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Li Z, Li X, Zhang Q, Li F, Qiao Y, Liu S, Leng P, Tian C, Chen G, Cheng H. Influences of shallow groundwater depth on N 2O diffusion along the soil profile of summer maize fields in North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171861. [PMID: 38518819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from agricultural fields are a significant contribution to global warming. Understanding the mechanisms of N2O emissions from agricultural fields is essential for the development of N2O emission mitigation strategies. Currently, there are extensive studies on N2O emissions on the surface of agricultural soils, while studies on N2O fluxes at the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones (ISU) are limited. Uncertainties exist regarding N2O emissions from the soil-shallow groundwater systems in agricultural fields. In this study, a three-year lysimeter experiment (2019-2020, 2022) was conducted to simulate the soil-shallow groundwater systems under four controlled shallow groundwater depth (SGD) (i.e., SGD = 40, 70, 110, and 150 cm) conditions in North China Plain (NCP). Weekly continuous monitoring of N2O emissions from soil surface, N2O concentration in the shallow groundwater and the upper 10 cm of pores at the ISU, and nitrogen cycling-related parameters in the soil and groundwater was conducted. The results showed that soil surface N2O emissions increased with decreased shallow groundwater depth, and the highest emissions of 96.44 kg ha-1 and 104.32 kg ha-1 were observed at G2 (SGD = 40 cm) in 2020 and 2022. During the observation period of one maize growing season, shallow groundwater acted as a sink for the unsaturated zone when the groundwater depth was 40 cm, 70 cm, and 110 cm. However, when SGD was 150 cm, shallow groundwater became a source for the unsaturated zone. After fertilization, the groundwater in all treatment plots behaved as a sink for the unsaturated zone, and the diffusion intensity decreased with increasing SGD. The results would provide a theoretical basis for cropland water management to reduce N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Shandong Yucheng Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station, IGSNRR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xurun Li
- Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Qiuying Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fadong Li
- Shandong Yucheng Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station, IGSNRR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunfeng Qiao
- Shandong Yucheng Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station, IGSNRR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shanbao Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peifang Leng
- Shandong Yucheng Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station, IGSNRR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Shandong Yucheng Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station, IGSNRR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Florida A&M University (FAMU)-Florida State University (FSU) Joint College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Zhou T, Levintal E, Brunetti G, Jordan S, Harter T, Kisekka I, Šimůnek J, Dahlke HE. Estimating the impact of vadose zone heterogeneity on agricultural managed aquifer recharge: A combined experimental and modeling study. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120781. [PMID: 37918200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural managed aquifer recharge (Ag-MAR) is a promising approach to replenish groundwater resources using flood water and cropland as spreading grounds. However, site selection, particularly the layering of sediment deposits in the subsurface, can greatly influence Ag-MAR efficacy as it controls water flow and solute transport in the vadose zone. In this study, we use the HYDRUS-1D software to simulate water flow and solute transport from the land surface to the groundwater table in three vadose zone profiles (LS, MS, HS) characterized by differing fractions of sand (44 %, 47 %, and 64 %). For each profile, the single- and dual-porosity models (i.e., considering or not nonequilibrium water flow and solute transport) were calibrated using observed surface ponding, soil water content, and KBr breakthrough data. Water flow and bromide transport in the profile with the lowest sand fraction (LS) were best captured using the model that considered both preferential flow and nonequilibrium bromide transport. Water flow and bromide transport in the profile with the highest sand fraction (HS) was best simulated with the model that considered preferential flow and equilibrium bromide transport. Uniform water flow and nonequilibrium bromide transport provided the best fit for the third profile (MS). The degree of preferential flow was highest in the profile with the largest sand fraction (HS), which also showed the largest flow velocities compared to the profiles with lower sand amounts (LS and MS). Preferential flow did not significantly impact the overall water balance (within 3 %), but caused a significant decrease in vadose zone travel times (bromide) by up to 38 %, relative to a single-porosity model fit. Recharge efficiency varied between 88 % and 90 %, while the average travel times from the soil surface to groundwater varied up to 119 % (from 3.6 to 7.9 days) between the three sites. This study demonstrates that similar recharge efficiency can be achieved at sites with differing soil texture profiles, but subsurface heterogeneity can substantially affect contaminant transport processes and their travel times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhou
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Elad Levintal
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Brunetti
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Spencer Jordan
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Thomas Harter
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Isaya Kisekka
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Jiří Šimůnek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Helen E Dahlke
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America.
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Wang D, Li P, Yang N, Yang C, Zhou Y, Li J. Distribution, sources and main controlling factors of nitrate in a typical intensive agricultural region, northwestern China: Vertical profile perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116911. [PMID: 37597825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) pollution of groundwater is a global concern in agricultural areas. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the sources and destiny of nitrate in soil and groundwater within intensive agricultural areas, this study employed a combination of chemical indicators, dual isotopes of nitrate (δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-), random forest model, and Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR). These approaches were utilized to examine the spatial distribution of NO3- in soil profiles and groundwater, identify key variables influencing groundwater nitrate concentration, and quantify the sources contribution at various depths of the vadose zone and groundwater with different nitrate concentrations. The results showed that the nitrate accumulation in the cropland and kiwifruit orchard at depths of 0-400 cm increased, leading to subsequent leaching of nitrate into deeper vadose zones and ultimately groundwater. The mean concentration of nitrate in groundwater was 91.89 mg/L, and 52.94% of the samples exceeded the recommended grade III value (88.57 mg/L) according to national standards. The results of the random forest model suggested that the main variables affecting the nitrate concentration in groundwater were well depth (16.6%), dissolved oxygen (11.6%), and soil nitrate (10.4%). The MixSIAR results revealed that nitrate sources vary at different soil depths, which was caused by the biogeochemical process of nitrate. In addition, the highest contribution of nitrate in groundwater, both with high and low concentrations, was found to be soil nitrogen (SN), accounting for 56.0% and 63.0%, respectively, followed by chemical fertilizer (CF) and manure and sewage (M&S). Through the identification of NO3- pollution sources, this study can take targeted measures to ensure the safety of groundwater in intensive agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ningning Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunliu Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
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Huang L, Levintal E, Erikson CB, Coyotl A, Horwath WR, Dahlke HE, Mazza Rodrigues JL. Molecular and Dual-Isotopic Profiling of the Microbial Controls on Nitrogen Leaching in Agricultural Soils under Managed Aquifer Recharge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37467434 PMCID: PMC10399200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) leaching is a serious health and ecological concern in global agroecosystems, particularly those under the application of agricultural-managed aquifer recharge (Ag-MAR); however, there is an absence of information on microbial controls affecting NO3- leaching outcomes. We combine natural dual isotopes of NO3- (15N/14N and 18O/16O) with metagenomics, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and a threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN) to investigate the activities, taxon profiles, and environmental controls of soil microbiome associated with NO3- leaching at different depths from Californian vineyards under Ag-MAR application. The isotopic signatures demonstrated a significant priming effect (P < 0.01) of Ag-MAR on denitrification activities in the topsoil (0-10 cm), with a 12-25-fold increase of 15N-NO3- and 18O-NO3- after the first 24 h of flooding, followed by a sharp decrease in the enrichment of both isotopes with ∼80% decline in denitrification activities thereafter. In contrast, deeper soils (60-100 cm) showed minimal or no denitrification activities over the course of Ag-MAR application, thus resulting in 10-20-fold of residual NO3- being leached. Metagenomic profiling and laboratory microcosm demonstrated that both nitrifying and denitrifying groups, responsible for controlling NO3- leaching, decreased in abundance and potential activity rates with soil depth. TITAN suggested that Nitrosocosmicus and Bradyrhizobium, as the major nitrifier and denitrifier, had the highest and lowest tipping points with regard to the NO3- changes (P < 0.05), respectively. Overall, our study provides new insight into specific depth limitations of microbial controls on soil NO3- leaching in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibin Huang
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elad Levintal
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christian Bernard Erikson
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Adolfo Coyotl
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Helen E Dahlke
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jorge L Mazza Rodrigues
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Xia C, Li Z, Fan W, Du X. Dynamics and control mechanisms of inorganic nitrogen removal during wetting-drying cycles: A simulated managed aquifer recharge experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 232:116354. [PMID: 37295590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems can be operated intermittently through wetting-drying cycles to simultaneously improve the water supply and quality. Although MAR can naturally attenuate considerable amounts of nitrogen, the dynamic processes and control mechanisms of nitrogen removal by intermittent MAR remain unclear. This study was conducted in laboratory sandy columns and lasted for 23 d, including four wetting periods and three drying periods. The hydraulic conductivity, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and leaching concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen of MAR systems were intensively measured to test the hypothesis that hydrological and biogeochemical controls play an essential role in regulating nitrogen dynamics at different stages of wetting-drying cycles. Intermittent MAR functioned as a sink for nitrogen while providing a carbon source to support nitrogen transformations; however, it occasionally became a source of nitrogen under intense flushes of preferential flow. Nitrogen dynamics were primarily controlled by hydrological processes in the initial wetting phase and were further regulated by biogeochemical processes during the subsequent wetting period, supporting our hypothesis. We also observed that a saturated zone could mediate nitrogen dynamics by creating anaerobic conditions for denitrification and buffering the flush effect of preferential flow. The drying duration can also affect the occurrence of preferential flow and nitrogen transformations, which should be balanced when determining the optimal drying duration for intermittent MAR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xia
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zihan Li
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenbo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinqiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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