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Tang H, Li Y, Sun X, Zhou X, Li C, Ma L, Liu J, Jiang K, Ding Z, Liu S, Yu P, Jia L, Zhang F. Variation of the Start Date of the Vegetation Growing Season (SOS) and Its Climatic Drivers in the Tibetan Plateau. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1065. [PMID: 38674475 PMCID: PMC11054351 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Climate change inevitably affects vegetation growth in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Understanding the dynamics of vegetation phenology and the responses of vegetation phenology to climate change are crucial for evaluating the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Despite many relevant studies conducted in the past, there still remain research gaps concerning the dominant factors that induce changes in the start date of the vegetation growing season (SOS). In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of the SOS were investigated by using a long-term series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) spanning from 2001 to 2020, and the response of the SOS to climate change and the predominant climatic factors (air temperature, LST or precipitation) affecting the SOS were explored. The main findings were as follows: the annual mean SOS concentrated on 100 DOY-170 DOY (day of a year), with a delay from east to west. Although the SOS across the entire region exhibited an advancing trend at a rate of 0.261 days/year, there were notable differences in the advancement trends of SOS among different vegetation types. In contrast to the current advancing SOS, the trend of future SOS changes shows a delayed trend. For the impacts of climate change on the SOS, winter Tmax (maximum temperature) played the dominant role in the temporal shifting of spring phenology across the TP, and its effect on SOS was negative, meaning that an increase in winter Tmax led to an earlier SOS. Considering the different conditions required for the growth of various types of vegetation, the leading factor was different for the four vegetation types. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of SOS variation in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanya Tang
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yongke Li
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Xizao Sun
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519080, China;
| | - Cheng Li
- Observation and Research Station of Ecological Restoration for Chongqing Typical Mining Areas, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 401120, China; (C.L.); (L.M.)
- Wansheng Mining Area Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of Chongqing Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Observation and Research Station of Ecological Restoration for Chongqing Typical Mining Areas, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 401120, China; (C.L.); (L.M.)
- Wansheng Mining Area Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of Chongqing Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinlian Liu
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ke Jiang
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhi Ding
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Pujia Yu
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Luyao Jia
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.T.); (X.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (Z.D.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (L.J.); (F.Z.)
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Liu Y, Ma J. Significant early end of the growing season of forest vegetation inside China's protected areas. iScience 2024; 27:108652. [PMID: 38205259 PMCID: PMC10776955 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The land surface phenology (LSP) indicators (i.e., start, end, and length of the growing season: SOS, EOS, LOS) are important to reflect the growth of forest and its response to environmental changes. However, the spatiotemporal variation and its mechanism of forest phenology under different human disturbance' levels are still unclear. Here, we compare the LSP indicators inside and outside China's 257 protected areas (PAs) and explore the influencing factors of phenological differences (ΔSOS, ΔEOS, ΔLOS). We find that in general, EOS inside PAs (mean ± s.e.m: 312.6 ± 1.2days) is significantly earlier than outside (314.6 ± 1.2days), and LOS inside PAs (218.9 ± 2.0days) are significantly shorter than outside (220.6 ± 2.0days). ΔSOS and ΔEOS are controlled by nighttime and daytime temperature differences, respectively, and both factors affect ΔLOS. This evidence provides a new understanding about the functions of PAs and its influence on forest vegetation growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, #2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, #2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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Liu Z, Zhou Y, Feng Z. Response of vegetation phenology to urbanization in urban agglomeration areas: A dynamic urban-rural gradient perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161109. [PMID: 36566859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Being an important theme in global warming, the response of vegetation phenology to urbanization has become an increasing concern at both the local and global levels. Previous studies have focused on spatial or temporal responses across urban-rural gradients; thus, the influence of urbanization on vegetation phenology along the dynamic urbanization gradient has not been well quantified. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the response of vegetation phenology to urbanization in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHM-GBA) from a dynamic urban-rural gradient perspective. The results show that the response of vegetation phenology to urbanization level has a distinct spatiotemporal difference across the urban-rural gradient. Compared to rural areas, the change rate of advancements in the start-of-season (SOS) in urban domains was 1.16 DOY/year and that of the end-of-season (EOS) was 0.63 days/year from 2001 to 2020. In the GHM-GBA region, 61.03 % of the remote sensing pixels showed an advancing trend for SOS and 55.75 % for EOS. Urbanization advanced the SOS and EOS but did not extend the growing season length, and the SOS and EOS were advanced by 7 and 6 days along the urban-to-rural gradient, respectively. For every 10 % increase in urbanization levels, the SOS and EOS advanced by 1.085 and 1.091 days across the urban-rural gradient, respectively; the spring land surface temperature (LST) advanced the SOS at a rate of 1.71 days/°C, while the autumn LST advanced the EOS at a rate of 1.88 days/°C. The phenological shift in the urban-rural gradient was more significant than that over time, which was mainly because of land surface warming under different urbanization levels. These quantitative findings are of great importance for understanding the complicated impacts of urbanization on vegetation phenology and for developing models to predict vegetation phenological changes under future urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Liu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhitao Feng
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510275, China
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Yin P, Li X, Mao J, Johnson BA, Wang B, Huang J. A comprehensive analysis of the crop effect on the urban-rural differences in land surface phenology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160604. [PMID: 36464037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The response of land surface phenology (LSP) to the urban heat island effect (UHI) is a useful biological indicator for understanding how vegetated ecosystems will be affected by future climate warming. However, vegetation cover in rural areas is often dominated by cultivated land, whose phenological timing is considerably influenced by agricultural managements (e.g., timing of sowing and harvesting), leading to biased conclusions derived from the urban-rural LSP differences. To demonstrate this problem, we investigated the crop influence on the phenological response to a warmer environment resulting from the UHI effect. We partitioned cities in the United States into cultivated and non-cultivated categories according to the proportion of crops in rural areas. We then built continuous buffer zones starting from the urban boundary to explore the urban-rural LSP differences considering the UHI effect on them. The results suggest crop inclusion is likely to lead to >14 days of urban-rural differences at both the start of the season (SOS) and the end of the season (EOS) between cultivated and non-cultivated cities. The temperature sensitivity (ST) of SOS is overestimated by approximately 2.7 days/°C, whereas the EOS is underestimated by 3.6 days/°C. Removing crop-dominated pixels (i.e., above 50 %) can minimize the influence of crop planting/harvesting on LSP and derive reliable results. We, therefore, suggest explicit consideration of crop impacts in future studies of phenological differences between urban and rural areas and the UHI effect on LSP in urban domains, as presented by this comprehensive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Yin
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuecao Li
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA
| | - Brian A Johnson
- Natural Resources and Ecosystem Service Area, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
| | - Bingyu Wang
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianxi Huang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
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Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Heterogeneity of Vegetation Phenology in the Yangtze River Delta. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation phenology and its spatiotemporal driving factors are essential to reflect global climate change, the surface carbon cycle and regional ecology, and further quantitative studies on spatiotemporal heterogeneity and its two-way driving are needed. Based on MODIS phenology, meteorology, land cover and other data from 2001 to 2019, this paper analyzes the phenology change characteristics of the Yangtze River Delta from three dimensions: time, plane space and elevation. Then, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of phenology and its driving factors are explored with random forest and geographic detector methods. The results show that (1) the advance of start of season (SOS) is insignificant—with 0.17 days per year; the end of season (EOS) shows a significant delay—0.48 days per year. The preseason temperature has a greater contribution to SOS, while preseason precipitation is main factor in determining EOS. (2) Spatial differences of the phenological index do not strictly obey the change rules of latitude at a provincial scale. The SOS of Jiangsu and Anhui is earlier than that of Zhejiang and Shanghai, and EOS shows an obvious double-clustering phenomenon. In addition, a divergent response of EOS with elevation grades is found; the most significant changes are observed at grades below 100 m. (3) Land cover (LC) type is a major factor of the spatial heterogeneity of phenology, and its change may also be one of the insignificant factors driving the interannual change of phenology. Furthermore, nighttime land surface temperature (NLST) has a relatively larger contribution to the spatial heterogeneity in non-core urban areas, but population density (PD) contributes little. These findings could provide a new perspective on phenology and its complex interactions between natural or anthropogenic factors.
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