1
|
Wei Z, Ni X, Cui H, Shu C, Peng Y, Li Y, Liu J. Neurotoxic effects of triclosan in adolescent mice: Pyruvate kinase M2 dimer regulated Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation mediated microglia activation and neuroinflammation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173739. [PMID: 38839007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a commonly used antibacterial agent, is associated with various harmful effects on mammalian neurodevelopment, particularly when exposed prenatally. This study investigated the impact of long-term exposure to TCS on the prefrontal cortex development in adolescent mice. We evaluated the motor ability, motor coordination, and anxiety behavior of mice using open field tests (OFT) and elevated cross maze tests (EPM). An increase in movement distance, number of passes through the central area, and open arm retention time was observed in mice treated with TCS. Hematoxylin eosin staining and Nissl staining also showed significant adverse reactions in the brain tissue of TCS-exposed group. TCS induced microglia activation and increased inflammatory factors expression in the prefrontal cortex. TCS also increased the expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), thereby elevating the levels of PKM2 dimer, which entered the nucleus. Treatment with TEPP46 (PKM2 dimer nuclear translocation inhibitor) blocked the expression of inflammatory factors induced by TCS. TCS induced the phosphorylation of nuclear signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in vivo and in vitro, upregulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines. The results also demonstrated the binding of PKM2 to STAT3, which promoted STAT3 phosphorylation at the Tyr705 site, thereby regulating the expression of inflammatory factors. These findings highlight the role of PKM2-regulated STAT3 phosphorylation in TCS-induced behavioral disorders in adolescents and propose a reliable treatment target for TCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Wei
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiao Ni
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - He Cui
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yunwei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng Y, Zhang L, Xiang Q, Li J, Yao Y, Sun H, Zhao H. Human exposure characteristics of pharmaceutical and personal care product chemicals and associations with dietary habits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173540. [PMID: 38806129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Considering the widespread presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment and their adverse health effects, human exposure to PPCPs has caused worldwide concern. However, there remains insufficient information on the exposure assessment of the Chinese population. Based on this, the exposure levels of 13 PPCPs in the urine samples of 986 Chinese adults were measured, aiming to provide information on the prevalence of PPCP occurrence and investigate potential correlations between PPCP exposure and obesity. Results showed that the detection rates of these compounds in urine ranged from 28.12 % to 98.58 %, with median concentrations ranging below the limit of detection to 10.58 ng mL-1. Methyl-paraben (MeP) was the most dominant paraben and had the highest urinary concentration (median = 10.12 ng mL-1), while 4-hydroxy-benzophenone (4-OH-BP) was the dominant benzophenone derivative (median = 0.22 ng mL-1). In antibacterials, the urinary concentration of triclosan (mean = 42.00 ng mL-1) was much higher than that of triclocarban (mean = 0.63 ng mL-1). PPCP concentrations were significantly associated with sex, age, body mass index, education level, and annual household income (p < 0.050). Regression analysis of dietary habits showed that seafood and tea consumption may be significant exposure sources of PPCP exposure (p < 0.050). Furthermore, individual exposure to MeP (odds ratio (OR) < 1, p = 0.002) and 4-OH-BP (OR < 1, p = 0.009) exhibited a significantly negative association with obesity in females. Also, analysis results from quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression models demonstrated that an inverse correlation between PPCP mixture exposure and obesity was significant in females. This study reports the extensive prevalence of PPCP exposure among adults from China, and may provide crucial insights into PPCP exposure dynamics. More epidemiological studies are need in the future, with a thorough knowledge of PPCP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Healthcare-associated Infection Control Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin D, Cen Z, Zhang C, Lin X, Liang T, Xu Y, Zheng L, Qiao Q, Huang L, Xiong K. Triclosan-loaded aged microplastics exacerbate oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles via increased bioaccumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173457. [PMID: 38782285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics and chlorine-containing triclosan (TCS) are widespread in aquatic environments and may pose health risks to organisms. However, studies on the combined toxicity of aged microplastics and TCS are limited. To investigate the toxic effects and potential mechanisms associated with co-exposure to TCS adsorbed on aged polyethylene microplastics (aPE-MPs) at environmentally relevant concentrations, a 7-day chronic exposure experiment was conducted using Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles. The results showed that the overall particle size of aPE-MPs decreased after 30 days of UV aging, whereas the increase in specific surface area improved the adsorption capacity of aPE-MPs for TCS, resulting in the bioaccumulation of TCS under dual-exposure conditions in the order of aPE-TCS > PE-TCS > TCS. Co-exposure to aPE-MPs and TCS exacerbated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity to a greater extent than a single exposure. Significant upregulation of pro-symptomatic factors (IL-β and IL-6) and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) indicated that the aPE-TCS combination caused more severe oxidative stress and inflammation. Molecular docking revealed the molecular mechanism of the direct interaction between TCS and SOD, CAT, and AChE proteins, which explains why aPE-MPs promote the bioaccumulation of TCS, causing increased toxicity upon combined exposure. These results emphasize the need to be aware of the combined toxicity caused by the increased ability of aged microplastics to carry contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zifeng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taojie Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qingxia Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kairong Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He TT, Li X, Ma JZ, Yang Y, Zhu S, Zeng J, Luo L, Yin YL, Cao LY. Triclocarban and triclosan promote breast cancer progression in vitro and in vivo via activating G protein-coupled estrogen receptor signaling pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172782. [PMID: 38679099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) have been detected ubiquitously in human body and evoked increasing concerns. This study aimed to reveal the induction risks of TCC and TCS on triple negative breast cancer through non-genomic GPER-mediated signaling pathways. Molecular simulation indicated that TCC exhibited higher GPER binding affinity than TCS theoretically. Calcium mobilization assay displayed that TCC/TCS activated GPER signaling pathway with the lowest observed effective concentrations (LOEC) of 10 nM/100 nM. TCC and TCS also upregulated MMP-2/9, EGFR, MAPK3 but downregulated MAPK8 via GPER-mediated signaling pathway. Proliferation assay showed that TCC/TCS induced 4 T1 breast cancer cells proliferation with the LOEC of 100 nM/1000 nM. Wound-healing and transwell assays showed that TCC/TCS promoted 4 T1 cells migration in a concentration-dependent manner with the LOEC of 10 nM. The effects of TCC on breast cancer cells proliferation and migration were stronger than TCS and both were regulated by GPER. TCC/TCS induced migratory effects were more significantly than proliferative effect. Mechanism study showed that TCC/TCS downregulated the expression of epithelial marker (E-cadherin) but upregulated mesenchymal markers (snail and N-cadherin), which was reversed by GPER inhibitor G15. These biomarkers results indicated that TCC/TCS-induced 4 T1 cells migration was a classic epithelial to mesenchymal transition mechanism regulated by GPER signaling pathway. Orthotopic tumor model verified that TCC promoted breast cancer in-situ tumor growth and distal tissue metastasis via GPER-mediated signaling pathway at human-exposure level of 10 mg/kg/d. TCC-induced tissue metastasis of breast cancer was more significantly than in-situ tumor growth. Overall, we demonstrated for the first time that TCC/TCS could activate the GPER signaling pathways to induce breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting He
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie-Zhi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shiye Zhu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianhua Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lin-Ying Cao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu D, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Yang J, Chen W, Liu B, Lu J. The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewer sediments:Adsorption triggering resistance gene proliferation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134255. [PMID: 38669934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, large quantities of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been discharged into sewers, while the mechanisms of PPCPs enrichment in sewer sediments have rarely been revealed. In this study, three PPCPs (tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and triclocarban) were added consecutively over a 90-day experimental period to reveal the mechanisms of PPCPs enrichment and the transmission of resistance genes in sewer sediments. The results showed that tetracycline (TC) and triclocarban (TCC) have higher adsorption concentration in sediments compared to sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The absolute abundance of Tets and suls genes increased in sediments under PPCPs pressure. The increase in secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the loosening of the structure exposed a large number of hydrophobic functional groups, which promoted the adsorption of PPCPs. The absolute abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), EPS and the content of PPCPs in sediments exhibited significant correlations. The enrichment of PPCPs in sediments was attributed to the accumulation of EPS, which led to the proliferation of ARGs. These findings contributed to further understanding of the fate of PPCPs in sewer sediments and opened a new perspective for consideration of controlling the proliferation of resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Liu
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zigeng Zhang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinsuo Lu
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering Department, Xi' an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rubinstein J, Pinney SM, Xie C, Wang HS. Association of same-day urinary phenol levels and cardiac electrical alterations: analysis of the Fernald Community Cohort. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4445657. [PMID: 38853936 PMCID: PMC11160919 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4445657/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Exposure to phenols has been linked in animal models and human populations to cardiac function alterations and cardiovascular diseases, although their effects on cardiac electrical properties in humans remains to be established. This study aimed to identify changes in electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters associated with environmental phenol exposure in adults of a midwestern large cohort known as the Fernald Community Cohort (FCC). Methods During the day of the first comprehensive medical examination, urine samples were obtained, and electrocardiograms were recorded. Cross-sectional linear regression analyses were performed. Results Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol F (BPF) were both associated with a longer PR interval, an indication of delayed atrial-to-ventricle conduction, in females (p < 0.05) but not males. BPA combined with BPF was associated with an increase QRS duration, an indication of delayed ventricular activation, in females (P < 0.05) but not males. Higher triclocarban (TCC) level was associated with longer QTc interval, an indication of delayed ventricular repolarization, in males (P < 0.01) but not females. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with a significant increase in PR and QTc intervals and ventricular rate in females and in ventricular rate in males. In females, the combined effect of being in the top tertile for both BPA urinary concentration and BMI was an estimate of a 10% increase in PR interval. No associations were found with the other phenols. Conclusion Higher exposure to some phenols was associated with alterations of cardiac electrical properties in a sex specific manner in the Fernald cohort. Our population-based findings correlate directly with clinically relevant parameters that are associated with known pathophysiologic cardiac conditions in humans.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen H, Ng C, Tran NH, Haller L, Goh SG, Charles FR, Wu Z, Lim JX, Gin KYH. Removal efficiency of antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and genes across parallel secondary settling tank and membrane bioreactor treatment trains in a water reclamation plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171723. [PMID: 38492595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a potent threat to human health. Wastewater treatment facilities are viewed as hotspots for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study provides comprehensive data on the occurrences of 3 different antibiotic resistant opportunistic pathogens (with resistance to up to 5 antibiotics), 13 antibiotic resistant genes and intI1, and 22 different antimicrobial residues in a large water reclamation plant (176 million gallons per day) that runs a conventional Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) reactor followed by a secondary settling tank (SST) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) in parallel. All the antibiotic resistant bacteria and most of the antibiotic resistance genes were present in the raw influent, ranging from 2.5 × 102-3.7 × 106 CFU/mL and 1.2× 10-1-6.5 × 1010 GCN/mL, respectively. MBR outperformed the SST system in terms of ARB removal as the ARB targets were largely undetected in MBR effluent, with log removals ranging from 2.7 to 6.8, while SST only had log removals ranging from 0.27 to 4.6. Most of the ARG concentrations were found to have significantly higher in SST effluent than MBR permeate, and MBR had significantly higher removal efficiency for most targets (p < 0.05) except for sul1, sul2, blaOXA48, intI1 and 16S rRNA genes (p > 0.05). As for the antibiotic residues (AR), there was no significant removal from the start to the end of the treatment process, although MBR had higher removal efficiencies for azithromycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, erythromycin-H2O, lincomycin, sulfamethoxazole and triclosan, compared to the SST system. In conclusion, MBR outperformed SST in terms of ARB and ARGs removal. However low removal efficiencies of most AR targets were apparent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Laurence Haller
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Francis Rathinam Charles
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Zhixin Wu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Jit Xin Lim
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building (#02-01), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A-07-03, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yoshida N, Lyu Z, Kim S, Park N, Hitomi T, Fujii Y, Kho Y, Choi K, Harada KH. Temporal trends in exposure to parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in adult females in Kyoto, Japan, from 1993 to 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37050-37059. [PMID: 38758445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Products used in daily life can contain chemicals such as parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban that have potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Little is known about the temporal trends of exposure levels to some of these chemicals in Japan. Our study assessed the intake and risk associated with exposure to commonly used chemicals. We measured the concentrations of five parabens, four benzophenones, and triclosan and triclocarban in 133 single spot urine samples. The urine samples were collected in 1993, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, and 2016 from healthy female residents in Kyoto, Japan. With the exception of methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben, there were no significant fluctuations in the concentrations of target chemicals over the study period; however, methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben showed temporal changes in concentrations. Methylparaben concentrations peaked in 2003 with a median value of 309 μg/g creatinine, ethylparaben concentrations peaked in 1993 with a median value of 17.3 μg/g creatinine, and butylparaben showed a decline, with the median values becoming non-detectable in 2009 and 2016. We calculated estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients for each chemical. In the analysis of total samples, 2.3% (3 samples) for butylparaben and 0.8% (1 sample) for propylparaben were found to surpass a hazard quotient of 1. Overall, 3% (n = 4) of the study participants exceeded a hazard index of 1. The potential health risks associated with exposure to butylparaben and propylparaben emphasize the need for further monitoring and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yoshida
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Zhaoqing Lyu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Nayoun Park
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Toshiaki Hitomi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yao L, Liu YH, Zhou X, Yang JH, Zhao JL, Chen ZY. Uptake, tissue distribution, and biotransformation pattern of triclosan in tilapia exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171270. [PMID: 38428603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Although triclosan has been ubiquitously detected in aquatic environment and is known to have various adverse effects to fish, details on its uptake, bioconcentration, and elimination in fish tissues are still limited. This study investigated the uptake and elimination toxicokinetics, bioconcentration, and biotransformation potential of triclosan in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations under semi-static regimes for 7 days. For toxicokinetics, triclosan reached a plateau concentration within 5-days of exposure, and decreased to stable concentration within 5 days of elimination. Approximately 50 % of triclosan was excreted by fish through feces, and up to 29 % of triclosan was excreted through the biliary excretion. For fish exposed to 200 ng·L-1, 2000 ng·L-1, and 20,000 ng·L-1, the bioconcentration factors (log BCFs) of triclosan in fish tissues obeyed similar order: bile ≈ intestine > gonad ≈ stomach > liver > kidney ≈ gill > skin ≈ plasma > brain > muscle. The log BCFs of triclosan in fish tissues are approximately maintained constants, no matter what triclosan concentrations in exposure water. Seven biotransformation products of triclosan, involved in both phase I and phase II metabolism, were identified in this study, which were produced through hydroxylation, bond cleavages, dichlorination, and sulfation pathways. Metabolite of triclosan-O-sulfate was detected in all tissues of tilapia, and more toxic product of 2,4-dichlorophenol was also found in intestine, gonad, and bile of tilapia. Meanwhile, two metabolites of 2,4-dichlorophenol-O-sulfate and monohydroxy-triclosan-O-sulfate were firstly discovered in the skin, liver, gill, intestine, gonad, and bile of tilapia in this study. These findings highlight the importance of considering triclosan biotransformation products in ecological assessment. They also provide a scientific basis for health risk evaluation of triclosan to humans, who are associated with dietary exposure through ingesting fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yue-Hong Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jia-Hui Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Zhang T, Cai T, Xiang Q, Liu X, Zhu D. The pH-specific response of soil resistome to triclocarban and arsenic co-contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132952. [PMID: 37952336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals as well as disinfectants affect the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil microbes, however, their cumulative impacts on the proliferation of ARGs are not well studied. In addition, both the chemical stability/availability and ARG profiles are affected by the soil pH, but it has never been considered in the systematic evaluation of soil resistome. In the present study, a microcosm experiment was conducted to study the combined effects of arsenic and triclocarban on the resistome in soil samples with variable pH (pH 4-7). The simultaneous additions of arsenic and triclocarban increase the ARG abundance at pH > 6, because of the intensive co-selective pressures triggered by the increase in concentrations of available arsenic and triclocarban. The occurrence of multidrug ARGs increases with the addition of arsenic and triclocarban, due to the preferred selection of their functional flexibility. The presence of arsenic and triclocarban is strongly related to the spread of MGEs affecting the soil resistome. Furthermore, pH alters the patterns of microbial inhabitants, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria and contributing to the prevalence of tetracycline and sulfonamide ARGs at neutral pH. These findings have insight that the effects of arsenic and triclocarban co-contamination on the soil antibiotic resistome is pH dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China
| | - Tianlun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tiangui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang JD, He S, He TT, Li CH, Yan BH, Yang Y, Yang J, Luo L, Yin YL, Cao LY. Triclocarban exhibits higher adipogenic activity than triclosan through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123030. [PMID: 38030110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous epidemiological and animal studies have showed the lipid metabolic disruption of antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS). However, the present in vivo researches were mainly devoted to the hepatic lipid metabolism, while the evidence about the impacts of TCC/TCS on the adipose tissue is very limited and the potential mechanism is unclear, especially the molecular initiation events. Moreover, little is known about the toxic difference between TCC and TCS. This study aimed to demonstrate the differential adipogenic activity of TCC/TCS as well as the potential molecular mechanism via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα/β/γ). The in vitro experiment based on 3T3-L1 cells showed that TCC/TCS promoted the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations, which was approach to their human exposure levels. We revealed for the first time by reporter gene assay that TCC could activate three PPARs signaling pathways in a concentration-dependent manner, while TCS only activate PPARβ. The molecular docking strategy was applied to simulate the interactions of TCC/TCS with PPARs, which explained well the different PPARs activities between TCC and TCS. TCC up-regulated the mRNA expression of three PPARs, but TCS only up-regulated PPARβ and PPARγ significantly. Meanwhile, TCC/TCS also promoted the expression of adipogenic genes targeted by PPARs to different extent. The cellular and simulating studies demonstrated that TCC exerted higher adipogenic effects and PPARs activities than TCS. Our mice in vivo experiment showed that TCC could lead to adipocyte size increase, adipocyte lipid accumulation growing, fat weight and body weight gain at human-related exposure levels, and high fat diet exacerbated these effects. Moreover, male mice tended to be more susceptible to TCC induced obesogenic effect than female mice. This work highlights the potential obesogenic risks of TCC/TCS via PPARs signaling pathways, and TCC deserves more concerns for its higher activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Da Zhang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sen He
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chuan-Hai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing-Hua Yan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin-Ying Cao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ebrahimi A, Ebrahimpour K, Mohammadi F, Moazeni M. Ecotoxicological and human health risk assessment of triclosan antibacterial agent from municipal wastewater treatment plants. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:36-51. [PMID: 38295071 PMCID: wh_2023_070 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and environmental risks related to triclosan (TCS) in the two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated in Isfahan, Iran. Influent and effluent samples were collected and analyzed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)-GC-MS method with derivatization. Moreover, the risk of TCS exposure was conducted for aquatic organisms (algae, crustaceans, and fishes) and humans (males and females). TCS mean concentrations in influent and effluent of WWTPs were in the range of 3.70-52.99 and 0.83-1.09 μg/L, respectively. There were also no differences in the quantity of TCS and physicochemical parameters among the two WWTPs. The mean risk quotient (RQ) for TCS was higher than 1 (in algae) with dilution factors (DFs) equal to 1 in WWTP1. Moreover, the RQ value was higher than 1 for humans based on the reference dose of MDH (RFDMDH) in WWTP1. Furthermore, TCS concentration in wastewater effluent was the influential factor in varying the risk of TCS exposure. The results of the present study showed the risk of TCS exposure from the discharge of effluent of WWTP1 was higher than WWTP2. Moreover, the results of this study may be suitable for promoting WWTP processes to completely remove micropollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Ebrahimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran E-mail: ;
| | - Karim Ebrahimpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Malihe Moazeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Caviedes-Rubio DI, Ortiz CP, Martinez F, Delgado DR. Thermodynamic Assessment of Triclocarban Dissolution Process in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone + Water Cosolvent Mixtures. Molecules 2023; 28:7216. [PMID: 37894697 PMCID: PMC10609577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Solubility is one of the most important physicochemical properties due to its involvement in physiological (bioavailability), industrial (design) and environmental (biotoxicity) processes, and in this regard, cosolvency is one of the best strategies to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous systems. Thus, the aim of this research is to thermodynamically evaluate the dissolution process of triclocarban (TCC) in cosolvent mixtures of {N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) + water (W)} at seven temperatures (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K). Solubility is determined by UV/vis spectrophotometry using the flask-shaking method. The dissolution process of the TCC is endothermic and strongly dependent on the cosolvent composition, achieving the minimum solubility in pure water and the maximum solubility in NMP. The activity coefficient decreases from pure water to NMP, reaching values less than one, demonstrating the excellent positive cosolvent effect of NMP, which is corroborated by the negative values of the Gibbs energy of transfer. In general terms, the dissolution process is endothermic, and the increase in TCC solubility may be due to the affinity of TCC with NMP, in addition to the water de-structuring capacity of NMP generating a higher number of free water molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ivan Caviedes-Rubio
- Programa de Ingeniería Civil, Grupo de Investigación de Ingenierías UCC-Neiva, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Neiva, Calle 11 No. 1-51, Neiva 410001, Colombia;
| | - Claudia Patricia Ortiz
- Programa de Administración en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, Grupo de Investigación en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios-UNIMINUTO, Neiva 410001, Colombia;
| | - Fleming Martinez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Farmacéutico-Fisicoquímicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá 110321, Colombia;
| | - Daniel Ricardo Delgado
- Programa de Ingeniería Civil, Grupo de Investigación de Ingenierías UCC-Neiva, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Neiva, Calle 11 No. 1-51, Neiva 410001, Colombia;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Caioni G, Benedetti E, Perugini M, Amorena M, Merola C. Personal Care Products as a Contributing Factor to Antimicrobial Resistance: Current State and Novel Approach to Investigation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040724. [PMID: 37107085 PMCID: PMC10135053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the world's industrialized nations' biggest issues. It has a significant influence on the ecosystem and negatively affects human health. The overuse of antibiotics in the healthcare and agri-food industries has historically been defined as a leading factor, although the use of antimicrobial-containing personal care products plays a significant role in the spread of AMR. Lotions, creams, shampoos, soaps, shower gels, toothpaste, fragrances, and other items are used for everyday grooming and hygiene. However, in addition to the primary ingredients, additives are included to help preserve the product by lowering its microbial load and provide disinfection properties. These same substances are released into the environment, escaping traditional wastewater treatment methods and remaining in ecosystems where they contact microbial communities and promote the spread of resistance. The study of antimicrobial compounds, which are often solely researched from a toxicological point of view, must be resumed considering the recent discoveries, to highlight their contribution to AMR. Parabens, triclocarban, and triclosan are among the most worrying chemicals. To investigate this issue, more effective models must be chosen. Among them, zebrafish is a crucial study system because it allows for the assessment of both the risks associated with exposure to these substances as well as environmental monitoring. Furthermore, artificial intelligence-based computer systems are useful in simplifying the handling of antibiotic resistance data and speeding up drug discovery processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Amorena
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmine Merola
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|