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Palhares JCP, Carra SHZ, Ebert L, Giacomello CP, Drastig K. How the type of dairy production system affects the nutrient balance from an environmental and economic perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172835. [PMID: 38688375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The knowledge of nutrient flow in dairy farms has to be explored to find optimized strategies for efficient nutrient conversion to milk. This study aims to improve the understanding of variances in nitrogen and phosphorus balance and efficiency indicators between dairy farm systems. The study analyzed 67 dairy cattle farms located in the watershed Lajeado Tacongava, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Selected dairy farms represented three production systems: confined (3 farms); semi-confined (7 farms); pasture-based (57 farms). Input-output nutrient balances were calculated at the dairy system level for nitrogen and phosphorus over a year. Inputs are feed and fertilizer and outputs are milk and meat. The main nitrogen and phosphorus input on the all farms resulted from the feed. The average N and P surplus on pasture-based farms were 352 and 49 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. In semi-confined systems were 508 and 63 kg ha-1 year-1 and in confined systems were 786 and 70 kg ha-1 year-1. When considering the monetary value of the total N surplus, the averages were US$ 2.615, 4.950, and 12.171 for pasture-based, semi-confined and confined systems respectively. Monetary values of P surplus were US$ 346, 588, and 1119 for pasture-based, semi-confined and confined. The productive aspects that most determined the values of N and P surplus were the total number of lactating cows and the farm area. Results indicate that surplus can partially replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer, except in the confined system, and fully replace phosphorus fertilizer. Confined farms presented values to use surplus as fertilizer greater than the crop demand. For the other production systems, it happens only for phosphorus. Large variability between dairy farms of the same production system and between different production systems was observed. It reflects the inherent productive, economic, and environmental conditions of each farm and system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Helena Zanella Carra
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Leandro Ebert
- EMATER Rural Extension Service, R. Ipiranga, 2124, Serafina Corrêa, RS 99250-000, Brazil
| | - Cintia Paese Giacomello
- University of Caxias do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Katrin Drastig
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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Torres Jara de García GP, Durand-Chávez LM, Quispe-Ccasa HA, Linares-Rivera JL, Segura Portocarrero GT, Calderón Tito R, Vásquez Pérez HV, Maicelo Quintana JL, Ampuero-Trigoso G, Robles Rodríguez RR, Saucedo-Uriarte JA. Sustainability of livestock farms: The case of the district of Moyobamba, Peru. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13153. [PMID: 36755598 PMCID: PMC9900507 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Peruvian Amazon is a geographical area with great biodiversity, where the main economic activities are agricultural crops and grazing animals. The evaluation of sustainability in production systems is based on the analysis of economic, environmental and social components, which are variable between production units or livestock farms. The classification of livestock farms based on their characteristics of similarity and differences can contribute to the most appropriate assessment of their level of sustainability. The objective of this research was to determine the level of sustainability of livestock farms in the district of Moyobamba, San Martín, Peru, based on environmental, economic and social criteria. The research was carried out from November 2018 to February 2019 with a survey of a sample of 60 livestock farms out of a population of 2220. A survey-type form and data collection in the field were applied, adapting a methodology that proposes inferring on 33 indicators grouped into six criteria: three environmental criteria (soil quality, pasture health and animal quality), two economic criteria (farm system and farm economy), and a social criterion of the farm. A scale from 1 to 10 was used to assess the condition of each indicator. The typification of farms was carried out through a Conglomerate Analysis. To analyze the level of sustainability, Amoeba graphs were constructed for each defined farm group. Qualitative variables were analyzed with contingency tables and quantitative variables using the T test (p < 0.05). Three types of livestock farms were identified, differentiated by level of education, farm size, years in cattle raising and number of cattle heads (p < 0.05), where Group 1 is less experienced, Group 1 has more area and cattle, and Group 3 only have older years in livestock. There were significant differences between the evaluated criteria and the sustainability index. From the typification of livestock farms, Group 2 (13 farms) presented a higher level of sustainability as did Group 3 (16 farms), while Group 1 (31 farms) presented unsustainable conditions. The environmental indicators based on animal quality and farm system show unsustainability in all farms the District of Moyobamba, as they fail to exceed the threshold of sustainability (5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz Marlene Durand-Chávez
- Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – INIA, Juan Guerra, San Martín, 22400, Peru
| | - Hurley Abel Quispe-Ccasa
- Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – INIA, Juan Guerra, San Martín, 22400, Peru
| | - Jaime Lizardo Linares-Rivera
- Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – INIA, Juan Guerra, San Martín, 22400, Peru
| | | | - René Calderón Tito
- Instituto Qualitas - Gestión, Innovación y Mejora Continua, Tarapoto, San Martín, 22201, Peru
| | - Héctor Vladimir Vásquez Pérez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 01001, Peru
| | - Jorge Luis Maicelo Quintana
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 01001, Peru
| | - Gustavo Ampuero-Trigoso
- Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – INIA, Juan Guerra, San Martín, 22400, Peru
| | | | - José Américo Saucedo-Uriarte
- Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – INIA, Juan Guerra, San Martín, 22400, Peru
- Corresponding author.
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