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Gangneux JP, Brandao J, Segal E. Knowledge and regulation on fungal contamination of sand and water: Progress report and perspectives. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myad137. [PMID: 38196143 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal flora in coastal/inland beach sand and recreational water is a neglected field of study, despite its potential impact on human health. A joint International Society for Human and Animal Mycology/European Confederation for Medical Mycology (ISHAM/ECMM) working group was formed in 2019 with the task to set up a vast international initiative aimed at studying the fungal contamination of beaches and bathing waters. Here we review the importance of the topic, and list the main results and achievements from 12 scientific publications. Fungal contamination exists at different levels, and the genera most frequently found were Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Fusarium spp., and Cryptococcus spp., both in sand and in water. A site-blind median was found to be 89 colony-forming units of fungi per gram of sand in coastal/inland freshwaters. This threshold has been used for the sand quality criterion of the blue flag in Portugal. Additionally, our data were considered pivotal and therefore used for the first inclusion of fungi as a biological taxon of interest in water quality and sand monitoring recommendations of the World Health Organization's new guidelines on recreational water quality (Vol.1-Chap7). The findings of the consortium also suggest how environmental conditions (climate, salinity, soil pH, nitrogen, etc.) influence microbial communities in different regions, and that yeast species like Candida glabrata, Clavispora lusitaniae, and Meyerozyma guilliermondii have been identified as potential fungal indicators of fecal contamination. Climate change and natural disasters may affect fungal populations in different environments, and because this is still a field of study under exploration, we also propose to depict the future challenges of research and unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence pour les aspergilloses chroniques (CNRMA-LA AspC), European Excellence Center in Medical Mycology (ECMM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Joao Brandao
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C)-Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Selvarajan R, Sibanda T, Ullah H, Abia ALK. Beach sand mycobiome: The silent threat of pathogenic fungi and toxic metal contamination for beachgoers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115895. [PMID: 38101061 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Emphasis is always placed on bacterial but not fungal pathogens in marine environments. We analysed the fungal diversity, functional predictions, and toxic metals and metalloids contamination in beach sand from different South African locations. Results revealed a diverse fungal community, with Ascomycota, Rozellomycota, and Basidiomycota being the dominant phyla. Functional predictions highlighted fungal metabolic pathways related to of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids, in different beach samples. Elevated concentrations of toxic metals and metalloids were detected in Central and Harbour beach sands, likely due to anthropogenic activities. Correlations among different elements were observed, suggesting complex interactions in the coastal environment. Fungal pathogens like Cladosporium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida in beach sands raise potential public health risk concerns. Therefore, monitoring fungal diversity (including pathogens) alongside bacterial contamination in beach environments is imperative. The results contribute to understanding fungal community dynamics, functional potential, toxic metal and metalloid contamination, and potential risks associated with beach sand ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramganesh Selvarajan
- Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering (IDSSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, South Africa.
| | - Timothy Sibanda
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Habib Ullah
- Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering (IDSSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, China
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa.
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Zheng Y, Yuan C, Matsushita N, Lian C, Geng Q. Analysis of the distribution pattern of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum under climate change using the optimized MaxEnt model. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10565. [PMID: 37753310 PMCID: PMC10518754 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cenococcum geophilum (C. geophilum) is a widely distributed ectomycorrhizal fungus that plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems worldwide. However, the specific ecological factors influencing its global distribution and how climate change will affect its range are still relatively unknown. In this study, we used the MaxEnt model optimized with the kuenm package to simulate changes in the distribution pattern of C. geophilum from the Last Glacial Maximum to the future based on 164 global distribution records and 17 environmental variables and investigated the key environmental factors influencing its distribution. We employed the optimal parameter combination of RM = 4 and FC = QPH, resulting in a highly accurate predictive model. Our study clearly shows that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and annual precipitation are the key environmental factors influencing the suitable habitats of C. geophilum. Currently, appropriate habitats of C. geophilum are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, west-central Europe, the western seaboard and eastern regions of North America, and southeastern Australia, covering a total area of approximately 36,578,300 km2 globally. During the Last Glacial Maximum and the mid-Holocene, C. geophilum had a much smaller distribution area, being mainly concentrated in the Qinling-Huaihe Line region of China and eastern Peninsular Malaysia. As global warming continues, the future suitable habitat for C. geophilum is projected to shift northward, leading to an expected expansion of the suitable area from 9.21% to 21.02%. This study provides a theoretical foundation for global conservation efforts and biogeographic understanding of C. geophilum, offering new insights into its distribution patterns and evolutionary trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexu Zheng
- College of ForestryShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- College of Grassland Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Yuan
- College of ForestryFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoNishitokyo‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Qifang Geng
- College of ForestryShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoNishitokyo‐shiTokyoJapan
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Brandão J, Valério E, Weiskerger C, Veríssimo C, Sarioglou K, Novak Babič M, Solo-Gabriele HM, Sabino R, Rebelo MT. Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095710. [PMID: 37174228 PMCID: PMC10178049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantina Sarioglou
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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