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Colombani N, Alessandrino L, Gaiolini M, Gervasio MP, Ruberti D, Mastrocicco M. Unravelling the salinity origins in the coastal aquifer/aquitard system of the Volturno River (Italy). WATER RESEARCH 2024; 263:122145. [PMID: 39098156 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
To counteract the ongoing salinization of coastal aquifers, which poses a significant environmental and socioeconomic challenge to local communities, it is necessary to first understand the origin and mechanisms of this phenomenon. This study investigates the origins of salinity in the Volturno River lowland in Southern Italy and reveals that the primary source in the area is paleo-seawater entrapped within sediments that were subject to evapoconcentration processes. By systematically collecting sediment samples at variable depths and locations and extracting porewaters, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between freshwater and saline water was gained, including complex patterns of vertical stratification of groundwater salinity. The study highlights the limitations of traditional methods that rely on salinity monitoring via integral depth sampling, particularly in capturing the vertical redox and salinity gradients characteristics of layered aquifer/aquitard systems. On the contrary, environmental tracers, like chloride and bromide, provide valuable insights into the sources of groundwater salinity, distinguishing between current seawater intrusion and other causes, such as paleo-seawater and return flow from drained agricultural land. Results suggest that the majority of salinity does not originate from modern seawater intrusion or recent evaporation. Instead, it can be attributed to paleo-seawater affected by evapoconcentration processes. This study has broader implications for the sustainable management of coastal aquifers and the safeguarding of freshwater resources. While our findings are specific to the Volturno River coastal area, the methodologies and insights here presented can be reproduced in every coastal region facing similar salinity challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Colombani
- SIMAU - Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Luigi Alessandrino
- DiSTABiF - Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Mattia Gaiolini
- SIMAU - Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gervasio
- DiSAP - Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I D'Este 32 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniela Ruberti
- Department of Engineering, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29 81031Aversa, Italy
| | - Micòl Mastrocicco
- DiSTABiF - Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43 81100, Caserta, Italy
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Yan G, Yang L, Hou Q. Natural background levels and driving factors of aluminum in shallow groundwater of an urbanized delta: Insight from eliminating anthropogenic-impacted groundwaters. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11076. [PMID: 38965745 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge on natural background levels (NBLs) of aluminum (Al) in groundwater can accurately assess groundwater Al contamination at a regional scale. However, it has received little attention. This study used a combination of preselection and statistic methods consisting of the oxidation capacity and the boxplot iteration methods to evaluate the NBL of shallow groundwater Al in four groundwater units of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) via eliminating anthropogenic-impacted groundwaters and to discuss driving factors controlling high NBLs of Al in groundwater in this area. A total of 280 water samples were collected, and 18 physico-chemical parameters including Redox potential, dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, HCO3 -, NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl-, NO2 -, F-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Mn, and Al were analyzed. Results showed that groundwater Al NBLs in groundwater units A-D were 0.11, 0.16, 0.15, and 0.08 mg/L, respectively. The used method in this study is acceptable for the assessment of groundwater Al NBLs in the PRD, because groundwater Al concentrations in various groundwater units in residual datasets were independent of land-use types, but they were opposite in the original datasets. The dissolution of Al-rich minerals in sediments/rocks was the major source for groundwater Al NBLs in the PRD, and the interaction with Al-rich river water was secondary one. The high groundwater Al NBL in groundwater unit B was mainly attributed to the acid precipitation and the organic matter mineralization inducing the release of Al in Quaternary sediments. By contrast, the high groundwater Al NBL in groundwater unit C mainly was ascribed to the release of Al complexes such as fluoroaluminate from rocks/soils into groundwater induced by acid precipitation, but it was limited by the dissolution of Mg minerals (e.g., dolomite) in aquifers. This study provides not only useful groundwater Al NBLs for the evaluation of groundwater Al contamination but also a reference for understanding the natural geochemical factors controlling groundwater Al in urbanized deltas such as the PRD. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The natural background level (NBL) of groundwater aluminum in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was evaluated. The dissolution of aluminum-rich minerals in sediments/rocks was the major source for groundwater aluminum NBLs in the PRD. The acid precipitation and organic matter mineralization contribute to high groundwater Al NBL in the groundwater unit B. The acid precipitation contributes to high groundwater Al NBL in the groundwater unit C, while dissolution of magnesium minerals limits it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangli Yan
- Department of Civil and Traffic Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Department of Civil and Traffic Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Qinxuan Hou
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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Schiavo M, Giambastiani BMS, Greggio N, Colombani N, Mastrocicco M. Geostatistical assessment of groundwater arsenic contamination in the Padana Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172998. [PMID: 38714254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) in groundwater from natural and anthropogenic sources is one of the most common pollutants worldwide affecting people and ecosystems. A large dataset from >3600 wells is employed to spatially simulate the depth-averaged As concentration in phreatic and confined aquifers of the Padana Plain (Northern Italy). Results of in-depth geostatistical analysis via PCA and simulations within a Monte Carlo framework allow the understanding of the variability of As concentrations within the aquifers. The most probable As contaminated zones are located along the piedmont areas in the confined aquifers and in the lowland territories in the phreatic aquifers. The distribution of the As contaminated zones has been coupled with hydrogeological, geological, and geochemical information to unravel the sources and mechanisms of As release in groundwater. The reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides and organic matter mineralization under anoxic conditions resulted to be the major drivers of As release in groundwater. This phenomenon is less evident in phreatic aquifers, due to mixed oxic and reducing conditions. This large-scale study provides a probabilistic perspective on As contamination, e.g. quantifying the spatial probability of exceeding national regulatory limits, and to outline As major sources and drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Schiavo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Via dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, (PD), Italy
| | - Beatrice M S Giambastiani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA) at Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Sciences Research (CIRSA), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicolas Greggio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA) at Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Sciences Research (CIRSA), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicolò Colombani
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Micòl Mastrocicco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Wang P, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Cao S, Hao Q, Liu S, Kong X, Han Z, Li B. Evolution of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanism during groundwater recharge: A case study in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170159. [PMID: 38242449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A pilot project for groundwater recharge from rivers is currently being carried out in North China Plain. To investigate the influence of river recharge on groundwater hydrochemical characteristics, dynamic monitoring and analysis of groundwater samples were conducted at a typical recharge site in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan in the North China Plain from 2019 to 2021. Hydrochemical, isotopic, and multivariate statistical analyses were used to systematically reveal the spatiotemporal variation of groundwater chemistry and its driving factors during groundwater recharge process. The results showed that the groundwater hydrochemical types and characteristics in different recharge areas and recharge periods exhibited obvious spatiotemporal differences. The groundwater type varied from HCO3·SO4-Na·Mg to HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg in an upstream ecological area, while the groundwater type changed from SO4·HCO3-Mg·Ca to HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg in the downstream impacted by reclaimed water. Changes in the contents of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3- were mostly controlled by the water-rock interactions and mixing-dilution of recharge water, while the increases in Na+, NO3-, Cl-, SO42- and NO3- contents were mainly due to the infiltration of reclaimed water. Nitrogen and oxygen isotope (δ15N and δ18O) tests and the Bayesian isotope mixing model results further demonstrated that nitrate pollution mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, and the major contribution came from manure and sewage, with an average proportion of 64.6 %. Principal component analysis indicated that water-rock interactions, river-groundwater mixing and redox environment alternation were dominant factors controlling groundwater chemical evolution in groundwater recharge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yaci Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yasong Li
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shengwei Cao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qichen Hao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shenghua Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Xiangke Kong
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Zhantao Han
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Binghua Li
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China
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Chi Z, Xie X, Wang Y. Understanding spatial heterogeneity of groundwater arsenic concentrations at a field scale: Taking the Datong Basin as an example to explore the significance of hydrogeological factors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120112. [PMID: 38244408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The spatial heterogeneity of arsenic (As) concentration exceeding the 10 μg/L WHO limit at the field scale poses significant challenges for groundwater utilization, but it remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the Daying site was selected as a representative case (As concentration ranged from 1.55 to 2237 μg/L within a 250 × 150 m field), and a total of 28 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for hydrochemistry, As speciation, and stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope. Principal component analysis was employed to identify the primary factors controlling groundwater hydrochemistry. Results indicate that the spatial heterogeneity of groundwater As concentration is primarily attributed to vertical recharge and competitive adsorption. Low vertical recharge introduces reductive substances, such as dissolved organic matter, which enhances the reductive environment and facilitates microbial-induced reduction and mobilization of As. Conversely, areas with high vertical recharge introduce oxidizing agents like SO42- and DO, which act as preferred electron acceptors over Fe(III), thus inhibiting the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides and the mobilization of As. PCA and hydrochemistry jointly indicate that spatial variability of P and its competitive adsorption with As are important factors leading to spatial heterogeneity of groundwater As concentration. However, the impacts of pH, Si, HCO3-, and F- on As adsorption are insignificant. Specifically, low vertical recharge can increase the proportion of As(III) and promote P release through organic matter mineralization. This process further leads to the desorption of As, indicating a synergistic effect between low vertical recharge and competitive adsorption. This field-scale spatial heterogeneity underscores the critical role of hydrogeological conditions. Sites with close hydraulic connections to surface water often exhibit low As concentrations in groundwater. Therefore, when establishing wells in areas with widespread high-As groundwater, selecting sites with open hydrogeological conditions can prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyong Chi
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xianjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
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Bi P, Liu R, Huang G, Li D. Evaluating natural background levels of heavy metals in shallow groundwater of the Pearl River Delta via removal of contaminated groundwaters: Comparison of three preselection related methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122382. [PMID: 37586681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Assessing natural background levels (NBLs) in groundwater is a global concern. Knowledge on groundwater NBLs in urbanized areas is challenging due to the impact of complex human activities. Preselection related methods are common ones for assessing groundwater NBLs. The present study used three preselection related methods to assess groundwater heavy metals (lead, zinc, barium) NBLs in four groundwater units of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) where urbanization continues, and to identify the best one for assessing groundwater NBLs in urbanized areas. Here, methods include a preselection method (method-P), a preselection dominated method (method-PD), and a statistic dominated method (method-SD). Results showed that the method-PD was better than other two methods for assessing groundwater NBLs of heavy metals in the PRD. This is supported by the evidence that differences among heavy metals concentrations in various land-use types in residual datasets formed by the method-PD were insignificant. NBLs of lead in groundwater units I to IV assessed by the method-PD were 2.8 μg/L, 5.9 μg/L, 5.8 μg/L, and 2.6 μg/L, respectively. NBLs of zinc in groundwater units I to IV assessed by the method-PD were 30 μg/L, 180 μg/L, 160 μg/L, and 100 μg/L, respectively. NBLs of barium in groundwater units I to IV assessed by the method-PD were 120 μg/L, 120 μg/L, 90 μg/L, and 50 μg/L, respectively. Compared to the method-PD, the method-SD often underestimates groundwater NBLs of heavy metals because of using the experiential evaluation for residual datasets. The method-P also has an inaccurate evaluation of groundwater NBLs of heavy metals in comparison with the method-PD, owing to both of using the experiential evaluation and the absence of a function for outliers test. The method-P combining with an outliers test would be better than itself for assessing groundwater NBLs. Therefore, the method-PD is the first choice to be recommended for assessing groundwater NBLs in urbanized areas such the PRD. However, this method should not be taken into account for assessing groundwater NBLs in areas where groundwater Cl/Br mass ratios are invalid. Instead, the method-SD and the method-P combining with one outliers test may be choices, because no constraint for these two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruinan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Huang G, Hou Q, Han D, Liu R, Song J. Large scale occurrence of aluminium-rich shallow groundwater in the Pearl River Delta after the rapid urbanization: Co-effects of anthropogenic and geogenic factors. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 254:104130. [PMID: 36603301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium(Al)-rich (> 0.2 mg/L) groundwater has received more concerns because of its harmful to human beings. Origins of large-scale occurrence on Al-rich groundwater in urbanized areas such as the Pearl River Delta (PRD) are still little known. The current work was conducted to investigate spatial distribution of Al-rich groundwater in the PRD, and to discuss its origins in various aquifers. For that, 265 groundwater samples and 15 river water samples were collected, and 21 hydrochemical parameters including Al were analyzed by using conventional analytical procedures. The results showed that groundwater Al concentrations were up to 22.64 mg/L, and Al-rich groundwater occurred in 15% of the area occupied by the PRD. Al-rich groundwater in the coastal-alluvial aquifer was about 2 times those in alluvial-proluvial and fissured aquifers, whereas the karst aquifer was absent. In the coastal-alluvial aquifer, Al-rich groundwater in the peri-urban area was 2 or more times those in urbanized and agricultural areas, whereas the remaining area was absent. By contrast, in the alluvial-proluvial aquifer, Al-rich groundwater in the remaining area was 1.5-3.5 times that in other areas; in the fissured aquifer, the distribution of Al-rich groundwater was independent of land-use types. The infiltration of wastewater from township enterprises was main anthropogenic source for Al-rich groundwater in urbanized and peri-urban areas, whereas irrigation of Al-rich river water was the main one in the agricultural area. Naturally dissolution of Al-rich minerals in soils/rocks, triggered by both of pH decrease resulted from nitrification of contaminated ammonium (e.g., sewage leakage, the use of nitrogen fertilizer) and acid deposition, was the main geogenic source for Al-rich groundwater in the PRD. The contribution of anthropogenic sources to Al-rich groundwater in the coastal-alluvial aquifer was more than that in alluvial-proluvial and fissured aquifers, whereas the contribution of geogenic sources was opposite. In conclusion, the discharge of township enterprises wastewater and ammonium-rich sewage, the emission of nitrogen-containing gas, and the use of nitrogen fertilizer should be preferentially limited to decrease the occurrence of Al-rich groundwater in urbanized areas such as the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Qinxuan Hou
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Dongya Han
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruinan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiangmin Song
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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