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Wang W, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Xu B, Yang W, Wang X, Geng C, Bai Z. Quantification for photochemical loss of volatile organic compounds upon ozone formation chemistry at an industrial city (Zibo) in North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 256:119088. [PMID: 38768881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are consumed by photochemical reactions during transport, leading to inaccuracies in estimating the local ozone (O3) formation mechanism and its subsequent strategy for O3 attainment. To comprehensively quantify the deviations in O3 formation mechanism by consumed VOCs (C-VOCs), a 5-month field campaign was conducted in a typical industrial city in Northern China over incorporating a 0-D box model (implemented with MCMv3.3.1). The averaged C-VOCs concentration was 6.8 ppbv during entire period, and Alkenes accounted for 62% dominantly. Without considering C-VOCs, the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of anthropogenic VOCs (AVOC, overestimated by 68%-75%) and NOx (underestimated by 137%-527%) demonstrated deviations at multiple scenarios, and the RIR deviations for precursors in High-O3-periods (HOP) were lower than Low-O3-periods (LOP). The RIR deviations from individual species involved C-VOCs calculation did not impact the identification for the high-ranking-RIR AVOC species but non-negligible. Monthly comparisons showed that higher C-VOCs concentrations would lead to higher RIR deviations. The daily maximum of net Ox production rate (P(Ox)) and the regional transport Ox (Trans(Ox)) without C-VOCs were underestimated by 56%-194% and 81%-243%, respectively. After considering C-VOCs, the contribution of HO2+NO for Ox gross production (G(Ox)) decreased by 7% (LOP) and 7% (HOP), but OH + NO2 for Ox destruction (D(Ox)) decreased by 16% (LOP) and 23% (HOP), and alkenes + O3 increased for D(Ox) by 12% (LOP) and 22% (HOP). This implies that VOCs-NOx-O3 sensitivity was deviated between with/without C-VOCs, and severe O3 pollution rendered deviations in O3 formation, especially via NOx-driving chemistry. Based on RIR(NOx)/RIR(AVOC) with/without C-VOCs, the sensitivity regime shifted from VOCs-limited (-0.93) to transition (1.38) at LOP, and from VOCs-limited (0.19) to NOx-limited (3.79) at HOP. Our results reflected that the NOx limitation degree was underestimated without constraint C-VOCs, especially HOP, and provided implication to more precise O3 pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science & Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhensen Zheng
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Zibo Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Environmental Science & Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Mai JL, Cai XC, Luo DY, Zeng Y, Guan YF, Gao W, Chen SJ. Spatiotemporal variations, sources, and atmospheric transformation potential of volatile organic compounds in an industrial zone based on high-resolution measurements in three plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171352. [PMID: 38432387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Industrial emissions are significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study conducted a field campaign at high temporal and spatial resolution to monitor VOCs within three plants in an industrial park in southern China. VOC concentrations showed significant spatial variability in this industrial zone, with median concentrations of 75.22, 40.53, and 29.41 μg/m3 for the total VOCs in the three plants, respectively, with oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) or aromatics being the major VOCs. Spatial variability within each plant was also significant but VOC-dependent. Seasonal variations in the VOC levels were governed by their industrial emissions, meteorological conditions, and photochemical losses, and they were different for the four groups of VOCs. The temporal and spatial variations in the VOC compositions suggest similar sources of each class of VOCs during different periods of the year in each plant. The diurnal patterns of VOCs (unimodal or bimodal) clearly differed from those at most industrial/urban locations previously, reflecting a dependence on industrial activities. The secondary transformation potential of VOCs also varied temporally and spatially, and aromatics generally made the predominant contributions in this industrial park. The loss rate of OH radicals and ozone formation potential were highly correlated, but the linear relationship substantially changed in summer and autumn due to the intensive emissions of an OVOC species. The lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks via occupational inhalation of the VOCs in the plants were acceptable but merit attention. Taking the secondary transformation potential and health risks into consideration, styrene, xylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and benzene were proposed to be the priority VOCs regulated in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Mai
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xing-Cong Cai
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - De-Yao Luo
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Mishra M, Chen PH, Lin GY, Nguyen TTN, Le TC, Dejchanchaiwong R, Tekasakul P, Shih SH, Jhang CW, Tsai CJ. Photochemical oxidation of VOCs and their source impact assessment on ozone under de-weather conditions in Western Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123662. [PMID: 38417604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The application of statistical models has excellent potential to provide crucial information for mitigating the challenging issue of ozone (O3) pollution by capturing its associations with explanatory variables, including reactive precursors (VOCs and NOX) and meteorology. Considering the large contribution of O3 in degrading the air quality of western Taiwan, three-year (2019-2021) hourly concentration data of VOC, NOX and O3 from 4 monitoring stations of western Taiwan: Tucheng (TC), Zhongming (ZM), Taixi (TX) and Xiaogang (XG), was evaluated to identify the effect of anthropogenic emissions on O3 formation. Owing to the high-ambient reactivity of VOCs on the underestimation of sources, photochemical oxidation was assessed to calculate the consumed VOC (VOCcons) which was followed by the source identification of their initial concentrations. VOCcons was observed to be highest in the summer season (16.7 and 22.7 ppbC) at north (TC and ZM) and in the autumn season (17.8 and 11.4 ppbC) in southward-located stations (TX and XG, respectively). Results showed that VOCs from solvents (25-27%) were the major source at northward stations whereas VOCs-industrial emissions (30%) dominated in south. Furthermore, machine learning (ML): eXtreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) model based de-weather analysis identified that meteorological factors favor to reduce ambient O3 levels at TC, ZM and XG stations (-67%, -47% and -21%, respectively) but they have a major role in accumulating the O3 (+38%) at the TX station which is primarily transported from the upwind region of south-central Taiwan. Crucial insights using ML outputs showed that the finding of the study can be utilized for region-specific data-driven control of emission from VOCs-sources and prioritized to limit the O3-pollution at the study location-ns as well as their accumulation in distant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Mishra
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407302, Taiwan
| | - Thi-Thuy-Nghiem Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Thi-Cuc Le
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90100, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, and Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90100, Thailand
| | - Shih-Heng Shih
- Wisdom Environmental Technical Service and Consultant Company, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chuen-Jinn Tsai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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Ren H, Xia Z, Yao L, Qin G, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wang Z, Cheng J. Investigation on ozone formation mechanism and control strategy of VOCs in petrochemical region: Insights from chemical reactivity and photochemical loss. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169891. [PMID: 38190918 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
To investigate disparities in VOCs pollution characteristics, O3 generation activity, and source apportionment outcomes resulting from photooxidation, online monitoring of 106 VOCs was conducted in Jinshan District, Shanghai from April to October 2020. The observed VOCs concentrations (VOCs-obs) were 47.1 ppbv and 59.2 ppbv for clear days (CD) and O3-polluted days (OPD), respectively. The increase in daytime concentrations of alkenes is a significant factor contributing to the enhanced atmospheric photochemical activity during the OPD period, corroborated by VOCs-loss, ozone formation potential (OFP), propy-equiv concentration, and LOH. The sensitivity analysis of O3-NOx-VOCs indicated that O3 formation was in a transitional regime towards NOx-limited conditions. The results of positive matrix factorization (PMF) demonstrated that refining and petrochemicals (20.8-25.0 %), along with oil and gas evaporation (15.6-16.7 %) were the main sources of VOCs concentrations. Notably, source apportionment based on VOCs-obs underestimated the contributions from sources of reactive components. It is worth highlighting that the sunlight impact & background source was identified as the major contributor to LOH (21.6 %) and OFP (25.3 %), signifying its significant role in O3 formation. This study reiterates the importance of controlling reactive VOC components to mitigate O3 pollution and provides a scientific foundation for air quality management, with emphasis on priority species and controlling sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongyan Xia
- Fengxian District Environmental Monitoring Station, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Lingbo Yao
- Fengxian District Environmental Monitoring Station, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Guimei Qin
- Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200540, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Tianjin Product Quality Inspection Technology Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Chen SP, Liu WT, Cheng FY, Wang CH, Huang SM, Wang JL. Ozone containment through selective mitigation measures on precursors of volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:167953. [PMID: 37865244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Abatement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ozone reduction is usually carried out by reducing the total amount of VOCs without considering reactivity between different species. This study incorporates the concept of maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) and speciation profiles into the industrial emission inventory of Taiwan to target organic species from industrial sources with the greatest ozone formation potentials (OFPs). These high OFP sources/species are then mitigated to assess the O3 reduction amount (ΔO3) with Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling under VOC-limited conditions. The objective is to minimize the number of target sources/species and their tonnage while achieving maximum O3 reduction. This approach is referred to as the Selective Precursor Mitigation (SPM). A case study of a high ozone episode (September 4-10, 2020) was chosen for illustration, during which a relatively stagnant atmospheric condition with minimal transboundary ozone occurred. A series of scenarios to target the highest OFP chemicals/industries for mitigation are compared for the achievable max. ΔO3, areas affected (area coverage), and reduction efficiency. For instance, by reducing the ten leading industry classes with the island's highest OFPs (OFPind), up to 19 % of max. 1-h ΔO3 can be expected. If, however, the same tonnage of VOCs as that of OFPind is distributed to all industries without considering the reactivity, called the overall mitigation (OM), comparable results to those of OFPind were found, but the number of sources needed to be managed with OM would increase by nearly three times (29,662 for OM vs. 11,981 for OFPind). Further reducing the management scale by only zooming in the ten highest OFP chemicals within the ten leading OFP industries (OFPsp) would result in relatively limited area coverage. Still, major ozone hot spots could be alleviated. Although the domain is set on the island of Taiwan, the SPM approach is universally applicable to other regions worldwide to gain the maximum ozone reduction effect at a minimized societal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Po Chen
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Tzu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Heng Wang
- Center for Environmental Studies, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Oh HJ, Chen Y, Kim H. Deposition of secondary organic aerosol in human lung model: Effect of photochemically aged aerosol on human respiratory system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115497. [PMID: 37729697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and exert fatal effects on human health. However, there is little data on the potential deposited doses of UFP-generated SOA in the human respiratory tract. This study is to estimate the fraction of aerosol deposition using a multiple-path-particle-dosimetry (MPPD) model. For relevancy of real life, the model employed measured concentrations of toluene-derived fresh and aged SOA produced within serially connected smog chamber and PAM-OFR (Potential Aerosol Mass-Oxidation Flow Reactor) under atmospheric environmental conditions (NOx and relative humidity). The number concentrations and chemical composition of fresh and aged aerosols produced within the chambers were measured using Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), while the morphology of individual particles was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The number concentration of aged SOA-w/s was more than double compared to that of fresh SOA-w/s (maximum reached after 10 h) with its size less than 100 nm. The O:C ratio for aged SOA-w/s were 0.96 and 1.15 depending on RH (0.96 at 3% RH and 1.15 at 50% RH), and individual spherical particles containing water were present in agglomerates with its size of less than 1 µm. In all inhalable fresh and aged SOA produced in the two chambers, 5-22% of aerosol is deposited in the Head airways, 4-8% in the tracheobronchial, and 8-34% in the alveolar regions. The predominant deposition of the aged aerosol occurred in the alveoli (in the generation 20th lobe), and the deposition faction in the alveoli was 2-3 times higher in the children group than the adults group. This study presented a quantitative exposure assessment of SOA generated under a realistic simulation and suggested the possibility of evaluating long-term exposure to SOA and potential health effects by determining the potential inhalable aerosol doses and the fraction of deposition in the human respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Oh
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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