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Beltrán de Heredia I, González-Gaya B, Zuloaga O, Garrido I, Acosta T, Etxebarria N, Ruiz-Romera E. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in three river basins impacted by wastewater treatment plant effluents: Spatio-seasonal patterns and environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174062. [PMID: 38917906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The concern on the fate and distribution of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is a burning topic due to their widespread occurrence and potential harmful effects. Particularly, antibiotics have received great attention due to their implications in antimicrobial resistance occurrence. The impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is remarkable, being one of the main pathways for the introduction of CECs into aquatic systems. The combination of novel analytical methodologies and risk assessment strategies is a promising tool to find out environmentally relevant compounds posing major concerns in freshwater ecosystems impacted by those wastewater effluents. Within this context, a multi-target approach was applied in three Spanish river basins affected by different WWTP treated effluents for spatio-temporal monitoring of their chemical status. Solid phase extraction followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography were used for the quantification of a large panel of compounds (n = 270), including pharmaceuticals and other consumer products, pesticides and industrial chemicals. To this end, water samples were collected in four sampling campaigns at three locations in each basin: (i) upstream from the WWTPs; (ii) WWTP effluent discharge points (effluent outfall); and (iii) downstream from the WWTPs (500 m downriver from the effluent outfall). Likewise, 24-h composite effluent samples from each of the WWTPs were provided in all sampling periods. First the occurrence and distribution of these compounds were assessed. Diverse seasonal trends were observed depending on the group of emerging compounds, though COVID-19 outbreak affected variations of certain pharmaceuticals. Detection frequencies and concentrations in effluents generally exceeded those in river samples and concentrations measured upstream WWTPs were generally low or non-quantifiable. Finally, risks associated with maximum contamination levels were evaluated using two different approaches to account for antibiotic resistance selection as well. From all studied compounds, 89 evidenced environmental risk on at least one occasion in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Beltrán de Heredia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Belén González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Itziar Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Teresa Acosta
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Estilita Ruiz-Romera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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Li X, Jiang L, Di B, Hu C. Preparation of amphiphilic poly(divinylbenzene- co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)-functionalized polydopamine magnetic nanoadsorbents for enrichment of synthetic cannabinoids in wastewater. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3968-3982. [PMID: 38853581 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), which are among the most often trafficked and used illegal substances. An analytical method that holds promise for determining illicit drug use in the general population is wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Unfortunately, the concentration of SCs in wastewater is often extremely low on account of their hydrophobic nature, thus presenting a significant obstacle to the accurate detection and quantification of SCs using WBE. In this study, we present novel magnetic nanomaterials as amphiphilic adsorbents for pretreatment of wastewater using magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE). Polydopamine-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used as the magnetic core and further functionalized with poly(divinylbenzene-N-vinylpyrrolidone). Coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, an analytical method to simultaneously detect nine SCs at trace-levels in wastewater was developed and validated, enriching 50 mL wastewater to 100 μL with limits of detection (LOD) being 0.005-0.5 ng L-1, limits of quantification (LOQ) being 0.01-1.0 ng L-1, recoveries ranging from 73.99 to 110.72%, and the intra- and inter-day precision's relative standard deviations less than 15%. In comparison to the time-consuming conventional column-based solid phase extraction, the entire MSPE procedure from sample pre-treatment to data acquisition could be finished in one hour, thus largely facilitating the WBE method for drug surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Le Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bin Di
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chi Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Li Z, Li J, Hu Y, Yan Y, Tang S, Ma R, Li L. Evaluation of pharmaceutical consumption between urban and suburban catchments in China by wastewater-based epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118544. [PMID: 38408630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is amply used for estimating human consumption of chemicals, yet information on regional variation of pharmaceuticals and their environmental fate are scarce. Thus, this study aims to estimate the consumption of three cardiovascular, four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals (NSAIDs), and four psychoactive pharmaceuticals between urban and suburban catchments in China by WBE, and to explore their removal efficiencies and ecological risks. Eleven analytes were detected in both influent and effluent samples. The estimated consumptions ranged from
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yile Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Shaoyu Tang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Yuan S, Xiang Y, Chen L, Xiang P, Li Y. Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles for rapid and sensitive analysis of eleven illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater with the aid of UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464703. [PMID: 38340459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The quantification of illicit drugs in wastewater has become a valuable tool for monitoring illicit drug abuse. The commonly utilized methods for detecting drugs in wastewater require a substantial sample volume, extended pretreatment durations, and intricate procedures. This study first employed polydopamine-coated magnetic nanocomposites as adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction, combined with UPLC-MS/MS, to simultaneously determine the concentrations of eleven common illicit drugs in wastewater. The synthesis process for Fe3O4@PDA is straightforward and high-yield. Benefiting from the strong magnetic response, good dispersibility, and abundant binding sites of the prepared nanocomposites, the extraction of illicit drugs from wastewater could be achieved in just 15 min. The method exhibited satisfactory limits of quantitation (ranging from 5 to 10 ng/L), commendable accuracy (ranging from 90.59 % to 106.80 %), good precision (with RSDs below 10 %), and less sample consumption (only 1 mL). The efficacy of this method was successfully validated through its application to actual wastewater samples collected from ten wastewater treatment plants. The results indicated that morphine, codeine, methamphetamine, and ketamine were the predominant illicit drugs present in the samples. The method developed is able to meet the needs of common illicit drug monitoring and high-throughput analysis requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yangjiayi Xiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Lin W, Qin Y, Ren Y. Flunitrazepam and its metabolites induced brain toxicity: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation and transcriptomic analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133113. [PMID: 38043427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs frequently contaminate aquatic environments after human consumption, raising concerns about their residues and ecological harm. This study investigates the effects of flunitrazepam (FLZ) and its metabolite 7-aminoflunitrazepam (7-FLZ), benzodiazepine-class psychoactive drugs, on brain accumulation, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and neuroinflammation of the model organism zebrafish. Molecular dynamics simulation and transcriptome sequencing were used to uncover their toxic mechanisms. Results demonstrate that both FLZ and 7-FLZ can accumulate in the brain, increasing Evans blue levels by 3.4 and 0.8 times, respectively. This increase results from abnormal expression of tight junction proteins, particularly ZO-1 and Occludin, leading to elevated BBB permeability. Furthermore, FLZ and 7-FLZ can also induce neuroinflammation, upregulating TNFα by 91% and 39%, respectively, leading to pathological changes and disrupted intracellular ion balance. Molecular dynamics simulation reveals conformational changes in ZO-1 and Occludin proteins, with FLZ exhibiting stronger binding forces and greater toxicity. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identifies four modules correlated with BBB permeability and neuroinflammation. KEGG enrichment analysis of genes within these modules reveals pathways like protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and arginine and proline metabolism. This study enhances understanding of FLZ and 7-FLZ neurotoxicity and assesses environmental risks of psychoactive substances. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: With the increasing prevalence of mental disorders and the discharge of psychoactive drugs into water, even low drug concentrations (ng/L-μg/L) can pose neurological risks. This study, utilizing molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and transcriptome sequencing, investigate the neurotoxicity and mechanisms of flunitrazepam and 7-aminoflunitrazepam. It reveals that they disrupt the blood-brain barrier in zebrafish and induce neuroinflammation primarily by inducing conformational changes in tight junction proteins. MD simulations are valuable for understanding pollutant-protein interactions. This research offers invaluable insights for the environmental risk assessment of psychoactive drugs and informs the development of strategies aimed at prevention and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingjun Qin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Lin W, Li K, Qin Y, Han X, Chen X, Ren Y. Flunitrazepam induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish through microbiota-gut-brain axis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165974. [PMID: 37532048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of psychoactive substances has led to their frequent detection in the environment, with unknown effects on the nervous system. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to benzodiazepine drug flunitrazepam (FLZ, 0.2 and 5 μg/L) for 30 days to assess its neurotoxicity. Results revealed that FLZ disrupted the balance of gut microbiota and caused an increase in pathogenic bacteria, such as Paracoccus and Aeromonas, leading to pathological damage to the intestine. The upregulation of intestinal pro-inflammatory factors, IL-1β and TNF-α, by 2.4 and 6.3 times, respectively, along with the downregulation of tight junction proteins, Occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), by 80 % and 50 %, increased in intestinal permeability. Moreover, untargeted metabolomics demonstrated that FLZ interfered with intestinal nucleotide metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis. FLZ could also increase the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain by 0.9 and 3.4 times, respectively, leading to pathological changes in brain tissue. Furthermore, FLZ significantly disturbed nucleotide metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways in the brain. Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and neurochemicals confirmed that FLZ can induce neurotoxicity through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms of psychoactive drugs on microbiota-gut-brain axis and provide a theoretical basis for the ecological environmental risk assessment of various psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Kan Li
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Guangdong Regional Center, Guangzhou 510230, PR China; Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510230, PR China
| | - Yingjun Qin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xing Han
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Guangdong Regional Center, Guangzhou 510230, PR China; Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510230, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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7
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Davies B, Paul R, Osselton D. Wastewater analysis for new psychoactive substances and cocaine and cannabis in a Northern Ireland Prison. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18634. [PMID: 37903846 PMCID: PMC10616220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The global drug market has been significantly impacted by the emergence of new psychoactive substances, leading to challenges in creating effective legislative controls and their use within recreational drug consumption. This research explores the prevalence of new psychoactive substances and non-medicinal and medicinal compounds within a prison facility in Northern Ireland. Wastewater samples collected from seven different manholes within the prison were analysed for 37 target compounds including the two most found illicit substances: benzoylecgonine (primary metabolite of cocaine) and cannabis. Using solid phase extraction with Oasis HLB and liquid-chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry across a gradient of 9 min, our analysis revealed that benzoylecgonine was the sole compound consistently present in all collected samples. Following this finding, our target compound selection was broadened to encompass medicinal compounds and employing qualitative analysis we re-evaluated the samples and discovered the presence of buprenorphine, benzodiazepines, methadone, morphine, and codeine. Finally, the study explored the application of enzymatic beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis to the samples. This final phase yielded significant findings, indicating the presence of codeine and nordiazepam at higher peak intensities, thereby shedding light on the potential implications of this enzymatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Davies
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C205, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C239, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Richard Paul
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C205, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - David Osselton
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C205, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C239, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
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Zhao J, Lu J, Zhao H, Yan Y, Dong H. In five wastewater treatment plants in Xinjiang, China: Removal processes for illicit drugs, their occurrence in receiving river waters, and ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139668. [PMID: 37517667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Residues of illicit drugs are frequently detected in wastewater, but data on their removal efficiency by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the ecological risks to the aquatic environment are lacking in this study. The research evaluates the residues, mass load, drug removal efficiency, and risk assessment of illicit drugs in WWTPs and aquatic environments (lakes) in Xinjiang, China. Initially, the concentration (incidence) and mass load of 10 selected illicit drugs were analyzed through wastewater analysis. The detected substances included methamphetamine (METH), morphine (MOR), 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), methadone (MTD), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ketamine (KET), and codeine (COD), with concentrations ranging from 0.11 ± 0.01 ng/L (methadone) to 48.26 ± 25.05 ng/L (morphine). Notably, morphine (59.74 ± 5.82 g/day) and methamphetamine (41.81 ± 4.91 g/day) contributed significantly to the WWTPs. Next, the drug removal efficiency by different sewage treatment processes was ranked as follows: Anaerobic-Oxic (A/O) combined Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) treatment process > Oxidation ditch treatment process > Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2/O) treatment process > Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic combined Membrane Bio-Reactor treatment process. Finally, the research reviewed the concentration and toxicity assessments of these substances in the aquatic environment (lakes). The results indicated that Lake1 presented a medium risk level concerning the impact of illicit drugs on the aquatic environment, whereas the other lakes exhibited a low risk level. As a result, it is recommended to conduct long-term monitoring and source analysis of illicit drugs, specifically in Lake1, for further investigation. In conclusion, to enhance the understanding of the effects of illicit drugs on the environment, future research should expand the list of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jianjiang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Haijun Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Yujun Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
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