graded porous biochar for CDI electrode application by microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Junhao Lin
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Mong GR, Liew CS, Chong WWF, Mohd Nor SA, Ng JH, Idris R, Chiong MC, Lim JW, Zakaria ZA, Woon KS. Environment impact and bioenergy analysis on the microwave pyrolysis of WAS from food industry: Comparison of CO 2 and N 2 atmosphere. J Environ Manage 2022; 319:115665. [PMID: 35842993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The alarming output of waste activated sludge (WAS) from industries requires proper management routes to minimize its impact on the environment during disposal. Pyrolysis is a feasible way of processing and valorizing WAS into higher-value products of alternate use. Despite extensive research into the potential of WAS through pyrolysis, the technology's long-term viability and environmental impact have yet to be fully revealed. In addition, the environmental effects of utilizing different pyrolysis atmosphere (N2 or CO2) has not been studied before, although benefits of CO2 reactivity during pyrolysis have been discovered. This study evaluates the process's environmental impact, carbon footprint, and bioenergy yield when different pyrolysis atmospheres are used. The global warming potential (GWP) for a functional unit of 1 t of dried WAS is 203.81 kg CO2 eq. The heat required during pyrolysis contributes the most (63.7%) towards GWP due to high energy usage, followed by the drying process (23.6%). Transportation contributes the most towards toxicity impact (59.3%) through dust, NOx, NH3 and SO2 emissions. The initial moisture content of raw WAS (65%) greatly impacts overall energy consumption and environmental impact. Pyrolysis in an N2 atmosphere will result in a higher overall bioenergy yield (833 kWh/tonne) and a lower carbon footprint (-1.09 kg CO2/tonne). However, when CO2 was used, the specific energy value within the biochar is higher (22.26 MJ/kg) due to enhanced carbonization. The carbon content of gas derived increased due to higher CO yield. From an energy perspective, the current setup will achieve a net positive bioenergy yield of 561 kW (CO2) and 833 kW (N2), where end products like biochar, bio-oil and gas can be used for power production. Despite the energy-intensive process, microwave pyrolysis has excellent potential to achieve a negative carbon footprint. The biochar used for soil amendment served as a good carbon sink. The utilization of CO2 as carrier gases provides a pathway to utilize anthropogenic CO2, which helps reduce global warming. This work demonstrates microwave pyrolysis as a negative emission, bioenergy-producing approach for WAS disposal and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Ren Mong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - William Woei Fong Chong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Automotive Development Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aminah Mohd Nor
- QL Figo (Johor) Sdn Bhd, Lot 3627, Jalan Harmoni 1, Taman Harmoni, 81000, Kulai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Jo-Han Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Malaysia (UoSM), 79200, Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Rubia Idris
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Meng Choung Chiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Akmar Zakaria
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Sin Woon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Suriapparao DV, Gautam R, Rao Jeeru L. Analysis of pyrolysis index and reaction mechanism in microwave-assisted ex-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis of agro-residual and plastic wastes. Bioresour Technol 2022; 357:127357. [PMID: 35605781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic and non-catalytic microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics was performed to understand the interactions. An ex-situ configuration was adopted for performing catalytic co-pyrolysis experiments with ZSM-5 as a catalyst. Co-pyrolysis promoted cracking of vapors resulting in enhanced gas yields. ZSM-5 further enhanced the secondary cracking which resulted in low oil yields. The oil fraction collected from the pyrolysis of plastics was rich in hydrocarbons, whereas biomass pyrolysis led to the formation of oxygenated compounds in the oil. A plausible reaction mechanism scheme is proposed to understand the formation of major pyrolysis products via different pathways during different pyrolysis processes investigated. Also, a new parameter, the pyrolysis index is introduced to understand the pyrolysis intensity by utilizing the feedstock conversion, pyrolysis time, heating value, mass of feedstock, and energy consumption. The value of the pyrolysis index was found to be higher for plastics pyrolysis than biomass pyrolysis. Co-pyrolysis further increased the pyrolysis index due to the synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi V Suriapparao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India.
| | - Ribhu Gautam
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lakshmana Rao Jeeru
- School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India
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12
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Peng Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Yan J, Shang W, Yu J, Zhu G, Rao M, Li G, Jiang T. Enrichment of heavy metals from spent printed circuit boards by microwave pyrolysis. Waste Manag 2022; 145:112-120. [PMID: 35537320 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the enrichment behaviors of heavy metals, including copper, tin, lead and zinc, in the process of microwave pyrolysis of spent printed circuit boards (SPCBs). The SPCB had good microwave absorptivity. Under the optimal conditions of microwave power of 700 W, pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C, dwell time of 5 min, N2 gas flow rate of 1.2 L/min, and load mass of 5 g, the yield of pyrolyzed SPCB was 79.16%. The contents of copper, tin, lead, and zinc in the pyrolyzed SPCB were increased to 28.52 wt%, 7.15 wt%, 1.31 wt%, and 1.13 wt%, respectively, with the corresponding retention percentages of 99.98%, 85.89%, 92.59% and 82.06%. The loss of metals was attributed to volatilization of the elements, which was affected by metal discharge due to excitation of electrons in the metals under microwave irradiation. Little copper loss was found because of the difficult reaction between copper and hydrogen bromide and the very high temperature required by the volatilization of copper. Tin, lead and zinc were mainly volatilized in the form of their metal bromides, including SnBr4, ZnBr2, and PbBr2. By controlling the pyrolysis conditions and metal discharge induced in the microwave field, the metals could be effectively enriched for subsequent treatment with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Peng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Jiaxing Yan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Wenxing Shang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jingfeng Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Guangyan Zhu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Mingjun Rao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for High Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhou C, Deng Z, Li X, Liu Y, Qu J, Li X, Wang L, Dai J, Fu J, Zhang C, Yu M, Yu H. Influence of corn straw on distribution and migration of nitrogen and heavy metals during microwave-assisted pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge. Sci Total Environ 2022; 815:152303. [PMID: 34896502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study explored pyrolysis characteristics, nitrogen transformation and migration of heavy metals during microwave-assisted pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge in a continuously operated auger pyrolyser at different temperatures and corn straw ratios. The results showed higher temperatures and more corn straw resulted in more gas yield (e.g., CO2, CO, CH4 and H2) and less char yield. 5 wt% corn straw addition at 750 °C achieved high-quality bio-oil with less O-containing compounds, which was more favorable for upgrading to transportation fuels. Sludge chars prepared at higher corn straw ratios had lower ratios of H/C and N/C, and higher carbon content. Nitrogen transformation pathways and mechanisms were investigated. The residual ratio of heavy metals (except Cd) in sludge char was 67.74-100%. However, the residual ratio of Cd decreased significantly to 6.46% at 750 °C. Concentrations of all heavy metals in sludge char conformed to national standard (CJ/T 362-2011, China), and the potential ecological risk was slight. Sludge chars prepared in the presence of corn straw had lower ecological risk and higher retention capacity of heavy metals (e.g., Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) compared with pyrolysis of sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunbao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zeyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junshen Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changfa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hejie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Yu H, Qu J, Liu Y, Yun H, Li X, Zhou C, Jin Y, Zhang C, Dai J, Bi X. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyvinyl chloride under microwave irradiation: Distribution of chlorine. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150903. [PMID: 34653460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Co-pyrolysis of sophora wood (SW) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was conducted in a microwave reactor at different temperatures and different mixing ratios, and the transformation and distribution of chlorine in pyrolysis products were investigated. Microwave pyrolysis is a simple and efficient technique with better heating uniformity and process controllability than conventional heating. Compared with PVC pyrolysis, the addition of SW significantly reduced CO2 yield and greatly increased the yield of CO. The yield and quality of pyrolysis oil were effectively improved by SW, and the content of chlorine-containing compounds in the oil was suppressed to <1% at low temperatures (<550 °C). Co-pyrolysis of SW and PVC reduced the chlorine emissions from 59.07% to 28.09% and promoted the retention of chlorine in char (from 0.33% to 4.72%). Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were co-pyrolyzed with PVC to investigate their effects on chlorine distribution. The experiments demonstrated that lignin had the most significant effects on reducing gas phase chlorine emission and achieving chlorine immobilization, and chlorine mainly existed in the form of sodium chloride in the char of lignin-PVC co-pyrolysis. Hence co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and PVC provides a practical pathway for utilization of PVC waste in an environmentally friendly manner, realizing efficient chlorine retention and significantly reducing chlorine-related emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejie Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junshen Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huimin Yun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangtong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunbao Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yajie Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changfa Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaotao Bi
- Clean Energy Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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15
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Putra PHM, Rozali S, Patah MFA, Idris A. A review of microwave pyrolysis as a sustainable plastic waste management technique. J Environ Manage 2022; 303:114240. [PMID: 34902653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high demand for plastic has led to plastic waste accumulation, improper disposal and environmental pollution. Even though some of this waste is recycled, most ends up in landfills or flows down rivers into the oceans. Therefore, researchers are now exploring better ways to solve the plastic waste management problem. From a socio-economic perspective, there is also a concerted effort to enable energy recovery from plastic waste and convert it into useful products to generate income for targeted segments of the population. In fact, this concept of waste-to-wealth has been adopted by the United Nations as part of its Sustainable Development Goals strategies. The current article begins by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of plastic recycling before focusing specifically on microwave pyrolysis as an alternative to conventional technologies in plastic waste management, due to its benefit in providing fast and energy-efficient heating. The key parameters that are reviewed in this paper include different types of plastic, types of absorbent, temperatures, microwave power, residence time, and catalysts. The yield of the final product (oil, gaseous and char) varies depending on the main process parameters. Key challenges and limitations of microwave pyrolysis are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aida Idris
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
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16
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Quillope JCC, Carpio RB, Gatdula KM, Detras MCM, Doliente SS. Optimization of process parameters of self-purging microwave pyrolysis of corn cob for biochar production. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08417. [PMID: 34901490 PMCID: PMC8640472 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave pyrolysis offers rapid and low-cost technology to upgrade agro-forestry residues to high-value products. I-optimal experimental design was used to determine the optimal combination of microwave power and exposure time to maximize biochar yield from corn cob. A validation experiment at optimal conditions of 600 W and 6.9 min produced an average yield of 56.98% on a dry and ash-free basis, agrees with the predicted value (3.43% error) and confirms the adequacy of the model yield equation. Characterization of biochar product revealed an organized mesoporous structure with a carbon content of 62.68%, surface area of 3.05 m2/g, pore volume of 0.003 cm3/g, capacitance range of 27.14-53.99 μF/g, energy density range of 6.0 × 10-7 - 1.2 × 10-6 Wh/kg, and power density range of 9.4 × 10-4 - 2.49 × 10-3 W/kg. The biochar produced would require further process to be considered for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Christian C. Quillope
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Rowena B. Carpio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Kristel M. Gatdula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Monet Concepcion M. Detras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Stephen S. Doliente
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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17
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Huang YF, Wang SY, Lo SL. Indium recovery from spent liquid crystal displays by using hydrometallurgical methods and microwave pyrolysis. Chemosphere 2021; 280:130905. [PMID: 34162103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indium recovery from spent liquid crystal displays (LCDs) of monitors was studied by using microwave pyrolysis as a pretreatment step prior to hydrometallurgical processes including acid leaching, solvent extraction, and stripping. After microwave pyrolysis at 150 W for a processing time of 50 min, the hydrometallurgical processes were carried out to sequentially solubilize and increase the purity of indium ions in the product solution. The leaching efficiency of indium was approximately 98% when using 0.5 M of sulfuric acid at a solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L) of 0.1 g/mL. Afterwards, the indium ions in the leachate were extracted by using 20% di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in kerosene. The purity of indium ions in the organic phase was approximately 87% at an oil-to-aqueous ratio (O/A) of 1/10. Finally, the indium ions in the extract were stripped by using 6 M of hydrochloric acid at an O/A ratio of 10/1. The purity of indium ions in the aqueous phase was as high as 99.98%. The final recovery rate of indium from spent LCDs was approximately 75%, substantially higher than those that were obtained by using shredding or grinding pretreatment. The maximum processing capacity of microwave pyrolysis of spent LCDs could be approximately 500 g, which means that it would only need 0.5 kWh of electricity for the microwave pyrolysis of 1 kg of spent LCDs. According to the experimental results and advantages, it can be concluded that microwave pyrolysis is an effective technique for the pretreatment of spent LCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fong Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Yuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
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18
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Durán-Jiménez G, Kostas ET, Stevens LA, Meredith W, Erans M, Hernández-Montoya V, Buttress A, Uguna CN, Binner E. Green and simple approach for low-cost bioproducts preparation and CO 2 capture. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130512. [PMID: 33878690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study has demonstrated, for the first time, a simple, fast and flexible microwave processing method for the simultaneous preparation of bio-products (bio-oil, bio-gas and biochar) using a methodology that avoids any form of catalyst or chemical activation. The dielectric properties of biomass and physicochemical characterisation such as TGA, elemental and proximate analysis, XRD, SEM/EDX and textural properties, showed that 8 kJ g-1 of microwave energy can produce superior biochars for applications in CO2 capture. The maximum CO2 uptake capacity for biochar produced was 2.5 mmol g-1 and 2.0 mmol g-1 at 0 and 25 °C and 1 bar, which and also exhibited high gas selectivity compared with N2, fast kinetics of adsorption (<10 min) and desirable reusability (>95%) after 20 cycles. GC-MS analysis of generated bio-oil products revealed that higher microwave energies (>8 kJ g-1) significantly enhanced the amount of bio-oil produced (39%) and specifically the formation of levoglucosan, furfural and phenolics compounds, and bio-gas analysis identified trace levels of H2 and CH4. The results from this study confirm a green, inexpensive and efficient approach for biomass valorisation which can easily be embedded within bio-refinery process, and also demonstrates the potential of biochars for post-combustion CO2 uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Durán-Jiménez
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Emily T Kostas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1H 6BT, UK
| | - Lee A Stevens
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Will Meredith
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Maria Erans
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Virginia Hernández-Montoya
- TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos No. 1801 Ote, C.P. 20256, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Adam Buttress
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Clement N Uguna
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Eleanor Binner
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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19
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Liu Y, Yu H, Jiang Z, Song Y, Zhang T, Siyal AA, Dai J, Bi X, Fu J, Ao W, Zhou C, Wang L, Li X, Jin X, Teng D, Fang J. Microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge under different control modes. J Hazard Mater 2021; 416:125887. [PMID: 34492825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature and power on product distribution and characteristics of oily sludge (OS) pyrolysis were investigated in a microwave reactor. The maximum oil yield was 72.55 wt% at 550 °C and 71.47 wt% at 800 W, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that C-C and C-O were the main forms of carbon in OS char (OC). The sulfur (S) content in OC increased as the temperature/power rose, implying that S might exist in the form of inorganics or OC had S retention ability. In temperature control mode, the changes of functional groups on OC surface were more sensitive. The maximum hydrocarbon content in oil was 14.56% at 350 °C and 13.40% at 900 W, respectively. The contents of oxygenated compounds and heterocycles in oil from temperature control mode were higher. The CO yield increased with increasing temperature/power, reaching the maximum of 9.60 wt% at 650 °C and 7.75 wt% at 900 W, respectively. Compared with power control mode, it seemed that more heavy metals (HMs) were retained in OC in temperature control mode. The Er of HMs were at the clean level and RI indicated the HMs in OC had a low environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hejie Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhihui Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongmeng Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Asif Ali Siyal
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaotao Bi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Clean Energy Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenya Ao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunbao Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Long Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangtong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jin
- Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute, China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Dayong Teng
- Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute, China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Jian Fang
- Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute, China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Tianjin 300131, China
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20
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Lin Q, Zhang J, Yin L, Liu H, Zuo W, Tian Y. Relationship between heavy metal consolidation and H 2S removal by biochar from microwave pyrolysis of municipal sludge: effect and mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:27694-27702. [PMID: 33515143 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effects of pyrolysis byproduct, biochar (BC) on heavy metal consolidation, and H2S removal during and after from microwave pyrolysis of municipal sludge were studied in this paper. The results showed that above 80% of heavy metals (Zn and Pb) were enriched in the biochar and the leaching toxicity of both heavy metals was lower than the national emission standards. The chemical specification analysis found the sum of acid-soluble/exchangeable fraction (F1) and reducible fraction (F2) for Pb and Zn metals decreased by 26 and 40%; however, the residual fraction (F4) increased 33 and 46%, which contributed to the good stabilization of heavy metals in biochar. Besides, biochar achieved high H2S removal efficiency of 78.4% compared with the commercial activated carbon (AC). Furthermore, the biochar prepared by microwave pyrolysis had excellent adsorption performance, which was attributed to its larger specific surface area of 476.87m2/g under nitrogen atmosphere at 650oC compared with traditional pyrolysis. The mechanism analysis showed that microwave pyrolysis resulted in the high alkaline condition and formation of a large number of microparticles containing large metal elements on the biochar surface, which mainly contributed to the stabilization of heavy metals. The metal oxides adsorbed on the surface of biochar can catalyze the oxidation of H2S absorption, which will change the pH atmosphere of biochar reducing the leaching behavior of heavy metals. This study provided the good application potential of solid waste (biochar) for simultaneous heavy metal stabilization and H2S capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linlin Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
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21
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Lin J, Sun S, Luo J, Cui C, Ma R, Fang L, Liu X. Effects of oxygen vacancy defect on microwave pyrolysis of biomass to produce high-quality syngas and bio-oil: Microwave absorption and in-situ catalytic. Waste Manag 2021; 128:200-210. [PMID: 34000690 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposed to use ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) as catalysts with both microwave absorption and catalytic properties. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was introduced as the reaction atmosphere to further improve the quality of biofuel produced by microwave pyrolysis of food waste (FW). The results showed the bio-gas yield and the syngas concentration (H2 + CO) increased to 70.34 wt% and 61.50 mol%, respectively, using Fe3O4 as the catalyst. The content of aliphatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil produced with the catalyst Fe2O3 increased to 67.48% and the heating value reached 30.45 MJ/kg. Compared with Fe2O3 catalyst, Fe3O4 exhibited better microwave absorption properties and catalytic properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterizations confirmed that the crystal surface of Fe3O4 formed more oxygen vacancy defects and unpaired electrons. Additionally, according to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the content of lattice oxygen in Fe3O4 was 14.11%, a value that was much lower than Fe2O3 (38.54%). The oxygen vacancy defects not only improved the efficient utilization of microwave energy but also provided the reactive sites for the reaction between the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO2 to generate CO. This paper provides a new perspective for selecting catalysts that have both microwave absorption and catalytic properties during the microwave pyrolysis of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Lin
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Water Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, China
| | - Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chongwei Cui
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lin Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiangli Liu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Aerospace Detection and Imaging, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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22
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Balan WS, Janaun J, Chung CH, Semilin V, Zhu Z, Haywood SK, Touhami D, Chong KP, Yaser AZ, Lee PC, Zein SH. Esterification of residual palm oil using solid acid catalyst derived from rice husk. J Hazard Mater 2021; 404:124092. [PMID: 33091694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, carbon-silica based acid catalysts derived from rice husks (RH) were successfully synthesised using microwave (MW) technology. The results showed that MW sulphonation produced Sulphur (S) content of 17.2-18.5 times higher than in raw RH. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed peak at 1035 cm-1 which corresponded to O˭S˭O stretching of sulphonic (-SO3H) group. XRD showed sulfonated RH catalysts (SRHCs) have amorphous structure, and through SEM, broadening of the RH voids and also formation of pores is observed. RH600 had the highest surface area of 14.52 m2/g. SRHCs showed high catalytic activity for esterification of oleic acid with methanol with RH600 had the highest initial formation rate (6.33 mmolL-1min-1) and yield (97%). The reusability of the catalyst showed gradually dropped yield of product for every recycle, which might be due to leaching of -SO3H. Finally, esterification of oil recovered from palm oil mill effluent (POME) with methanol achieved a conversion of 87.3% free fatty acids (FFA) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Sinan Balan
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jidon Janaun
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Sustainable Palm Oil Research Unit (SPOR), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Chin Hing Chung
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Biosain Technologies Sdn. Bhd., Block 11, Lot 94, Ground Floor, Phase 11, Prima Square, Batu 4, Jalan Utara, P. O. Box 77, 90701 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Veroneka Semilin
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zongyuan Zhu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, 212003 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Stephanie K Haywood
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Dalila Touhami
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Khim Phin Chong
- Sustainable Palm Oil Research Unit (SPOR), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Abu Zahrim Yaser
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Sustainable Palm Oil Research Unit (SPOR), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ping Chin Lee
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sharif H Zein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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23
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Huang YF, Lo SL. Energy recovery from waste printed circuit boards using microwave pyrolysis: product characteristics, reaction kinetics, and benefits. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:43274-43282. [PMID: 32734544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energy recovery from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) was carried out by using microwave pyrolysis. According to thermogravimetric analysis, the maximum weight loss rate of waste PCBs occurred at 323 °C. When waste PCBs was heated under microwave irradiation at 300 W, the temperature can be reached within 10 min. Compared with conventional pyrolysis, microwave pyrolysis can provide higher weight loss of waste PCBs by 3-5 wt%. Microwave pyrolysis is helpful for the delamination of waste PCBs. Almost 71% of the gaseous product can be directly used as a fuel or converted into other forms of energy. Microwave pyrolysis can produce more HBr than conventional pyrolysis by approximately 17%. The main components of liquid product were phenols and phenyls. The overall energy recovery from waste PCBs using microwave pyrolysis can be 62%. According to kinetic analysis, it would need 20 min of processing time to decompose the combustible fraction of waste PCBs at 300 W. The maximum processing capacity of the microwave pyrolysis system for waste PCBs can be 1.36 kg, with the energy production of 2710 kJ. Furthermore, the pyrolyzed PCBs can be further processed to recycle valuable metals. Therefore, microwave pyrolysis of waste PCBs can be a complete and effective circular economy system to create high energy and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fong Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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24
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Haeldermans T, Campion L, Kuppens T, Vanreppelen K, Cuypers A, Schreurs S. A comparative techno-economic assessment of biochar production from different residue streams using conventional and microwave pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2020; 318:124083. [PMID: 32916464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comparative techno-economic assessment and Monte Carlo risk analysis is performed on large scale (3 tonne/h) biochar production plants for conventional (CPS) and microwave (MWP) pyrolysis using six different residue streams. Both plants are viable with minimum selling prices between € 436/tonne and € 863/tonne for CPS, and between € 564/tonne and € 979/tonne for MWP. The CPS is therefore more viable than MWP as it is a simpler and more established technology. However, a 20% biochar price increase due to higher biochar quality makes the MWP technology more viable. Nevertheless, the discounted payback period remains higher than this of CPS due to the increased CAPEX. Biochar price is the most important determinant of a biochar production plant's feasibility, motivating the need for economic and market research on biochar prices in function of biochar characteristics to reduce fluctuations in widely varying biochar prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Haeldermans
- Act&Sorb, BVBA, Houthalen-Helchteren, Belgium; Research Group Nuclear Technology, CMK, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - L Campion
- Research Group of Environmental Economics, CMK, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - T Kuppens
- Research Group of Environmental Economics, CMK, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - A Cuypers
- Research Group of Environmental Biology, CMK, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S Schreurs
- Research Group Nuclear Technology, CMK, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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25
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Luo J, Lin J, Ma R, Chen X, Sun S, Zhang P, Liu X. Effect of different ash/organics and C/H/O ratios on characteristics and reaction mechanisms of sludge microwave pyrolysis to generate bio-fuels. Waste Manag 2020; 117:188-197. [PMID: 32861081 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of different ash/organics and C/H/O ratios on bio-fuel characteristics and energy efficiency, four kinds of sludge with different properties were used for microwave pyrolysis (800 °C). Moreover, the microwave pyrolysis reaction mechanisms of different sludge were also explored. The results showed that high-ash sludge could accelerate the frequency of polar molecule rotation in the microwave field due to the presence of oxides with dielectric properties in ash, thereby achieving faster heating rates and higher temperatures. However, compared with high-organic sludge, high-ash sludge exhibited lower bio-gas yield and higher bio-char yield. As the H/C ratio increased from 0.127 to 0.148, the bio-gas yield increased from 15.41% to 40.01%, and the content of H2 in bio-gas and aliphatics in bio-oil increased to 36.69 vol% and 26.54 wt%, respectively. When the O/C ratio was reduced to 1.31, the content of CO and oxygenated compound in bio-oil increased to 31.25 vol% and 40.04 wt%, which lowered the quality of the bio-oil. Those consequences also determined that a mixture of sludge with different ash/organic ratios could be pyrolyzed to obtain high-quality bio-fuels and high energy efficiency. Differences in C/H/O ratios in the mixed sludge greatly affected the microwave pyrolysis heating process, which affected the pyrolysis reactions and the quality of the bio-fuels. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis to elevate the quality of bio-fuels and reduce microwave pyrolysis costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junhao Lin
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Water Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, China.
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiangli Liu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Aerospace Detection and Imaging, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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26
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Francis Prashanth P, Midhun Kumar M, Vinu R. Analytical and microwave pyrolysis of empty oil palm fruit bunch: Kinetics and product characterization. Bioresour Technol 2020; 310:123394. [PMID: 32361644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on kinetics and product distribution from untreated empty oil palm fruit bunch (EOPFB) biomass and treated EOPFB using analytical pyrolysis combined with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and microwave pyrolysis. Industrial water wash led to significant reduction in ash content of EOPFB from 5.9 wt% to 0.7 wt%. Isothermal mass loss data collected in the temperature range of 400-700 °C showed that fast pyrolysis in the Pyroprobe® reactor followed diffusion-controlled kinetics with apparent activation energies of 30.4 and 39.6 kJ mol-1 for untreated and treated EOPFB, respectively. Analytical pyrolysis of untreated EOPFB resulted in high selectivity to fatty acids, while phenolics dominated the pyrolysates from treated EOPFB. The selectivities to phenolic compounds were 74% and 57% from treated and untreated EOPFB, respectively, via microwave pyrolysis. The higher heating values of bio-crude from microwave pyrolysis of untreated and treated EOPFB were 30.1 and 29.7 MJ kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Francis Prashanth
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - M Midhun Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - R Vinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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27
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An Y, Tahmasebi A, Zhao X, Matamba T, Yu J. Catalytic reforming of palm kernel shell microwave pyrolysis vapors over iron-loaded activated carbon: Enhanced production of phenol and hydrogen. Bioresour Technol 2020; 306:123111. [PMID: 32203900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the in-situ microwave catalytic reforming of volatile matter from palm kernel shell (PKS) over iron-loaded activated carbon (Fe/AC) catalysts. The impacts of catalyst composition on the secondary gas-phase reactions and distribution of products were studied at 500 °C. It was found that the Fe/AC catalyst promoted the yield of light gases. Using the 1%-Fe/AC catalyst, the yield of gaseous fraction peaked at 37.09 wt%. The selectivity of the deoxygenated products was promoted in the presence of Fe. Catalytic reforming of PKS pyrolysis vapors over Fe/AC drastically enhanced the generation of phenol and H2, the concentrations of which reached 75.09 area% and 75.12 vol%, respectively. Catalytic pyrolysis of syringol and guaiacol as model compounds showed that Fe/AC catalyst promoted the demethoxylation and deoxygenation reactions to selectively generate phenol which was explained by oxophilic reactivity of the active Fe sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Arash Tahmasebi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Tawanda Matamba
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Jianglong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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28
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Dai L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ruan R. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of formic acid pretreated bamboo sawdust for bio-oil production. Environ Res 2020; 182:108988. [PMID: 31821986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The integrated process of formic acid pretreatment and pyrolysis of bamboo sawdust (BS) under microwave irradiation is developed to produce high-quality bio-oil in this study. Experimental results indicated that microwave-assisted formic acid (MFA) pretreatment was able to reduce the contents of hydrogen, ash, and volatile in biomass. In the meanwhile, a distinct increase in the higher heating value of pretreated BS was observed. Although a higher pretreatment temperature led to lower mass yield, the corresponding energy yield of solid product was remarkably higher. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transfer infrared spectrometry analyses of pretreated BS suggested that MFA pretreatment could destruct the pristine structure of BS. Therefore, thermal properties of pretreated BS were significantly altered in terms of thermal stability and decomposition temperature according to thermogravimetric analysis. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pretreated samples could produce less acids, phenols, and ketones but more sugars, especially gluopyranose. Furthermore, the relevant mechanism of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pretreated BS was interpreted. In sum, MFA was a feasible and promising technology to improve the quality of bio-oil from microwave pyrolysis of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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29
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Tang YH, Liu SH, Tsang DCW. Microwave-assisted production of CO 2-activated biochar from sugarcane bagasse for electrochemical desalination. J Hazard Mater 2020; 383:121192. [PMID: 31539661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance carbon electrode is desirable for promoting electrochemical desalination efficiency in the membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). Sugarcane bagasse (food waste) was employed in this study to prepare hierarchically porous biochars by microwave-assisted carbonization and activation with potassium hydroxide in N2 or CO2 atmosphere under varying flow rates (100-600 cm3 min-1). The sugarcane bagasse-derived biochars activated under CO2 flow of 300 cm3 min-1 (denoted as SBB-CO2-300) possessed the ratio of mesopores to total pore volume (Vmeso/Vtotal) of 56.7% with a specific surface area of 1019 m2 g-1. The electrochemical behavior of SBB-CO2-300 was demonstrated by a surpassing specific capacitance of 208 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1 by means of cyclic voltammetry. The desalination tests using a batch-mode MCDI at 1.2 V in a 5 mM NaCl solution indicated that the SBB-CO2-300 electrode exhibited an excellent electrosorption capacity of 28.9 mg g-1. The improvement in the electrochemical deionization performance of SBB-CO2-300 was attributed to the superior Vmeso/Vtotal ratio, high surface area, excellent capacitance behavior, and hierarchical pore structure. The biowaste-derived biochars prepared via facile microwave-assisted carbonization and CO2 activation route can provide a sustainable and high-efficiency carbon electrode for electrochemical deionization of brackish water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Heng Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Arsalani N, Nezhad-Mokhtari P, Jabbari E. Microwave-assisted and one-step synthesis of PEG passivated fluorescent carbon dots from gelatin as an efficient nanocarrier for methotrexate delivery. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2019; 47:540-547. [PMID: 30829085 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1562460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A green and simple process for preparing the polyethylene glycol passivated fluorescent carbon dots (CDs-PEG) have been studied by a microwave pyrolysis method, using gelatin and PEG as starting materials. This method is very effective for development of carbon-based quantum dots from gelatin with high quantum yield (QY). The synthesized CDs-PEG were found to emit blue photoluminescence (PL) with a maximum QY of 34%. At the following research, we investigated the effect of the presence of PEG on PL intensity, and the result showed that CDs-PEG becomes stronger PL properties than pure CDs from gelatin. The synthesized CDs-PEG were characterized by FTIR, TEM, UV-vis, PL, zeta potential and XRD analyses. The anticancer performance of developed CDs-PEG was evaluated by in vitro tests such as MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy analyses. The examination of CDs-PEG as an anti-cancer drug nanocarrier for methotrexate (MTX) illustrated a better antitumor efficacy than free MTX due to its enhanced nuclear delivery in vitro, which resulting in highly effective tumour growth inhibition and improving targeted cancer therapy in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Arsalani
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Polymer Research Laboratory , University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Parinaz Nezhad-Mokhtari
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Polymer Research Laboratory , University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Esmaiel Jabbari
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
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Zhang H, Gao Z, Liu Y, Ran C, Mao X, Kang Q, Ao W, Fu J, Li J, Liu G, Dai J. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge, and migration and distribution of heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 2018; 355:128-135. [PMID: 29783153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the pyrolysis characteristic of textile dyeing sludge (DS) using an auger pyrolyser under microwave irradiation at different pyrolysis temperature. The migration and distribution characteristic of heavy metals and their potential ecological risks were investigated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. Temperature and additives (e.g. Ca-bentonite, kaolin and CaO) significantly affected product distribution and yields. Heavy metals showed different enrichment characteristics during pyrolysis and a great percentage of the heavy metals was retained in the sludge char (SC), depending on different temperatures and additives. CaO had a strong ability for retention of S, Pb and Ni. Ca-bentonite, kaolin and CaO had considerable ability to retain Cr at 650 ℃. Ca-bentonite and CaO had positive effects on Ni retention at 450 °C and 650 °C. As was enriched at 450 °C with addition of Ca-bentonite. Cu and Zn were enriched at 450 °C and 850 °C without additives and the corresponding residue ratios (RRs) were 88.68-100%, which indicated good stability of these heavy metals during microwave pyrolysis of DS. The heavy metal contents in SC were lower than those in the national standards (CJ/T 362-2011, China) and these heavy metals showed slight potential ecological risk to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zuopeng Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunmei Ran
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qinhao Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenya Ao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Sun S, Huang X, Lin J, Ma R, Fang L, Zhang P, Qu J, Zhang X, Liu Y. Study on the effects of catalysts on the immobilization efficiency and mechanism of heavy metals during the microwave pyrolysis of sludge. Waste Manag 2018; 77:131-139. [PMID: 30008402 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to enhance the immobilization of heavy metals in the bio-char during microwave pyrolysis, the immobilization efficiency and mechanism of heavy metals in the microwave pyrolysis of sludge with different alkaline catalysts were explored. Results showed that the leaching concentrations of heavy metals reduced greatly after pyrolysis, which were lower when catalyzed by CaO than those of Fe2O3. CaO was more favorable for the immobilization of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni while Fe2O3 was more favorable for Cd. Different species distributions of heavy metals in the bio-char affected the leaching concentrations. Adding catalyst could significantly reduce the ecological risks of heavy metals in the bio-char, and CaO (RI = 15.17-20.43) had a better performance than Fe2O3 (RI = 16.88-21.79). When catalyzed by CaO, the formation of pores and co-crystal compounds in the bio-char determined the immobilization efficiencies of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junhao Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lin Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xianghua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Laboratory of Glasses and Ceramics, Institute of Chemical Science, University of Rennes 1, Rennes 35042, France
| | - Yilin Liu
- Shenzhen Foreign Languages School, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Wan Z, Li K. Effect of pre-pyrolysis mode on simultaneous introduction of nitrogen/oxygen-containing functional groups into the structure of bagasse-based mesoporous carbon and its influence on Cu(II) adsorption. Chemosphere 2018; 194:370-380. [PMID: 29223116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A convenient effective microwave pre-pyrolysis treatment to synthesize biomass-based mesoporous carbon with higher nitrogen/oxygen-chelating adsorption for Cu(II) is reported here, in which phosphoric acid impregnated bagasse was used as a microwave absorber and porogen. For comparison, conventional electric-heating pyrolyzed carbon was prepared and doped with nitrogen/oxygen groups. Nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and batch adsorption were employed to investigate the effects of the two pre-pyrolysis modes on the sample physicochemical and Cu(II) adsorptive properties. The 22-min-microwave-pyrolyzed bagasse mesoporous activated carbon (MBAC, 85.32% mesoporosity) contained 10.52% O, which is 3.94% more than electric-heating pyrolyzed mesoporous activated carbon (89.52% mesoporosity). After electrophilic aromatic substitutions of N/O doping, the former possessed more N (5.83%) and more O (21.40%), confirming that time-saving energy-efficient microwave pyrolysis favors the formation of defective C/O atoms in or at the edges of the graphite layer of MBAC, which are highly active and tend to act as preferred reactive positions for the doping of N/O-containing groups simultaneously compared with conventional electric-heating pyrolysis. These N and O species existed mainly as COOH, OH, NH and NH2 functional groups, and were confirmed by XPS to be active sites for metal binding via electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, a chelate effect and complexation, resulting in the great enhancement of Cu(II) adsorption. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic fitting further proved that Cu(II) adsorption by N/O-doped MBAC is ascribed mainly to chemisorption. Therefore, rapid microwave pre-pyrolysis provides a promising route to prepare excellent-performance N/O-doped carbon adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqing Wan
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China.
| | - Kunquan Li
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China.
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Hossain MA, Ganesan PB, Sandaran SC, Rozali SB, Krishnasamy S. Catalytic microwave pyrolysis of oil palm fiber (OPF) for the biochar production. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:26521-26533. [PMID: 28948458 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microwave pyrolysis of oil palm fiber (OPF) with three types of Na-based catalysts was experimentally investigated to produce biochar. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with purity 99.9% were selected for this investigation. Microwave muffle reactor (Model: HAMiab-C1500) with a microwave power controller including a microwave generator was used to perform the microwave pyrolysis. OPF particles were used after removing foreign materials, impurities, and dust. Microwave power ranges from 400 to 900 W, temperature ranges from 450 to 700 °C, and N2 flow rates ranges from 200 to -1200 cm3/min were used along with all three Na-based catalysts for this investigation. Lower microwave power, temperature, and N2 flow rate have been found favorable for higher yield of biochar. NaOH is to be found as the more suitable catalyst than NaCl and Na2CO3 to produce biochar. A maximum biochar yield (51.42 wt%) has been found by using the catalysts NaOH at N2 flow rate of 200 cm3/min. One sample of the biochar (maximum yield without catalysts) was selected for further characterization via thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultimate and proximate analysis. SEM and BET surface area analysis showed the presence of some pores in the biochar. High percentage of carbon (60.24 wt%) was also recorded in the sample biochar. The pores and high percentage of carbon of biochar have significant impact on soil fertilization by increasing the carbon sequestration in the soil. It assists to slow down the decomposition rate of nutrients from soil and therefore enhances the soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arafat Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Poo Balan Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Shaifulazuar Bin Rozali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Krishnasamy
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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35
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Huang F, Tahmasebi A, Maliutina K, Yu J. Formation of nitrogen-containing compounds during microwave pyrolysis of microalgae: Product distribution and reaction pathways. Bioresour Technol 2017; 245:1067-1074. [PMID: 28946389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-oil during microwave pyrolysis of Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae has been investigated in this study. Activated carbon (AC) and magnetite (Fe3O4) were used as microwave receptors during microwave pyrolysis experiments. It has been found that the use of Fe3O4 increased the total yield of bio-oil. The use of different microwave receptors did not seem to have affected the total yield of nitrogen-containing compounds in the bio-oil. However, Fe3O4 promoted the formation of nitrogen-containing aliphatics, thereby reducing the formation of nitrogen-containing aromatics. The use of AC promoted the dehydration reactions during amino acid decomposition, thereby enhancing the formation of nitrogen-containing aromatics during pyrolysis. From the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis results, the major high-value nitrogen-containing compounds in the pyrolysis bio-oil of Chlorella and Spirulina were identified as indole and dodecamide. The formation mechanisms of nitrogen-containing compounds were proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Arash Tahmasebi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Kristina Maliutina
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Jianglong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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36
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Gao Z, Zhang H, Ao W, Li J, Liu G, Chen X, Fu J, Ran C, Liu Y, Kang Q, Mao X, Dai J. Microwave pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge in a continuously operated auger reactor: Condensates and non-condensable gases. Environ Pollut 2017; 228:331-343. [PMID: 28551563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated an auger pyrolyser under microwave irradiation using textile dyeing sludge (DS) as the feedstock. Microwave power, temperature, auger speed, gas velocity and addition of catalysts were studied. In terms of ICP-MS, Cu and As concentrations in condensates, depending on pyrolysis temperatures, exceeded the wastewater discharge standard in China. The condensate and oil yields reached maximum (i.e. 12.86 wt% and 0.84 wt%, respectively) at 650 °C. The content of aromatic compounds in the oil increased as temperature increased, up to 88.38% (GC-MS area) at 750 °C. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing nitrogen accounted for 20%-58% of the pyrolysis oil. Addition of catalysts such as CaO and Fe decreased pyrolysis oil yield and increased the content of H2. The H2 content increased from 25.39v% without catalyst to 64.17v% with addition of 30 wt% CaO. The electricity consumption was 0.80-2.64 kWh/kg wet sludge from 450 to 750 °C and auger speed range of 1-9 rpm. Higher auger speeds and lower temperatures led to lower electricity consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hedong Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenya Ao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunmei Ran
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qinhao Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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37
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Zhang J, Zuo W, Tian Y, Yin L, Gong Z, Zhang J. Release of hydrogen sulfide during microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge: Effect of operating parameters and mechanism. J Hazard Mater 2017; 331:117-122. [PMID: 28249180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sludge characteristics, pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and catalysts on the release of H2S and mechanism of H2S formation during sludge pyrolysis were investigated in a microwave heating reactor (MHR). The evolution of sulfur-containing compounds in the pyrolysis chars obtained at temperature range of 400-800°C was characterized by XPS. For a given temperature, the maximum concentration of H2S appeared at moisture content of 80%. Compared to the influence of heating rate on the H2S yields, pyrolysis temperature and catalyst played a more significant role on the release of H2S during microwave pyrolysis process. The H2S concentration increased with increasing temperature from 400°C to 800°C while decreased with increasing heating rate. Both the Nickel-based catalyst and Dolomite displayed significant desulfurization effect and Ni-based catalyst exhibited the larger desulfurization capability than that of Dolomite. The organic sulfur compounds accounted for about 60% of the total sulfur in the sludge which was the main reason for the formation of H2S. The mechanism analysis indicated that the cleavage reactions of mercaptan and aromatic-S compounds at temperatures below 600°C and the cracking reaction of sulfate above 700°C respectively were responsible for the H2S release during sludge pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Linlin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhenlong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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38
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Ma R, Yuan N, Sun S, Zhang P, Fang L, Zhang X, Zhao X. Preliminary investigation of the microwave pyrolysis mechanism of sludge based on high frequency structure simulator simulation of the electromagnetic field distribution. Bioresour Technol 2017; 234:370-379. [PMID: 28343056 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Under microwave irradiation, raw sludge was pyrolyzed mainly by evaporation of water, with a weight loss ratio of 84.8% and a maximum temperature not exceeding 200°C. High-temperature pyrolysis of SiC sludge could be realized, with a weight loss ratio of 93.4% and a final pyrolysis temperature of 1131.7°C. Variations between the electric field intensity distribution are the main reason for the differences of pyrolysis efficiencies. HFSS simulation showed that the electric field intensity of the raw sludge gradually decreased from 2.94×104V/m to 0.88×104V/m when pyrolysis ends, while that of SiC sludge decreased from 3.73×104V/m at the beginning to 1.28×104V/m, then increased to 4.03×104V/m. The electromagnetic effect is the main factor (r≥0.91) influencing the temperature increase and weight loss of raw sludge. Both the electromagnetic effect and heat conduction effect influenced temperature rise and weight loss of SiC sludge, but the former's influence was comparatively larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nana Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lin Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xianghua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Laboratory of Glasses and Ceramics, Institute of Chemical Science, University of Rennes 1, Rennes 35042, France
| | - Xuxin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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39
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Beneroso D, Bermúdez JM, Montes-Morán MA, Arenillas A, Menéndez JA. Microwave-induced cracking of pyrolytic tars coupled to microwave pyrolysis for syngas production. Bioresour Technol 2016; 218:687-691. [PMID: 27420155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein a new process is proposed to produce a syngas-rich gas fraction (>80vol% H2+CO) from biowaste based on microwave heating within two differentiated steps in order to avoid tars production. The first step consists of the microwave pyrolysis of biowaste induced by a char-based susceptor at 400-800°C; tars, char and syngas-rich gas fractions being produced. The tars are then fed into the second step where a portion of the char from the first step is used as a bed material in a 0.3:1wt% ratio. This bed is heated up by microwaves up to 800°C, allowing thermal cracking of tars and additional syngas (>90vol% H2+CO) being then produced. This new concept arises as an alternative technology to the gasification of biowastes for producing syngas with no need for catalysts or gasifying reagents to minimise tars production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beneroso
- Microwave Process Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - J M Bermúdez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - M A Montes-Morán
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, CSIC, Apartado 73, 33080 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Arenillas
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, CSIC, Apartado 73, 33080 Oviedo, Spain
| | - J A Menéndez
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, CSIC, Apartado 73, 33080 Oviedo, Spain.
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40
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Zhang S, Dong Q, Zhang L, Xiong Y. High quality syngas production from microwave pyrolysis of rice husk with char-supported metallic catalysts. Bioresour Technol 2015; 191:17-23. [PMID: 25974618 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain the maximum possible gas yield and the high quality syngas production from microwave pyrolysis of rice husk with rice husk char and rice husk char-supported metallic (Ni, Fe and Cu) catalysts. The rice husk char-supported metallic catalysts had developed pore structure and catalytic activity for gas productions and tar conversion. The temperature-rising characteristic, product yields, properties of gas products and tar conversion mechanisms were investigated. It was found that three rice husk char-supported metallic catalysts improved the microwave absorption capability and increased heating rate and final temperature. Rice husk char-supported Ni catalyst presented most effective effects on gas production, e.g. the gas yield is 53.9%, and the volume concentration of desired syngas is 69.96%. Rice husk char-supported Ni and Fe catalysts played pivotal roles in tar conversion that less heavy compounds can be detected along with the reduction of organic compound number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanquan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Wang N, Tahmasebi A, Yu J, Xu J, Huang F, Mamaeva A. A Comparative study of microwave-induced pyrolysis of lignocellulosic and algal biomass. Bioresour Technol 2015; 190:89-96. [PMID: 25935388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) pyrolysis of algal and lignocellulosic biomass samples were studied using a modified domestic oven. The pyrolysis temperature was recorded continuously by inserting a thermocouple into the samples. Temperatures as high as 1170 and 1015°C were achieved for peanut shell and Chlorella vulgaris. The activation energy for MW pyrolysis was calculated by Coats-Redfern method and the values were 221.96 and 214.27kJ/mol for peanut shell and C. vulgaris, respectively. Bio-oil yields reached to 27.7wt.% and 11.0wt.% during pyrolysis of C. vulgaris and peanut shell, respectively. The bio-oil samples from pyrolysis were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bio-oil from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis contained more phenolic compounds while that from microalgae pyrolysis contained more nitrogen-containing species. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis results showed that concentration of OH, CH, CO, OCH3, and CO functional groups in char samples decreased significantly after pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Arash Tahmasebi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Jianglong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Alisa Mamaeva
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
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Liu H, Ma X, Li L, Hu Z, Guo P, Jiang Y. The catalytic pyrolysis of food waste by microwave heating. Bioresour Technol 2014; 166:45-50. [PMID: 24905041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a series of experiments that tested the use of microwave pyrolysis for treating food waste. Characteristics including rise in temperature, and the three-phase products, were analyzed at different microwave power levels, after adding 5% (mass basis) metal oxides and chloride salts to the food waste. Results indicated that, the metal oxides MgO, Fe₂O₃ and MnO₂ and the chloride salts CuCl₂ and NaCl can lower the yield of bio-oil and enhance the yield of gas. Meanwhile, the metal oxides MgO and MnO₂ can also lower the low heating value (LHV) of solid residues and increase the pH values of the lower layer bio-oils. However, the chloride salts CuCl₂ and NaCl had the opposite effects. The optimal microwave power for treating food waste was 400W; among the tested catalysts, CuCl₂ was the best catalyst and had the largest energy ratio of production to consumption (ERPC), followed by MnO₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Liu
- Electric Power College, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Electric Power College, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Longjun Li
- Electric Power College, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - ZhiFeng Hu
- Electric Power College, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pingsheng Guo
- Physics Science and Technology Institute, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuhui Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
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Zhao X, Wang W, Liu H, Ma C, Song Z. Microwave pyrolysis of wheat straw: product distribution and generation mechanism. Bioresour Technol 2014; 158:278-285. [PMID: 24607465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microwave pyrolysis of wheat straw is studied, combined with analysis of products, the distribution and generation pathway of products are investigated. Only a small amount of volatiles released when microwave pyrolysis of pure straw. Mixtures of adding CuO and Fe3O4 can pyrolyze, and the majority in pyrolysis products is in liquid-phase. Severe pyrolysis occur after adding carbon residue, the CO content in pyrolysis gas products is high, and the maximum volume content of H2 can exceed 35 vol.%. The high-temperature is helpful for increasing the yield of combustible gas in gaseous products, in particular the H2 production, but also helpful for improving the conversion of sample. Pyrolysis is carried out layer by layer from the inside to outside. As the internal material firstly pyrolyze and pyrolysis products released pass through the low temperature zone, the chance of occurrence of secondary reactions is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiang Zhao
- National engineering Laboratory of coal-fired pollution reduction, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Energy Carbon Reduction & Resource Utilization, Shandong University, No. 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- National engineering Laboratory of coal-fired pollution reduction, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Energy Carbon Reduction & Resource Utilization, Shandong University, No. 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Hongzhen Liu
- National engineering Laboratory of coal-fired pollution reduction, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Energy Carbon Reduction & Resource Utilization, Shandong University, No. 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Chunyuan Ma
- National engineering Laboratory of coal-fired pollution reduction, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Energy Carbon Reduction & Resource Utilization, Shandong University, No. 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Zhanlong Song
- National engineering Laboratory of coal-fired pollution reduction, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Energy Carbon Reduction & Resource Utilization, Shandong University, No. 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, PR China.
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Huang YF, Chiueh PT, Kuan WH, Lo SL. Microwave pyrolysis of rice straw: products, mechanism, and kinetics. Bioresour Technol 2013; 142:620-624. [PMID: 23774221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw is an abundant resource for the production of biofuels and bio-based products. How to convert the recalcitrant lignocellulose effectually is a critical issue. The objective of this study was to investigate the products, mechanism, and kinetics of rice straw pyrolysis by using microwave heating. The highest energy densification ratio of solid residues was achieved at the microwave power level of 300 W. The atomic H/C and O/C ratios of solid residues were much lower than those of rice straw. The primary components of gaseous product were CO, H2, CO2, and CH4, whose molecular fractions were 57%, 21%, 14%, and 8%, respectively. The more gaseous product and the less solid residues were obtained at higher microwave power levels, while the liquid production remained the same and showed a maximum of about 50 wt.%. The kinetic parameters of rice straw pyrolysis were increased with increasing microwave power level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fong Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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