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Chen S, Zhao Z, Wang C, Cui F. VUV coupled with low-dose H 2O 2 as pretreatment prior to UF: Performance, mechanisms, DBPs formation and toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134966. [PMID: 38901255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration (UF) is widely used in drinking water plants; however, membrane fouling is unavoidable. Natural organic matter (NOM) is commonly considered as an important pollutant that causes membrane fouling. Herein, we proposed VUV/H2O2 as a UF pretreatment and used UV/H2O2 for comparison. Compared to UV/H2O2, the VUV/H2O2 system presented superior NOM removal. In the VUV/H2O2 system, the steady-state concentration of HO• was approximately twice that in the UV/H2O2 system, which was ascribed to the promoting effect of the 185 nm photons. Specifically, 185 nm photons promoted HO• generation by decomposing mainly H2O at a low H2O2 dose or by decomposing mainly H2O2 at a high H2O2 dose. The VUV/H2O2 pretreatment also demonstrated better membrane fouling mitigation performance than did UV/H2O2. An increase in the H2O2 dose promoted HO• generation, thereby enhancing the performance of NOM degradation and membrane fouling alleviation and shifting the major membrane fouling mechanism from cake filtration to standard blocking. The VUV/H2O2 (0.60 mM) pretreatment effectively reduced disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during chlorine disinfection. Additionally, the oxidant H2O2 affected the membrane surface morphology and performance but had no evident effect on the mechanical properties. In actual water treatment, the VUV/H2O2 pretreatment exhibited better performance than the UV/H2O2 pretreatment in easing membrane fouling, ameliorating water quality, and reducing DBPs formation and acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Chuang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
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2
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Li H, Zhou B, Xu X, Huo R, Zhou T, Dong X, Ye C, Li T, Xie L, Pang W. The insightful water quality analysis and predictive model establishment via machine learning in dual-source drinking water distribution system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118474. [PMID: 38368920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Dual-source drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) over single-source water supply systems are becoming more practical in providing water for megacities. However, the more complex water supply problems are also generated, especially at the hydraulic junction. Herein, we have sampled for a one-year and analyzed the water quality at the hydraulic junction of a dual-source DWDS. The results show that visible changes in drinking water quality, including turbidity, pH, UV254, DOC, residual chlorine, and trihalomethanes (TMHs), are observed at the sample point between 10 and 12 km to one drinking water plant. The average concentration of residual chlorine decreases from 0.74 ± 0.05 mg/L to 0.31 ± 0.11 mg/L during the water supplied from 0 to 10 km and then increases to 0.75 ± 0.05 mg/L at the end of 22 km. Whereas the THMs shows an opposite trend, the concentration reaches to a peak level at hydraulic junction area (10-12 km). According to parallel factor (PARAFAC) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis, organic matters vary significantly during water distribution, and tryptophan-like substances and amino acids are closely related to the level of THMs. The hydraulic junction area is confirmed to be located at 10-12 km based on the water quality variation. Furthermore, data-driven models are established by machine learning (ML) with test R2 higher than 0.8 for THMs prediction. And the SHAP analysis explains the model results and identifies the positive (water temperature and water supply distance) and negative (residual chlorine and pH) key factors influencing the THMs formation. This study conducts a deep understanding of water quality at the hydraulic junction areas and establishes predictive models for THMs formation in dual-sources DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Baiqin Zhou
- Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Suzhou Industrial Park Qingyuan Hong Kong & China Water Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Ranran Huo
- Suzhou Industrial Park Qingyuan Hong Kong & China Water Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Suzhou Industrial Park Qingyuan Hong Kong & China Water Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Suzhou Industrial Park Qingyuan Hong Kong & China Water Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Cheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weihai Pang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Rasheduzzaman M, O'Connell B, Krometis LA, Brown T, Cohen A. Point-of-use chlorine residuals and disinfection byproduct occurrences in rural households served by public water utilities in Appalachian Virginia. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1064-1074. [PMID: 38935457 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We characterized concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), a measure of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), in tap water samples collected from households with utility-supplied water in two rural counties in Appalachian Virginia, and assessed associations with pH, free chlorine, and metal ions which can impact THM formation. Free chlorine concentrations in all samples (n = 27 homes) complied with EPA drinking water guidelines, though 7% (n = 2) of first draw samples and 11% (n = 3) of 5-min flushed-tap water samples exceeded the US Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) for THM (80 ppb). Regression analyses showed that free chlorine and pH were positively associated with the formation of THM levels above SDWA MCLs (OR = 1.04, p = 0.97 and OR = 1.74, p = 0.79, respectively), while temperature was negatively associated (OR = 0.78, p = 0.38). Of the eight utilities serving study households, samples from water served by three different utilities exceeded the EPA MCL for THM. Overall, these findings do not indicate substantial exposures to DBPs for rural households with utility-supplied water in this region of southwest Virginia. However, given the observed variability in THM concentrations between and across utilities, and established adverse health impacts associated with chronic and acute DBP exposure, more research on DBPs in rural Central Appalachia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rasheduzzaman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bethesda O'Connell
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Leigh-Anne Krometis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Teresa Brown
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, VA 24293, USA
| | - Alasdair Cohen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA E-mail:
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Dong B, Huang H, Wang C, Zhang X, Gao C, Su N, Shi D, Ren J. Analysis of the seasonal water quality variation at the hydraulic junction of a dual-source water distribution system. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17832-17842. [PMID: 38836169 PMCID: PMC11148534 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The implementation of a dual-source water supply system offers an increased level of reliability in water provision; however, intricate hydraulic dynamics introduce apprehensions regarding water safety at the hydraulic junction. In this study, we gathered data of the water quality at the hydraulic junction of a dual-source water supply system (plant A and plant B, sampling site A10 was near plant A, and sampling site A12 was near plant B) for one year in Suzhou Industrial Park. Our findings indicated that seasonal variations and water temperature exerted significant influence on the composition and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Notably, during the warmer months spanning from June to September, the concentration of trihalomethanes was the highest at the hydraulic junction, whereas the concentration of residual chloride was the lowest. The analysis on DBPs revealed that more Br-containing precursors in water in plant A resulted in the accumulation of more Br-containing DBPs at A10, whereas the highest concentration of Cl-containing DBPs accumulated at A12. The analysis of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition indicated an increase in concentration at A10 and A12 compared with that in plant A and plant B. The highest concentration of humic acids was observed at A10, whereas A12 accumulated the highest concentration of aromatic proteins and microbial metabolites. Owing to the fluctuations in water consumption patterns at the hydraulic junction, the water quality was susceptible to variability, thereby posing an elevated risk. Consequently, extensive efforts are warranted to ensure the maintenance of water safety and quality at this critical interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Dong
- Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Lanzhou 730030 China
| | - Hui Huang
- Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Lanzhou 730030 China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Lanzhou 730030 China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Lanzhou 730030 China
| | - Chenyu Gao
- Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Lanzhou 730030 China
| | - Nan Su
- Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Lanzhou 730030 China
| | - Dayong Shi
- Gansu Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences Lanzhou 730030 China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 China
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Tian M, Li H, Wu S, Xi H, Wang YX, Lu YY, Wei L, Huang Q. Exposure to haloacetic acid disinfection by-products and male steroid hormones: An epidemiological and in vitro study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133796. [PMID: 38377905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are ubiquitous in drinking water and have been associated with impaired male reproductive health. However, epidemiological evidence exploring the associations between HAA exposure and reproductive hormones among males is scarce. In the current study, the urinary concentrations of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), the internal exposure markers of HAAs, as well as sex hormones (testosterone [T], progesterone [P], and estradiol [E2]) were measured among 449 Chinese men. Moreover, in vitro experiments, designed to simulate the real-world scenarios of human exposure, were conducted to assess testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cell line MLTC-1 and testosterone metabolism in the hepatic cell line HepG2 in response to low-dose HAA exposure. The DCAA and TCAA urinary concentrations were found to be positively associated with urinary T, P, and E2 levels (all p < 0.001), but negatively associated with the ratio of urinary T to E2 (p < 0.05). Combined with in vitro experiments, the results suggest that environmentally-relevant doses of HAA stimulate sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenesis pathway gene expression in MLTC-1 cells. In addition, the inhibition of the key gene CYP3A4 involved in the testosterone phase Ⅰ catabolism, and induction of the gene UGT2B15 involved in testosterone phase Ⅱ glucuronide conjugation metabolism along with the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport genes (ABCC4 and ABCG2) in HepG2 cells could play a role in elevation of urinary hormone excretion upon low-dose exposure to HAAs. Our novel findings highlight that exposure to HAAs at environmentally-relevant concentrations is associated with increased synthesis and excretion of sex hormones in males, which potentially provides an alternative approach involving urinary hormones for the noninvasive evaluation of male reproductive health following exposure to DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Tian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huiru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuangshan Wu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hanyan Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yan-Yang Lu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Liya Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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6
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Ding Y, Sun Q, Lin Y, Ping Q, Peng N, Wang L, Li Y. Application of artificial intelligence in (waste)water disinfection: Emphasizing the regulation of disinfection by-products formation and residues prediction. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121267. [PMID: 38350192 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Water/wastewater ((waste)water) disinfection, as a critical process during drinking water or wastewater treatment, can simultaneously inactivate pathogens and remove emerging organic contaminants. Due to fluctuations of (waste)water quantity and quality during the disinfection process, conventional disinfection models cannot handle intricate nonlinear situations and provide immediate responses. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, which can capture complex variations and accurately predict/adjust outputs on time, exhibit excellent performance for (waste)water disinfection. In this review, AI application data within the disinfection domain were searched and analyzed using CiteSpace. Then, the application of AI in the (waste)water disinfection process was comprehensively reviewed, and in addition to conventional disinfection processes, novel disinfection processes were also examined. Then, the application of AI in disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation control and disinfection residues prediction was discussed, and unregulated DBPs were also examined. Current studies have suggested that among AI techniques, fuzzy logic-based neuro systems exhibit superior control performance in (waste)water disinfection, while single AI technology is insufficient to support their applications in full-scale (waste)water treatment plants. Thus, attention should be paid to the development of hybrid AI technologies, which can give full play to the characteristics of different AI technologies and achieve a more refined effectiveness. This review provides comprehensive information for an in-depth understanding of AI application in (waste)water disinfection and reducing undesirable risks caused by disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qiya Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yuqian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nuo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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7
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Zhang M, Lü X, Yuan C, He W, Qiu C, Lan B, He J, Zhang L, Li Y. Impact of non-aged and UV-aged microplastics on the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts during chlorination of drinking water and its mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123394. [PMID: 38266699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitously present in source water and undergo ultraviolet (UV) aging in aquatic environments before entering drinking water treatment plants. The presence of MPs in drinking water can impact the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorine disinfection, yet the exact effect of MPs on DBP formation remain unclear. In this study, we conducted an investigation into the influence of non-aged and UV-aged MPs on halogenated DBP formation in drinking water and unveiled the underlying mechanisms. In comparison to source water samples devoid of MPs, the total organic halogen concentration was reduced by 19%-43% and 4%-13% in the drinking water samples containing non-aged and aged MPs, respectively. The differing effects on halogenated DBP formation can be attributed to the alternation in physical and chemical characteristics of MPs following UV aging. Aged MPs exhibited larger surface area with signs of wear and tear, heightened hydrophilicity, surface oxidation, increased oxygen-containing functional groups and dechlorination during the UV aging process. Both non-aged and aged MPs possess the capability to adsorb natural organic matter, leading to a reduction in the concentration of DBP precursors in the source water. However, the release of organic compounds from aged MPs outweighed the adsorption of organics. Furthermore, as a result of the surface activation of MPs through the UV aging process, the aged MPs themselves can also serve as DBP precursors. Consequently, the presence of halogenated DBP precursors in source water increased, contributing to a higher level of DBP formation compared to source water containing non-aged MPs. Overall, this study illuminates the intricate relationship among MPs, UV aging, and DBP formation in drinking water. It highlights the potential risks posed by aged MPs in influencing DBP formation and offers valuable insights for optimizing water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xianghong Lü
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weiting He
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuyin Qiu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingyan Lan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junfeng He
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Chen S, Sheng X, Zhao Z, Cui F. Chemical-free vacuum ultraviolet irradiation as ultrafiltration membrane pretreatment technique: Performance, mechanisms and DBPs formation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119785. [PMID: 38081086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Membrane fouling induced by natural organic matter (NOM) has seriously affected the further extensive application of ultrafiltration (UF). Herein, a simple, green and robust vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) technology was adopted as pretreatment before UF and ultraviolet (UV) technology was used for comparison. The results showed that control effect of VUV pretreatment on membrane fouling was better than that of UV pretreatment, as evidenced by the increase of normalized flux from 0.27 to 0.38 and 0.73 after 30 min UV or VUV pretreatment, respectively. This is related to the fact that VUV pretreatment exhibited stronger NOM degradation ability than UV pretreatment owing to the formation of HO•. The steady-state concentration of HO• was calculated as 3.04 × 10-13 M and the cumulative exposure of HO• reached 5.52 × 10-10 M s after 30 min of VUV irradiation. And the second-order rate constant between NOM and HO• was determined as 1.36 × 104 L mg-1 s-1. Furthermore, fluorescence EEM could be applied to predict membrane fouling induced by humic-enriched water. Standard blocking and cake filtration were major fouling mechanisms. Moreover, extension of UV pretreatment time increased the disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, the DBPs concentration was enhanced from 322.36 to 1187.80 μg/L after 210 min pretreatment. However, VUV pretreatment for 150 min reduced DBPs content to 282.57 μg/L, and DBPs content continued to decrease with the extension of pretreatment time, revealing that VUV pretreatment achieved effective control of DBPs. The variation trend of cytotoxicity and health risk of DBPs was similar to that of DBPs concentration. In summary, VUV pretreatment exhibited excellent effect on membrane fouling alleviation, NOM degradation and DBPs control under a certain pretreatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Xin Sheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
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9
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Chen M, Niu Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Pollution characteristics and health risk of sixty-five organics in one drinking water system: PAEs should be prioritized for control. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141171. [PMID: 38211786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Currently, a large number of emerging organic contaminants have been detected in domestic and international drinking water systems. However, there are differences among the research methods, which lead to system errors in directly comparing the hazards of different contaminants, so it is difficult to analyze the priority control pollutants and the risk control target in drinking water from previous studies. Therefore, we selected a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in the east of China, and detected trihalomethanes (THMs), antibiotics, phthalate esters (PAEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a total of sixty-five organic contaminants in one batch water sample of four seasons, and carried out the whole process monitoring of "Source water-DWTP-Network-Users", and calculated the health risks of contaminants in tap water. The results showed that DWTP could effectively remove antibiotics and PAEs; the removal rate of coagulation for antibiotics can be up to 47%; the release of PAEs in the plastic water supply pipe leads to a significant increase of the concentrations in the water transportation system, which can reach 2.92 times of that in finished water; compared with other contaminants, THMs and PAEs in tap water have higher health risks. This study reveals that THMs and PAEs are priority control organic pollutants, and the water supply network is the key risk control target in the drinking water system, providing a theoretical basis for how to ensure the safety of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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10
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Ma X, Cheng J, Zhang P, Wu Y, Deng J, Dong F, Li X, Dietrich AM. Impact of boiling on chemical and physical processes for reduction of halomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetic acids in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167657. [PMID: 37806591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tap water is boiled by families across the globe in their daily life for cooking food and beverages, as well as for controlling some chlorine-resistant organisms to improve the water quality. However, the effects of boiling methods (heating temperature, heating modes, open or closed containers) on water quality, in particular the reduction of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), are unclear. This comprehensive research demonstrates that during the heating process, trihalomethanes (THMs) were markedly decreased, haloacetonitriles (HANs) were drastically reduced and sometimes completely removed, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were reduced the least. Heating to boiling in open containers reduced DBPs concentrations more than heating in the closed containers. Residual chlorine from 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L did not affect the removal of HANs, but could increase concentrations of HAAs likely due to reaction of organic matter with chlorine at elevated temperatures. THMs demonstrated good removal at 0.1-1 mg/L residual chlorine, but less removal at 5 mg/L residual chlorine. Sodium chloride (salt), often added as seasoning agent in the process of family cooking, was found to have little effect on the removal of DBPs during cooking and boiling. Compared with the toxicity of DBPs in tap water, boiling could greatly reduce both the cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity through removal of DBPs. Consequently, boiling of tap water had a significant effect on reducing human exposure to DBPs and their associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiayi Cheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312085, China.
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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11
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Chen Z, Liao X, Yang Y, Han L, He Z, Dong Y, Yeo KFH, Sun X, Xue T, Xie Y, Wang W. Analysis of rainwater storage and use recommendations: From the perspective of DBPs generation and their risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130833. [PMID: 36716556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a vital freshwater resource, rainwater is usually stored in water cellars in arid regions to solve the daily drinking water problems of the population. However, the status of disinfection by-products (DBPs) generation in cellar water under intermittent disinfection conditions is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the formation and distribution characteristics of DBPs in cellar water under intermittent disinfection conditions for the first time. The results demonstrated that six categories of DBPs were selected for detection after chlorination, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloketones (HKs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), and nitrosamines (NAs), among which HAAs, HKs, and HANs were the major DBPs. Only bromoacetic acid (MBAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) showed an increasing trend of accumulation as the number of disinfections increased. Meanwhile, the precursor composition was gradually transformed from humic substances to amino acids, and both organic substances were the main precursors of HAAs. The health risk assessment showed that the main carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of cellar water were contributed by NAs and HAAs, respectively, and children are more susceptible to the risks than adults. The best time to drink cellar water is after approximately 12 days of storage, when the total carcinogenic risk is the minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Chen
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Liu Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zixiang He
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yingying Dong
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Kanfolo Franck Herve Yeo
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xubo Sun
- Shanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Tongxuan Xue
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yuefeng Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Environmental Engineering Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, PA 17057, USA
| | - Wendong Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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12
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Dong F, Zhu J, Li J, Fu C, He G, Lin Q, Li C, Song S. The occurrence, formation and transformation of disinfection byproducts in the water distribution system: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161497. [PMID: 36634528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an effective process to inactivate pathogens in drinking water treatment. However, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) will inevitably form and may cause severe health concerns. Previous research has mainly focused on DBPs formation during the disinfection in water treatment plants. But few studies paid attention to the formation and transformation of DBPs in the water distribution system (WDS). The complex environment in WDS will affect the reaction between residual chlorine and organic matter to form new DBPs. This paper provides an overall review of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS. Firstly, the occurrence of DBPs in the WDS around the world was cataloged. Secondly, the primary factors affecting the formation of DBPs in WDS have also been summarized, including secondary chlorination, pipe materials, biofilm, deposits and coexisting anions. Secondary chlorination and biofilm increased the concentration of regular DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) in the WDS, while Br- and I- increased the formation of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), respectively. The mechanism of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS was systematically described. Aromatic DBPs could be directly or indirectly converted to aliphatic DBPs, including ring opening, side chain breaking, chlorination, etc. Finally, the toxicity of drinking water in the WDS caused by DBPs transformation was examined. This review is conducive to improving the knowledge gap about DBPs formation and transformation in WDS to better solve water supply security problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiani Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chuyun Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guilin He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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13
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Wang X, Liang X, Guo X. Global distribution and potential risks of artificial sweeteners (ASs) with widespread contaminant in the environment: The latest advancements and future development. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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