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Perrot T, Bonmatin JM, Jactel H, Leboulanger C, Goffaux R, Gaba S. Temporal and spatial trends of imidacloprid-related hazards in France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173950. [PMID: 38879021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are the top-selling insecticides worldwide. Because of their method of use, mainly to coat seeds, neonicotinoids have been found to widely contaminate the environment. Their high toxicity has been shown to be a major concern in terms of impact on biodiversity, and the use of these insecticides has been associated with population declines of species in different countries. Despite the widespread recognition of the risk of neonicotinoids to biodiversity, their temporal and spatial use remains poorly known in many countries. Yet this information is essential to address the potential impacts of these pesticides on biodiversity and to inform measures to establish protected areas or biodiversity restoration. The present study relied a large publicly available dataset to characterise the temporal and spatial use in France of imidacloprid, the most widely used neonicotinoid worldwide, as well as analysed water contamination surveys between 2005 and 2022 to assess the contamination of the environment. The results show that imidacloprid was the main neonicotinoid used in France over the study period. This use was spatially structured, with higher use in northern and western France, particularly related to cereal and beet crops area. The water contamination survey indicated that imidacloprid has widely contaminated the environment and consequently increased the risk to biodiversity, especially in counties crossed by the Loire, Seine and Vilaine rivers. This risk increased between 2005 and 2018 due to the higher use of imidacloprid and decreased sharply after 2018 due to its ban, although it was reauthorized by derogation for sugar beet in 2021. This study is the first assessment of imidacloprid pressure on biodiversity in France and shows the spatial and temporal correlation between agricultural practices and the freshwater contamination level. These results will help to identify priority areas for mitigation and restoration measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perrot
- Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité, Centre de Synthèse et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversité (FRB-Cesab), la Maison des Océans, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CNRS), rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France.
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Biogeco, 33610 Cestas, France
| | | | - Robin Goffaux
- Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité, Centre de Synthèse et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversité (FRB-Cesab), la Maison des Océans, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Gaba
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, USC 1339 CNRS INRAE Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
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Jourdan J, El Toum Abdel Fadil S, Oehlmann J, Hupało K. Rapid development of increased neonicotinoid tolerance in non-target freshwater amphipods. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108368. [PMID: 38070438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive assessment of the long-term impacts of constant exposure to pollutants on wildlife populations remains a relatively unexplored area of ecological risk assessment. Empirical evidence to suggest that multigenerational exposure affects the susceptibility of organisms is scarce, and the underlying mechanisms in the natural environment have yet to be fully understood. In this study, we first examined the arthropod candidate species, Gammarus roeselii that - unlike closely related species - commonly occurs in many contaminated river systems of Central Europe. This makes it a suitable study organism to investigate the development of tolerances and phenotypic adaptations along pollution gradients. In a 96-h acute toxicity assay with the neonicotinoid thiacloprid, we indeed observed a successive increase in tolerance in populations coming from contaminated regions. This was accompanied by a certain phenotypic change, with increased investment into reproduction. To address the question of whether these changes are plastic or emerged from longer lasting evolutionary processes, we conducted a multigeneration experiment in the second part of our study. Here, we used closely-related Hyalella azteca and pre-exposed them for multiple generations to sublethal concentrations of thiacloprid in a semi-static design (one week renewal of media containing 0.1 or 1.0 µg/L thiacloprid). The pre-exposed individuals were then used in acute toxicity assays to see how quickly such adaptive responses can develop. Over only two generations, the tolerance to the neonicotinoid almost doubled, suggesting developmental plasticity as a plausible mechanism for the rapid adaptive response to strong selection factors such as neonicotinoid insecticides. It remains to be discovered whether the plasticity of rapidly developed tolerance is species-specific and explains why closely related species - which may not have comparable adaptive response capabilities - disappear in polluted habitats. Overall, our findings highlight the neglected role of developmental plasticity during short- and long-term exposure of natural populations to pollution. Moreover, our results show that even pollutant levels seven times lower than concentrations found in the study region have a clear impact on the developmental trajectories of non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jourdan
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13 D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Safia El Toum Abdel Fadil
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20 D-21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13 D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kamil Hupało
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Alesci A, Di Paola D, Fumia A, Marino S, D’Iglio C, Famulari S, Albano M, Spanò N, Lauriano ER. Internal Defense System of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819): Ecological Role of Hemocytes as Biomarkers for Thiacloprid and Benzo[a]Pyrene Pollution. TOXICS 2023; 11:731. [PMID: 37755742 PMCID: PMC10537264 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of pollutants, such as thiacloprid and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), into the waters of urbanized coastal and estuarine areas through fossil fuel spills, domestic and industrial waste discharges, atmospheric inputs, and continental runoff poses a major threat to the fauna and flora of the aquatic environment and can have a significant impact on the internal defense system of invertebrates such as mussels. Using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and anti-inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) antibodies for the first time, this work aims to examine hemocytes in the mantle and gills of M. galloprovincialis as biomarkers of thiacloprid and B[a]P pollution and analyze their potential synergistic effect. To pursue this objective, samples were exposed to the pollutants, both individually and simultaneously. Subsequently, oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated by enzymatic analysis, while tissue changes and the number of hemocytes in the different contaminated groups were assessed via histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses. Our findings revealed that in comparison to a single exposure, the two pollutants together significantly elevated oxidative stress. Moreover, our data may potentially enhance knowledge on how TLR2 and iNOS work as part of the internal defense system of bivalves. This would help in creating new technologies and strategies, such as biosensors, that are more suitable for managing water pollution, and garnering new details on the condition of the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico “G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Claudio D’Iglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Sergio Famulari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
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Montaño-Campaz ML, Oliveira EE, Bacca T, Toro-Restrepo B, Dias LG. Sex-specific alterations in adaptive responses of Chironomus columbiensis triggered by imidacloprid chronic and acute sublethal exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27601-1. [PMID: 37253916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of imidacloprid is a common pest control practice in the Neotropical region. However, the imidacloprid unintended sublethal effects on Neotropical aquatic non-target arthropods and undesirable consequences for aquatic environments remain unclear. Here, we assessed the susceptibility of Chironomus columbiensis (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and evaluated whether sublethal exposure types would trigger sex-dependent adaptive responses (e.g., emergence, body mass, reproduction, wing morphology). We conducted a concentration-mortality curve (96 h of exposure) and established chronic and acute sublethal exposure bioassays. While chronic sublethal exposures consisted of exposing individuals during their entire larval and pupal stages, the acute sublethal exposures represented a single short duration (24 h) exposure episode during either the first or fourth larval instar. Our results revealed that chronic sublethal exposure reduced the body mass of males, while acute sublethal exposures during the first instar resulted in heavier males than those that were not exposed to imidacloprid. Chronic exposure also reduced the reproduction of males and females, while the acute sublethal exposure only affected the reproduction of individuals that were imidacloprid-exposed on their later larval instar. Chronic and acute sublethal exposures did differentially affect the wing properties of C. columbiensis males (e.g., increased size when chronically exposed and highly asymmetric wings when acutely exposed in early larval phase) and females (e.g., highly asymmetric wings when chronically and acutely exposed). Collectively, our findings demonstrated that imidacloprid can cause unintended sublethal effects on C. columbiensis, and those effects are dependent on sex, exposure type, and developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton L Montaño-Campaz
- Programa de Doctorado, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Grupo de Investigación Bionat, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa-MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Eugênio E Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Tito Bacca
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad del Tolima, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Toro-Restrepo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Grupo de Investigación Bionat, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Lucimar G Dias
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Grupo de Investigación Bionat, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia
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Gautam P, Pandey AK, Gupta A, Dubey SK. Microcosm-omics centric investigation reveals elevated bacterial degradation of imidacloprid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121402. [PMID: 36889658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid, a broad-spectrum insecticide, is widely used against aphids and other sucking insects. As a result, its toxic effect is becoming apparent in non-targeted organisms. In-situ bioremediation of residual insecticide from the environment utilizing efficient microbes would be helpful in reducing its load. In the present work, in-depth genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, and metabolomics analyses were employed to reveal the potential of Sphingobacterium sp. InxBP1 for in-situ degradation of imidacloprid. The microcosm study revealed ∼79% degradation with first-order kinetics (k = 0.0726 day-1). Genes capable of mediating oxidative degradation of imidacloprid and subsequent decarboxylation of intermediates were identified in the bacterial genome. Proteome analysis demonstrated significant overexpression of the enzymes coded by these genes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed significant affinity and binding of the identified enzymes for their respective substrates (the degradation pathway intermediates). The nitronate monooxygenase (K7A41 01745), amidohydrolase (K7A41 03835 and K7A41 07535), FAD-dependent monooxygenase (K7A41 12,275), and ABC transporter enzymes (K7A41 05325, and K7A41 05605) were found to be effective in facilitating the transport and intracellular degradation of imidacloprid. The metabolomic study identified the pathway intermediates and validated the proposed mechanism and functional role of the identified enzymes in degradation. Thus, the present investigation provides an efficient imidacloprid degrading bacterial species as evidenced by its genetic attributes which can be utilized or further improved to develop technologies for in-situ remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gautam
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284128, India
| | - Ankush Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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6
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Shang C, Chen A, Cao R, Luo S, Shao J, Zhang J, Peng L, Huang H. Response of microbial community to the remediation of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid contaminated wetland soil by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136975. [PMID: 36283437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI), a typic neonicotinoid insecticide, is widely used and persist in soils with long half-time causing serious threat to ecosystem and human health. It is urgent to develop suitable and effective methods to accelerate it degradation and alleviate its negative impacts in soil. In this study, the introduction of functional microbe white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to remediate IMI contaminated wetland soil was carried out. The remediation performance and the response of the soil microbial community were examined. The results showed that P. chrysosporium could improve the degradation of IMI in soil no matter the soil was sterilized or not. The bioaugmentation was especially observed in non-sterilized soil under the inoculation patterns of FE and SP with the maximum IMI degradation rate of 91% and 93% in 7 days, respectively. The invertase activity in soil was also enhanced with P. chrysosporium inoculation. Microbial community analysis revealed that P. chrysosporium inoculation could increase the diversity and richness of bacterial community, and stimulate some IMI degraders genera including Ochrobactrum, Leifsonia, Achromobacter, and Bacillus. Moreover, the xenobiotic degradation and metabolism pathway was generally enhanced with P. chrysosporium inoculation based on PICRUSt analysis. These obtained results demonstrated that the introduction of white-rot fungus is of great potentially enabling the remediation of neonicotinoids contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Shang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Anwei Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China.
| | - Ruoyu Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Si Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Jihai Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Liang Peng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Hongli Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
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Somogyvári D, Farkas A, Mörtl M, Győri J. Behavioral and biochemical alterations induced by acute clothianidin and imidacloprid exposure in the killer shrimp, Dikerogammarus villosus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 261:109421. [PMID: 35908639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are widely used insecticides around the world and are preserved permanently in soils and appear in surface waters posing an increased threat to ecosystems. In the present study, we exposed adult specimens of amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus to environmentally relevant and higher concentrations of two widely used agricultural neonicotinoids, clothianidin (CLO) and imidacloprid (IMI), for 2 days. The acute effects were investigated at the behavioral (immobility time and swimming activity) and biochemical (glutathione S-transferase [GST] and acetylcholine esterase [AchE] activity) levels. All CLO concentrations used (64 nM, 128 nM, 192 nM) significantly decreased the immobility time and swimming activity. In the case of IMI, the immobility time decreased significantly only at the highest concentration applied (977 nM), but the distance travelled by the animals significantly decreased even at lower concentrations (78 nM and 313 nM). The GST enzyme activity did not change in the CLO-treated groups, however, the 626 nM and 977 nM IMI concentrations significantly increased the GST activity. Similarly, to the behavioral level, all CLO concentrations significantly decreased the AchE activity. In contrast, IMI has a significant stimulating effect on the AchE activity at the 313 nM, 626 nM, and 977 nM concentrations. Based on the authors' best knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of CLO and IMI at environmentally-relevant concentrations on D. villosus. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the physiological effects of neonicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Somogyvári
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary; Research Group of Limnology, Centre of Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8200, Hungary.
| | - Anna Farkas
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Mária Mörtl
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Győri
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary; National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary
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Wu J, Gao Y, Xi J, You X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Cao Y, Liu P, Chen X, Luan Y. A high-throughput microplate toxicity screening platform based on Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114089. [PMID: 36126550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), an established model organism, has been widely used in environmental toxicology research. However, most of the current toxicity testing methods based on worms are time-consuming. In this study we aimed to develop an automated and highly-integrated platform for high-throughput and in situ toxicity testing. Considering the superiority of C. elegans as a neurotoxicological model, this platform mainly evaluates general toxicology and neurotoxicology endpoints, which are usually induced by metals and pesticides, the major environmental contaminants. Microplates were used as a worm culturing system, which have good compatibility with any commercial microplate applicable instruments. We developed a microfluidic-based module for worm dispensing, and an image acquisition/analysis module for monitoring worms and detecting toxicity endpoints in bright filed. These were collectively incorporated with a commercial pipetting workstation for automated food/drug delivery and a high-content analysis system for fluorescence detection. The integrated platform achieved an efficient on-demand worm dispensing, long-term maintenance, regular monitoring and imaging, survival assay and behavioral analyses, and visualized gene reporter assay. Moreover, "Lab on Web" was achieved by connecting the platform to the web for remote operation, worm monitoring, and phenotype calculation. To demonstrate the ability of the platform for automated toxicity testing assays; worms were treated with cadmium and longevity, neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity and gst-4 expression were evaluated. We determined its feasibility and proposed the potential application in high-throughput toxicity screening for environmental risk assessment in the nearest future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wu
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yue Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyue You
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Peichuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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