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Liu LY, Cui MH, Ambuchi JJ, Niu SM, Li XH, Wang WL, Liu H, Liu GS, Wang AJ. H* ads dynamics engineering via bimetallic Pd-Cu@MXene catalyst for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118859. [PMID: 38574986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination (EHDC) is a promising approach to safely remove halogenated emerging contaminants (HECs) pollutants. However, sluggish production dynamics of adsorbed atomic H (H*ads) limit the applicability of this green process. In this study, bimetallic Pd-Cu@MXene catalysts were synthesized to achieve highly efficient removal of HECs. The alloy electrode (Pd-Cu@MX/CC) exhibited better EHDC performance in comparison to Pd@MX/CC electrode, resulting in diclofenac degradation efficiency of 93.3 ± 0.1%. The characterization analysis revealed that the Pd0/PdII ratio decreased by forming bimetallic Pd-Cu alloy. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrated the electronic configuration modulation of the Pd-Cu@MXene catalysts, optimizing binging energies for H* and thereby facilitating H*ads production and tuning the reduction capability of H*ads. Noteably, the amounts and reduction potential of H*ads for Pd-Cu@MXene catalysts were 1.5 times higher and 0.37 eV lower than those observed for the mono Pd electrode. Hence, the introduction of Cu into the Pd catalyst optimized the dynamics of H*ads production, thereby conferring significant advantages to EHDC reactions. This augmentation was underscored by the successful application of the alloy catalysts supported by MXene in EHDC experiments involving other HECs, which represented a new paradigm for EHDC for efficient recalcitrant pollutant removal by H*ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Min-Hua Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China.
| | - John Justo Ambuchi
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Rongo University, Rongo, Kenya
| | - Shi-Ming Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Xin-Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Wo-Long Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Guo-Shuai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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Dai Q, Liu Z, Li H, Zhang R, Cai T, Yin J, Gao Y, Li S, Lu X, Zhen G. Enhanced dewaterability and triclosan removal of waste activated sludge with iron-rich mineral-activated peroxymonosulfate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:271-283. [PMID: 38688046 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
High water and pharmaceutical and care products (PPCPs) bounded in sludge flocs limit its utilization and disposal. The advanced oxidation process of perxymonosulfate (PMS) catalyzed by iron salts has been widely used in sludge conditioning. In this study, two iron-rich minerals pyrite and siderite were proposed to enhance sludge dewatering performance and remove the target contaminant of triclosan (TCS). The permanent release of Fe2+ in the activation of PMS made siderite more effective in enhancing sludge dewater with capillary suction time (CST) diminishing by 60.5 %, specific resistance to filtration (SRF) decreasing by 79.2 %, and bound water content (BWC) dropping from 37.1 % to 2.6 % at siderite/PMS dosages of 0.36/0.20 mmol/g-TSS after 20 min of pretreatment. Pyrite/PMS performed slightly inferior under the same conditions and the corresponding CST and SRF decreased by 51.5 % and 71.8 % while the BWC only declined to 17.8 %. Rheological characterization was employed to elucidate the changes in sludge dewatering performance, with siderite/PMS treated sludge showing a 48.3 % reduction in thixotropy, higher than 28.4 % of pyrite/PMS. Oscillation and creep tests further demonstrated the significantly weakened viscoelastic behavior of the sludge by siderite/PMS pretreatment. For TCS mineralization removal, siderite/PMS achieved a high removal efficiency of 43.9 %, in comparison with 39.9 % for pyrite/PMS. The reduction in the sludge solids phase contributed the most to the TCS removal. Free radical quenching assays and EPR spectroscopy showed that both siderite/PMS and pyrite/PMS produced SO4-· and ·OH, with the latter acting as the major radicals. Besides, the dosage of free radicals generated from siderite/PMS exhibited a lower time-dependence, which also allowed it to outperform in destroying EPS matrix, neutralizing the negative Zeta potential of sludge flocs, and mineralizing macromolecular organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicai Dai
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaobin Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huan Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Teng Cai
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yijing Gao
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Siqin Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xueqin Lu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangyin Zhen
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Rd. (No. 2), Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Xu X, Jiang H, Lu Q, Wang S. Pre-exposure of Triclosan compromise tetracycline-derived antibiotic resistance in methanogenic digestion microbiome. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 401:130758. [PMID: 38692374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and tetracycline (TC) are commonly detected antibacterial agents in sewage and environment matrices. Nonetheless, the impact of sequential exposure to TCS and TC on the methanogenic digestion microbiome remains unknown. In this study, TCS was shown to reduce COD removal efficiency to 69.8%, but alleviated the inhibitive effect of consequent TC-amendment on the digestion microbiome. Interestingly, TCS pre-exposure resulted in abundance increase of acetotrophic Methanosaeta to 2.68%, being 2.91 folds higher than that without TCS amendment. Microbial network analyses showed that TCS pre-exposure caused microorganisms to establish a co-ecological relationship against TC disturbance. Further analyses of total antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) showed the TCS-derived compromise of TC-induced ARGs enrichment in digestion microbiomes, e.g., 238.2% and 152.1% ARGs increase upon TC addition in digestion microbiomes without and with TCS pre-exposure, respectively. This study provides new insights into the impact of antibacterial agents on the methanogenic digestion microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haihong Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Ding P, Wu P, Cao Q, Liu H, Chen C, Cui MH, Liu H. Advantages of residual phenol in coal chemical wastewater as a co-metabolic substrate for naphthalene degradation by microbial electrolysis cell. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166342. [PMID: 37611718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of co-metabolic substrates is effective for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal, but the potential of the high phenol concentrations in coal chemical wastewater (CCW) as a co-metabolic substrate in microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) has been neglected. In this study, the efficacy of varying phenol concentrations in comparison to simple substrates for degrading naphthalene in MEC under comparable COD has been explored. Results showed that phenol as a co-metabolic substrate outperformed sodium acetate and glucose in facilitating naphthalene degradation efficiency at 50 mg-COD/L. The naphthalene removal efficiency from RP, RA, and RG was found to be 84.11 ± 0.44 %, 73.80 ± 0.27 % and 72.43 ± 0.34 %, respectively. Similarly, phenol not only enhanced microbial biomass more effectively, but also exhibited optimal COD metabolism capacity. The addition of phenol resulted in a stepwise reduction in the molecular weight of naphthalene, whereas sodium acetate and glucose led to more diverse degradation pathways. Some bacteria with the potential ability to degrade PAHs were detected in phenol-added MEC, including Alicycliphilus, Azospira, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, and Sedimentibacter. Besides, phenol enhanced the expression of ncrA and nmsA genes, leading to more efficient degradation of naphthalene, with ncrA responsible for mediating the reduction of the benzene ring in naphthalene and nmsA closely associated with the decarboxylation of naphthalene. This study provides guidance for the effective co-degradation of PAHs in CCW with MEC, demonstrating the effectiveness of using phenol as a co-substrate relative to simple substrates in the removal of naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qihao Cao
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chongjun Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Min-Hua Cui
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - He Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Liu LY, Liu GS, Niu SM, Liu H, Cui MH, Wang AJ. Atomic hydrogen-mediated enhanced electrocatalytic hydrodehalogenation on Pd@MXene electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132113. [PMID: 37487329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a Pd@MXene catalyst was synthesized to enhance the electrocatalytic hydrodehalogenation (ECH) of emerging halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) by improving the dispersibility, catalytic activity, and stability of palladium (Pd). The average size of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) was reduced to 3.62 ± 0.34 nm with a more intensive peak of Pd (111), which facilitated atomic hydrogen (H*) production. The Pd@MX/CC electrode demonstrated superior ECH activity for diclofenac (DCF) degradation, with a reaction rate constant (kobs) 2.48 times higher than that of Pd/CC (without MXene). The satisfactory ECH performance of Pd@MX/CC remained consistent within a wide range of initial DCF concentrations (5-100 mg/L), and no significant ECH attenuation was observed even after up to 10 batches. Furthermore, the high activity of Pd@MX/CC was also observed in the ECH of other halogenated organic pollutants (levofloxacin, tetrabromobisphenol A, and diatrizoate). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that electronic configuration modulation of the Pd@MXene catalyst optimized binging energies to H* , DCF, and dechlorinated products, thereby enhancing the ECH efficiency of DCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Guo-Shuai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Shi-Ming Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Min-Hua Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Cui MH, Zhang Q, Justo Ambuchi J, Liu LY, Chen L, Niu SM, Zhang C, Liu HB, Tie C, Bi XJ, Liu H, Wang AJ. Evaluation of the Respective Contribution of Anode and Cathode for Triclosan Degradation in a Bioelectrochemical System. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129121. [PMID: 37146695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the bioelectrochemical system (BES) is a feasible alternative for successfully degrading typical refractory emerging contaminant triclosan (TCS). A single-chamber BES reactor with an initial TCS concentration of 1 mg/L, an applied voltage of 0.8 V, and a solution buffered with 50 mM PBS degraded 81.4±0.2% of TCS, exhibiting TCS degradation efficiency improvement to 90.6±0.2% with a biocathode formed from a reversed bioanode. Both bioanode and biocathode were able to degrade TCS with comparable efficiencies of 80.8±4.9% and 87.3±0.4%, respectively. Dechlorination and hydrolysis were proposed as the TCS degradation pathway in the cathode chamber, and another hydroxylation pathway was exclusive in the anode chamber. Microbial community structure analysis indicated Propionibacteriaceae was the predominant member in all electrode biofilms, and the exoelectrogen Geobacter was enriched in anode biofilms. This study comprehensively revealed the feasibility of operating BES technology for TCS degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hua Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Tai'an Water Conservancy Bureau, Tai'an 271299, PR China
| | - John Justo Ambuchi
- Department of Agronomy and Environmental Science, Rongo University, Rongo, Kenya
| | - Lan-Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Shi-Ming Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Chao Tie
- Jiangsu Zhonglin Environment Engineering Co., Ltd. Wuxi 214000, PR China
| | - Xue-Juan Bi
- Jiangsu Zhonglin Environment Engineering Co., Ltd. Wuxi 214000, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Niu SM, Zhang Q, Sangeetha T, Chen L, Liu LY, Wu P, Zhang C, Yan WM, Liu H, Cui MH, Wang AJ. Evaluation of the effect of biofilm formation on the reductive transformation of triclosan in cathode-modified electrolytic systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161308. [PMID: 36596419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The performance of electrochemical reduction is often enhanced by electrode modification techniques. However, there is a risk of microbial colonization on the electrode surface to form biofilms in the treatment of actual wastewater with modified electrodes. In this work, the effects of biofilm formation on modified electrodes with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), platinum/carbon (Pt/C), and carbon nanotube (CNT) were investigated in triclosan (TCS) degradation. With biofilm formation, the TCS degradation efficiencies of carbon cloth (CC), rGO@CC, Pt/C@CC, and CNT@CC decayed to 54.53 %, 59.77 %, 69.19 %, and 53.97 %, respectively, compared to the raw electrodes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and microbial community analysis revealed that the difference in biofilm thickness and activity were the major influencing factors on the discrepant TCS degradation rather than the microbial community structure. The electrochemical performance tests showed that the biofilm formation increased the ohmic resistance by an order of magnitude in rGO@CC, Pt/C@CC, and CNT@CC, and the charge transfer resistance was increased by 2.45, 3.78, and 7.75 times, respectively. The dechlorination and hydrolysis governed the TCS degradation pathway in all electrolysis systems, and the toxicity of electrochemical reductive products was significantly decreased according to the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool analysis. This study presented a systematic assessment of the biofilm formation on modified electrodes in TCS reduction, and the undisputed experimental outcomes were obtained to enrich the knowledge of implementing modified electrodes for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Tai'an Water Conservancy Bureau, Tai'an 271299, PR China
| | - Thangavel Sangeetha
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering and Research Center of Energy Conservation for New Generation of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lan-Ying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Ping Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wei-Mon Yan
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering and Research Center of Energy Conservation for New Generation of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - He Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Min-Hua Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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