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Wang Y, Tian H, Zhang C, Xu J, Liu X, Ma F, Wei X, Sun Y. Degradation and mechanism of PAHs by Fe-based activated persulfate: Effect of temperature and noble metal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172768. [PMID: 38670359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of contaminants like PAHs in soil due to industrialization, urbanization, and intensified agriculture poses environmental challenges, owing to their persistence, hydrophobic nature, and toxicity. Thus, the degradation of PAHs has attracted worldwide attention in soil remediation. This study explored the effect of noble metal and temperature on the degradation of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, as well as the types of reactive radicals generated and mechanism. The Fe-Pd/AC and Fe-Pt/AC activated persulfate exhibited high removal efficiency of 19 kinds of PAHs, about 79.95 % and 83.36 %, respectively. Fe-Pt/AC-activated persulfate exhibits superior degradation efficiency than that on Fe-Pd/AC-activated persulfate, due to the higher specific surface area and dispersity of Pt particles, thereby resulting in increased reactive radicals (·OH, SO4-· and ·OOH). Additionally, thermal activation enhances the degradation of PAHs, with initial efficiencies of 64.20 % and 55.49 % on Fe-Pd/AC- and Fe-Pt/AC-activated persulfate systems respectively, increasing to 76.05 % and 73.14 % with elevated temperatures from 21.5 to 50 °C. Metal and thermal activation facilitate S2O82- activation, generating reactive radicals, crucial for the degradation of PAHs via ring opening and oxygen hydrogenation reactions, yielding low-ring oxygen-containing derivatives such as organic acids, keto compounds, ethers, and esters. Furthermore, understanding the impact of parameters such as activation temperature and the types of noble metals on the degradation of PAHs within the activated persulfate system provides a theoretical foundation for the remediation of PAH-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huifang Tian
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingshuang Liu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinqing Wei
- Tianjin JC Environmental Services, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Research Center for Advanced Energy and Carbon Neutrality, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Ali M, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Chen X, Ma M, Tang Z, Li R, Tang B, Li Z, Huang X, Song X. Mechanisms of benzene and benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation in the individually and mixed contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123710. [PMID: 38458518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge on the biodegradation mechanisms of benzene and benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), representative compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), under individually and mixed contaminated soils. Therefore, a set of microcosm experiments were conducted to explore the influence of benzene and BaP on biodegradation under individual and mixed contaminated condition, and their subsequent influence on native microbial consortium. The results revealed that the total mass loss of benzene was 56.0% under benzene and BaP mixed contamination, which was less than that of individual benzene contamination (78.3%). On the other hand, the mass loss of BaP was slightly boosted to 17.6% under the condition of benzene mixed contamination with BaP from that of individual BaP contamination (14.4%). The significant differences between the microbial and biocide treatments for both benzene and BaP removal demonstrated that microbial degradation played a crucial role in the mass loss for both contaminants. In addition, the microbial analyses revealed that the contamination of benzene played a major role in the fluctuations of microbial compositions under co-contaminated conditions. Rhodococcus, Nocardioides, Gailla, and norank_c_Gitt-GS-136 performed a major role in benzene biodegradation under individual and mixed contaminated conditions while Rhodococcus, Noviherbaspirillum, and Phenylobacterium were highly involved in BaP biodegradation. Moreover, binary benzene and BaP contamination highly reduced the Rhodococcus abundance, indicating the toxic influence of co-contamination on the functional key genus. Enzymatic activities revealed that catalase, lipase, and dehydrogenase activities proliferated while polyphenol oxidase was reduced with contamination compared to the control treatment. These results provided the fundamental information to facilitate the development of more efficient bioremediation strategies, which can be tailored to specific remediation of different contamination scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtiar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Advanced Water Technology Laboratory, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhuanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Chen
- China Construction 8th Engineering Division Corp., LTD, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Min Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- China Construction 8th Engineering Division Corp., LTD, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Xiangfeng Huang
- China Construction 8th Engineering Division Corp., LTD, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhou N, Guo H, Zhang Z, Wang H. The discrepant metabolic pathways of PAHs by facultative anaerobic bacteria under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141230. [PMID: 38237784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies regarding the facultative anaerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were still in the initial stage. In this study, a facultative anaerobe which was identified as Bacillus Firmus and named as PheN7 was firstly isolated from the mixed petroleum-polluted soil samples using phenanthrene and nitrate as the solo carbon resource and electron acceptor under anaerobic condition. The degradation rates of PheN7 towards phenanthrene were detected as 33.17 μM/d, 13.81 μM/d and 7.11 μM/d at the initial phenanthrene concentration of 250.17 μM with oxygen, nitrate and sulfate as the electron acceptor, respectively. The metabolic pathways toward phenanthrene by PheN7 were deduced combining the metagenome analysis of PheN7 and intermediate metabolites of phenanthrene under aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions. Dioxygenation and carboxylation were inferred as the initial activation reactions of phenanthrene degradation in these two pathways. This study highlighted the significance of facultative anaerobic bacteria in natural PAHs biodegradation, revealing the discrepant metabolic fates of PAHs by one solo bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haijiao Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zuotao Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Walton JL, Buchan A. Evidence for novel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation pathways in culturable marine isolates. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0340923. [PMID: 38084970 PMCID: PMC10783047 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03409-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution is widespread throughout marine environments and significantly affects native flora and fauna. Investigating microbes responsible for degrading PAHs in these environments provides a greater understanding of natural attenuation in these systems. In addition, the use of culture-based approaches to inform bioinformatic and omics-based approaches is useful in identifying novel mechanisms of PAH degradation that elude genetic biomarker-based investigations. Furthermore, culture-based approaches allow for the study of PAH co-metabolism, which increasingly appears to be a prominent mechanism for PAH degradation in marine microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L. Walton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alison Buchan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Li F, Li J, Tong M, Xi K, Guo S. Effect of electric fields strength on soil factors and microorganisms during electro-bioremediation of benzo[a]pyrene-contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139845. [PMID: 37634583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Electro-bioremediation is a promising technology for remediating soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the resulting electrokinetic effects and electrochemical reactions may inevitably cause changes in soil factors and microorganism, thereby reducing the remediation efficiency. To avoid negative effect of electric field on soil and microbes and maximize microbial degradability, it is necessary to select a suitable electric field. In this study, artificial benzo [a]pyrene (BaP)-contaminated soil was selected as the object of remediation. Changes in soil factors and microorganisms were investigated under the voltage of 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 V cm-1 using chemical analysis, real-time PCR, and high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed noticeable changes in soil factors (pH, moisture, electrical conductivity [EC], and BaP concentration) and microbes (PAHs ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase [PAHs-RHDα] gene and bacterial community) after the application of electric field. The degree of change was related to the electric field strength, with a suitable strength being more conducive to BaP removal. At 70 d, the highest mean extent of BaP removal and PAHs-RHDα gene copies were observed in EK2.0 + BIO, reaching 3.37 and 109.62 times those in BIO, respectively, indicating that the voltage of 2.0 V cm-1 was the most suitable for soil microbial growth and metabolism. Changes in soil factors caused by electric fields can affect microbial activity and community composition. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil pH and moisture had the most significant effects on microbial community composition (P < 0.05). The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate electric field that could be used for electro-bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soil by evaluating the effects of electric fields on soil factors and microbial communities. This study also provides a reference for efficiency enhancement and successful application of electro-bioremediation of soil contaminated with PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingming Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Menghan Tong
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kailu Xi
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuhai Guo
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Vogel AL, Thompson KJ, Straub D, App CB, Gutierrez T, Löffler FE, Kleindienst S. Substrate-independent expression of key functional genes in Cycloclasticus pugetii strain PS-1 limits their use as markers for PAH biodegradation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1185619. [PMID: 37455737 PMCID: PMC10338962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a crucial process for the clean-up of oil-contaminated environments. Cycloclasticus spp. are well-known polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degraders that possess PAH-degradation marker genes including rhd3α, rhd2α, and pahE. However, it remains unknown if the expression of these genes can serve as an indicator for active PAH degradation. Here, we determined transcript-to-gene (TtG) ratios with (reverse transcription) qPCR in cultures of Cycloclasticus pugetii strain PS-1 grown with naphthalene, phenanthrene, a mixture of these PAHs, or alternate substrates (i.e., no PAHs). Mean TtG ratios of 1.99 × 10-2, 1.80 × 10-3, and 3.20 × 10-3 for rhd3α, rhd2α, and pahE, respectively, were measured in the presence or absence of PAHs. The TtG values suggested that marker-gene expression is independent of PAH degradation. Measurement of TtG ratios in Arctic seawater microcosms amended with water-accommodated crude oil fractions, and incubated under in situ temperature conditions (i.e., 1.5°C), only detected Cycloclasticus spp. rhd2α genes and transcripts (mean TtG ratio of 4.15 × 10-1). The other marker genes-rhd3α and pahE-were not detected, suggesting that not all Cycloclasticus spp. carry these genes and a broader yet-to-be-identified repertoire of PAH-degradation genes exists. The results indicate that the expression of PAH marker genes may not correlate with PAH-degradation activity, and transcription data should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjela L. Vogel
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharine J. Thompson
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Straub
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence: EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constantin B. App
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Frank E. Löffler
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sara Kleindienst
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management (ISWA), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Cui JQ, He ZQ, Ntakirutimana S, Liu ZH, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Artificial mixed microbial system for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207196. [PMID: 37396390 PMCID: PMC10309208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants with major risks to human health. Biological degradation is environmentally friendly and the most appealing remediation method for a wide range of persistent pollutants. Meanwhile, due to the large microbial strain collection and multiple metabolic pathways, PAH degradation via an artificial mixed microbial system (MMS) has emerged and is regarded as a promising bioremediation approach. The artificial MMS construction by simplifying the community structure, clarifying the labor division, and streamlining the metabolic flux has shown tremendous efficiency. This review describes the construction principles, influencing factors, and enhancement strategies of artificial MMS for PAH degradation. In addition, we identify the challenges and future opportunities for the development of MMS toward new or upgraded high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang He
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Samuel Ntakirutimana
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Lin W, He Y, Li R, Mu C, Wang C, Shi C, Ye Y. Adaptive changes of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) associated bacteria helping host against dibutyl phthalate toxification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121328. [PMID: 36828355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in aquatic environments is becoming an extensive environmental problem and detrimental to aquatic animals. Here, we quantified the response pattern of the bacterial community and metabolites of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) juveniles exposed to 0.2, 2, and 10 mg/L DBP using 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing coupled with metabolomic technique. The results showed that DBP changed the bacterial community compositions in a concentration-dependent pattern and decreased the Shannon index at the second developmental stage of the swimming crabs. The Rhodobacteraceae taxa were specifically enriched by crabs when challenged by 2 and 10 mg/L DBP, with an increased in Shannon index and enhanced drift in its assembly. Moreover, DBP changed the metabolic profiling of the swimming crab, highlighted by increased levels of lactate, valine, methionine, lysine, and phenylalanine in the 10 mg/L DBP-exposed crabs. Rhodobacteraceae presented the most considerable contribution to the metabolic potentials in phthalate and benzoate degradation, lactate production, and amino acid biosynthesis. Overall, our results indicated an adaptive change of crab-associated bacteria helped the host resist DBP stress. The findings extend our insights into the relationship between the microbiota and its host metabolism under DBP stress and reveal the potential microbiota modalities for DBP detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Yimin He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction By Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, China
| | - Yangfang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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