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Fang Z, Lai A, Dongmei Cai, Chunlin Li, Carmieli R, Chen J, Wang X, Rudich Y. Secondary Organic Aerosol Generated from Biomass Burning Emitted Phenolic Compounds: Oxidative Potential, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Cytotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8194-8206. [PMID: 38683689 PMCID: PMC11097630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are largely emitted from biomass burning (BB) and have a significant potential to form SOA (Phc-SOA). However, the toxicological properties of Phc-SOA remain unclear. In this study, phenol and guaiacol were chosen as two representative phenolic gases in BB plumes, and the toxicological properties of water-soluble components of their SOA generated under different photochemical ages and NOx levels were investigated. Phenolic compounds contribute greatly to the oxidative potential (OP) of biomass-burning SOA. OH-adducts of guaiacol (e.g., 2-methoxyhydroquinone) were identified as components of guaiacol SOA (GSOA) with high OP. The addition of nitro groups to 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, a surrogate quinone compound in Phc-SOA, increased its OP. The toxicity of both phenol SOA (PSOA) and GSOA in vitro in human alveolar epithelial cells decreased with aging in terms of both cell death and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), possibly due to more ring-opening products with relatively low toxicity. The influence of NOx was consistent between cell death and cellular ROS for GSOA but not for PSOA, indicating that cellular ROS production does not necessarily represent all processes contributing to cell death caused by PSOA. Combining different acellular and cellular assays can provide a comprehensive understanding of aerosol toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexandra Lai
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP
3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP
3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Fan X, Xie S, Yu X, Cheng A, Chen D, Ji W, Liu X, Song J, Peng P. Molecular-level transformations of biomass burning-derived water-soluble organic carbon during dark aqueous OH oxidation: Insights from absorption, fluorescence, high-performance size exclusion chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169290. [PMID: 38104832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) releases large amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), which would undergo heterogenous oxidation processes that induce transformations in both molecular structures and compositions within BB WSOC. This study designed an aqueous oxidation initiated by OH radicals in the absence of light for WSOC extracted from smoke particles generated by burning of corn straw and fir wood. The BB WSOC was comprehensively characterized using a combination of UV-visible spectra, excitation-emission matrix fluorescence in conjunction with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. Over the course of oxidation, both chromophores and fluorophores exhibited gradual decreases. Moreover, EEM-PARAFAC revealed a preferential degradation of larger-sized protein-like/phenol-like organic matters, accompanied by the accumulation and/or formation of humic-like substances in aged BB WSOC. HPSEC analysis showed notable changes in molecular weight (MW) distributions for both types of BB WSOC during oxidation. Specifically, high MW species (>1 kDa) displayed a tendency to form along with oxidation, possibly attributed to the formation of assemblies via intermolecular weak forces. After oxidation, evidence of CHO compound degradation and enrichment/formation of CHON compounds was observed for both types of BB WSOC. Remarkably, the resistant, degraded and produced molecules for BB WSOC were dominated by CHO (38-73 %) and lignin-like molecules (41-47 %), suggesting diverse responses to oxidation within these two groups. Furthermore, polyphenols experienced selective degradation, while CHON, aliphatic and poly-aromatic molecules tended to form during the oxidation process for both types of BB WSOC. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular-level transformations undergone by BB WSOC during dark aqueous OH oxidation. The findings significantly contribute to our insights into atmospheric evolution of BB WSOC, thereby playing a crucial role in accurately assessing their effects within climate models and informing policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Fan
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, PR China.
| | - Shuwen Xie
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, PR China
| | - Xufang Yu
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, PR China
| | - Ao Cheng
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, PR China
| | - Wenchao Ji
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Pingan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Tang T, Huo T, Tao H, Tian M, Yang H, Wang H. Effects of aerosol water content and acidity on the light absorption of atmospheric humic-like substances in winter. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140796. [PMID: 38029936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) could affect regional climate due to their strong light-absorbing capacity. Daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected from December 18, 2016 to January 8, 2017 at an urban site in Chongqing, Southwest China. The mean concentration of HULIS in terms of carbon (HULIS-C) was 6.4 ± 3.4 μg m-3, accounting for 72% of water-soluble organic carbon. The mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365) and absorption Ångström index (AAE) of atmospheric HULIS were 2.8 ± 0.30 m2 g-1 C and 4.6 ± 0.37, respectively. Good correlations between the light absorption coefficients of HULIS at 365 nm (Abs365) and the concentrations of K+, elemental carbon, NO3-, and NH4+ were observed, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.83, indicating that biomass burning and secondary formation were potential sources of light-absorbing HULIS, as evidenced by abundant fluorescent components related to less-oxygenated HULIS. Comparing the changes in Abs365 values, concentrations of major water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous compounds in PM2.5, and environmental factors during the clean and pollution periods, we found that extensive biomass burning during the pollution period contributed significantly to the increase of Abs365 values. Moreover, the aerosol pH during the pollution period was close to 4, and NO2 concentration and aerosol water content were about 1.6 and 2.7 times higher than those during the clean period, respectively, which were favorable to form secondary HULIS through aqueous phase reactions in the presence of high NOx, resulting in an evident increase in its light absorption. Knowledge generated from this study is critical for evaluating the regional radiative forcing of brown carbon in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Tingting Huo
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Hongli Tao
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
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Schneider E, Czech H, Hansen HJ, Jeong S, Bendl J, Saraji-Bozorgzad M, Sklorz M, Etzien U, Buchholz B, Streibel T, Adam TW, Rüger CP, Zimmermann R. Humic-like Substances (HULIS) in Ship Engine Emissions: Molecular Composition Effected by Fuel Type, Engine Mode, and Wet Scrubber Usage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13948-13958. [PMID: 37671477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS), known for their substantial impact on the atmosphere, are identified in marine diesel engine emissions obtained from five different fuels at two engine loads simulating real world scenarios as well as the application of wet sulfur scrubbers. The HULIS chemical composition is characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and shown to contain partially oxidized alkylated polycyclic aromatic compounds as well as partially oxidized aliphatic compounds, both including abundant nitrogen- and sulfur-containing species, and clearly different to HULIS emitted from biomass burning. Fuel properties such as sulfur content and aromaticity as well as the fuel combustion efficiency and engine mode are reflected in the observed HULIS composition. When the marine diesel engine is operated below the optimum engine settings, e.g., during maneuvering in harbors, HULIS-C emission factors are increased (262-893 mg kg-1), and a higher number of HULIS with a shift toward lower degree of oxidation and higher aromaticity is detected. Additionally, more aromatic and aliphatic CHOS compounds in HULIS were detected, especially for high-sulfur fuel combustion. The application of wet sulfur scrubbers decreased the HULIS-C emission factors by 4-49% but also led to the formation of new HULIS compounds. Overall, our results suggest the consideration of marine diesel engines as a relevant regional source of HULIS emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schneider
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helly J Hansen
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Bendl
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Saraji-Bozorgzad
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Etzien
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines (LKV), 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bert Buchholz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines (LKV), 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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5
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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Zhang T, Shen Z, Huang S, Lei Y, Zeng Y, Sun J, Zhang Q, Ho SSH, Xu H, Cao J. Optical properties, molecular characterizations, and oxidative potentials of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matters in winter PM 2.5 in six China's megacities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158600. [PMID: 36089047 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) accounted for a great fraction of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in PM2.5, which efficiently absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation and pose climate and health impacts. In this study, the molecular structure, optical properties, and oxidative potential (OP) of acid- and neutral-HULIS (denoted as HULIS-a, and HULIS-n, respectively), and high-polarity WSOM (HP-WSOM) were investigated in winter PM2.5 collected at six China's megacities. For both carbon levels and optical absorption coefficients (babs_365), HULIS-a/HULIS-n/HP-WSOM showed significant spatial differences. For each city, the carbon levels and babs_365 follow a similar order of HULIS-n > HULIS-a > HP-WSOM. Besides, the babs_365 of HULIS-n and HULIS-a showed the same order of Harbin > Beijing ≈ Wuhan > Xi'an > Guangzhou > Chengdu, while HP-WSOM exhibited an order of Wuhan > Chengdu > Xi'an > Harbin > Beijing > Guangzhou. Both HULIS-a and HULIS-n were abundant in aromatic and aliphatic compounds, whereas HP-WSOM was dominated by a carboxylic acid group. The OP (in unit of nmol H2O2 μg-1C) followed the order of HP-WSOM > HULIS-a > HULIS-n in all the cities. The OPs of HULIS-a, HULIS-n, and HP-WSOM in Harbin and Beijing were much higher than those of other cities, attributing to the high contribution from biomass burning. Highly positive correlations between reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HULIS-a and MAE365 were obtained in Chengdu, Wuhan, and Harbin, but ROS of HULIS-n had stronger correlation with MAE365 in Harbin, Chengdu, and Xi'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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