The pH dependence and role of fluorinated substituent of enoxacin binding to ferrihydrite

Assessing sorption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in soils from a Kd compilation based on pure organic and mineral components

The presence of fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics in soils may cause a threat to human health due to overexposure and the generation of antibiotic resistance genes. Understanding their sorption behavior in soils is important to predict subsequent FQ (bio) availability. Here, FQ sorption in pure soil organic (i.e., humic substances) and mineral (i.e., metal oxides; phyllosilicates) components is evaluated through a solid-liquid distribution coefficient (Kd (FQ)) dataset consisting of 243 entries originated from 80 different studies, to elucidate their respective contribution to the overall Kd (FQ) in bulk soils. First, different factors affecting FQ sorption and desorption in each of these soil phases are critically discussed. The strong role of pH in Kd (FQ), due to the simultaneous effect on both FQ speciation and surface charge changes, encouraged the derivation of normalized sorption coefficients for the cationic, zwitterionic and anionic FQ species in humic substances and in different phyllosilicates. Kd (FQ) in metal oxides revealed a key role of metal nature and material specific surface area due to complexation sorption mechanisms at neutral pH. Cumulative distribution functions (CDF) were applied to each dataset to establish a sorption affinity range for each phase and to derive best estimate Kd (FQ) values for those materials where normalized sorption coefficients to FQ species were unavailable. The data analysis conducted in the different soil phases set the basis for a Kd (FQ) prediction model, which combined the respective sorption affinity of each phase for FQ and phase abundance in soil to estimate Kd (FQ) in bulk soils. The model was subsequently validated with sorption data in well characterized soils compiled from the literature.

Enhanced degradation of enoxacin using ferrihydrite-catalyzed heterogeneous photo-Fenton process

The ferrihydrite-catalyzed heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction shows great potential for environmental remediation of fluoroquinolone (FQs) antibiotics. The degradation of enoxacin, a model of FQ antibiotics, was studied by a batch experiment and theoretical calculation. The results revealed that the degradation efficiency of enoxacin reached 89.7% at pH 3. The hydroxyl radical (∙OH) had a significant impact on the degradation process, with a cumulative concentration of 43.9 μmol L-1 at pH 3. Photogenerated holes and electrons participated in the generation of ∙OH. Eleven degradation products of enoxacin were identified, with the main degradation pathways being defluorination, quinolone ring and piperazine ring cleavage and oxidation. These findings indicate that the ferrihydrite-catalyzed photo-Fenton process is a valid way for treating water contaminated with FQ antibiotics.

Diverse Applications of Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS)

This second of the two-part series of a comprehensive survey review provides the diverse applications of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) covering different probes, perturbations, and systems in the last two years. Infrared spectroscopy has maintained its top popularity in 2D-COS over the past two years. Fluorescence spectroscopy is the second most frequently used analytical method, which has been heavily applied to the analysis of heavy metal binding, environmental, and solution systems. Various other analytical methods including laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, capillary electrophoresis, seismologic, and so on, have also been reported. In the last two years, concentration, composition, and pH are the main effects of perturbation used in the 2D-COS fields, as well as temperature. Environmental science is especially heavily studied using 2D-COS. This comprehensive survey review shows that 2D-COS undergoes continuous evolution and growth, marked by novel developments and successful applications across diverse scientific fields.

Degradation of enoxacin with different dissociated species during the transformation of ferrihydrite-antibiotic coprecipitates

Ferrihydrite acts as a natural reservoir for nutrient elements, organic matter, and coexisting pollutants through adsorption and coprecipitation. However, the degradation of emerging fluoroquinolone antibiotics during the transformation of ferrihydrite coprecipitates, especially those with various dissociated species, remains insufficiently explored. In this study, Enoxacin (ENO), employed as a model antibiotic, was introduced to prepare ferrihydrite-ENO coprecipitates. The influence of coprecipitated ENO on the transformation of the ferrihydrite-ENO coprecipitate was investigated across different pH conditions. The results revealed that ferrihydrite-ENO coprecipitates thermodynamically transformed into more stable goethite and/or hematite under all pH conditions. In neutral and alkaline conditions, ENO promoted the transformation of coprecipitates into goethite while hindering hematite formation. Conversely, under acidic conditions, ENO directly obstructed the transformation of coprecipitates into hematite. Different dissociated species of ENO displayed distinct degradation pathways. The cationic form of ENO exhibited a greater tendency for hydroxylation and defluorination, while the zwitterion form leaned toward piperazine ring oxidation, with limited preference for quinolone ring oxidation. The anionic form of ENO exhibited the fastest degradation rate. It is essential to emphasize that the toxicity of the degradation products was intricately connected to the specific reaction sites and the functional groups they acquired post-oxidation. These findings offer fresh insights into the role of antibiotics in coprecipitation, the transformation of ferrihydrite coprecipitates, and the fate of coexisting antibiotics.

Coupled multimedia fate and bioaccumulation models for predicting fate of florfenicol and fluoroquinolones in water and fish organs in the seasonal ice-sealed reservoir

Ice formation in reservoirs could promote the accumulation of antibiotics in fish, potentially leading to elevated concentrations in fish muscles, kidneys, and livers. However, for the seasonal ice-sealed reservoirs, antibiotic sampling and detecting conditions in water and fish are normally limited by the ice cover. Additionally, previous studies on the prediction of antibiotics accumulated in seasonal ice-sealed reservoir fish are scarce. This study presents a coupled model incorporating a multimedia fate model and a bioaccumulation model to predict antibiotic fate in water and the muscles, kidneys, and livers of fish in seasonal ice-sealed reservoirs. Prediction concentrations of florfenicol were higher than those of ofloxacin and norfloxacin in both water and fish from the seasonal ice-sealed reservoir. Log bioaccumulation factors of antibiotics in Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in January 2021 were higher than those in October 2020 by 21.5% and 12.6%, respectively. Antibiotics mean transfer fluxes from water to fish muscles, kidneys, and livers increased owing to the reservoir ice-cover formation date advancing by 13.0%, 77.1%, and 61.0%, respectively. This work provides a modeling tool for investigating the fate and mass transfer flux of antibiotics in biological and environmental phases in seasonal ice-sealed reservoirs.

Effects of environmental factors on the fleroxacin photodegradation with the identification of reaction pathways

The abuse of fluoroquinolones (FQs) antibiotics leads to bacterial resistance and environmental pollution, so it is of great significance to verify the decomposition mechanism for eliminating antibiotic efficiently and conveniently. The effects of various environmental factors and the fleroxacin (FLE) photodegradation mechanisms were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculation. Six possible photodegradation reaction paths on T₁ (excited triplet state) were proposed and simulated. The departure of the piperazine ring and the substitution of F atom at C-6 position by OH group were determined as the main reactions based on the reaction rates and energy barriers of each path. The multi-pathway reactions resulted in the fastest photodegradation rates of FLE at pH 6-7 than other pH conditions. NaN₃ would promote FLE photodegradation by inhibiting the reverse reaction of the separation process of F atom at C-8 and the generation of biphenyl molecules, which was a novel and distinctive phenomenon in this report. ·OH would rapidly combine with the free radicals generated in photolysis processes and made a great contribution to FLE photodegradation. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ba²⁺ could stabilize the carboxyl group to impede the photo-competitive process of the decarboxylation reaction, while NO₃^- could generate reactive oxygen species to promote photodegradation.