1
|
Abstract
A definite identification of epidermal stem cells is not known and the mechanism of epidermal differentiation is not fully understood. Toward both of these quests, considerable information is available from the research on lineage tracing and clonal growth analysis in the basal layer of the epidermis, on the hair follicle and the interfollicular epidermal stem cells, and on Wnt signaling along with its role in the developmental patterning and cell differentiation. In this paper, literature on the aforementioned research has been collated and analyzed. In addition, models of the basal layer cellular composition and the epidermal differentiation have been presented. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Christensen R, Gunnarsson AP, Jensen UB. The role of stem cell antigen-1/Lymphocyte antigen 6A-2/6E-1 knock out in murine epidermis. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102047. [PMID: 33157392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem Cell Antigen-1 (SCA-1) is a central positive marker for isolating stem cells in several tissues in the mouse. However, for the epidermis, this appears to be the opposite since lack of SCA-1 has been shown to identify keratinocyte populations with progenitor characteristics. This study investigates the effect of SCA-1 knockout in murine keratinocytes. We compared Sca-1EGFP/EGFP knockout and wildtype mice with respect to the three-dimensional morphology of the epidermis, performed functional assays, and generated gene expression profiles on FACS sorted cells. There were no morphological abnormalities on skin, fur, or hair follicles in transgenic knockout mice compared to wild type mice. SCA-1 knockout keratinocytes showed significantly reduced colony-forming efficiency, colony size and proliferation rate in vitro, however, SCA-1 knockout did not alter wound healing efficiency or keratinocyte proliferation rate in vivo. Moreover, gene expression profiling shows that the effect from knockout of SCA-1 in keratinocytes is dissimilar from what has been observed in other tissues. Additionally, tumor assay indicated that SCA-1 knockout decreases the number of formed papillomas. The results indicate a more complex role for SCA-1, which might differ between epidermal keratinocytes during homeostasis and activated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Christensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 21C, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Anders Patrik Gunnarsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 21C, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 21C, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhong HB, Chu QS, Xiang JJ, Zhang AL, Chen EQ, Shen XR, Liao XH. Spatial association of SEMA3C with nerve endings/terminal Schwann cells in hair follicle isthmus region. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:737-741. [PMID: 32954569 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve endings and terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) specifically and densely surround hair follicle at isthmus area, forming a neuromuscular-junction-like structure called lanceolate complex. The interplay between neuronal components and epidermis in this specialized structure enables hair to properly sense complex stimuli from environments. However, how nerves precisely attach to and innervate this specific region during development remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that SEMA3C, a secreted protein member of semaphorin family responsible for axonal guidance, is localized right below sebaceous gland and in close approximation with nerve endings and TSCs processes all through the entire hair cycle. SEMA3C protein is deposited outside of epithelial cells and its expression is independent on the presence of nerve endings/TSCs. SEMA3C is also found in portions of dermal papilla at growth phase. The tight spatial association of SEMA3C with lanceolate complex suggests that it might play roles in establishment and/or maintenance of the lanceolate complex in hair follicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bing Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Song Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jan Jian Xiang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Arina Li Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Eve Qian Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Ru Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scieglinska D, Krawczyk Z, Sojka DR, Gogler-Pigłowska A. Heat shock proteins in the physiology and pathophysiology of epidermal keratinocytes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:1027-1044. [PMID: 31734893 PMCID: PMC6882751 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), a large group of highly evolutionary conserved proteins, are considered to be main elements of the cellular proteoprotection system. HSPs are encoded by genes activated during the exposure of cells to proteotoxic factors, as well as by genes that are expressed constitutively under physiological conditions. HSPs, having properties of molecular chaperones, are involved in controlling/modulation of multiple cellular and physiological processes. In the presented review, we summarize the current knowledge on HSPs in the biology of epidermis, the outer skin layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium. This tissue has a vital barrier function preventing from dehydratation due to passive diffusion of water out of the skin, and protecting from infection and other environmental insults. We focused on HSPB1 (HSP27), HSPA1 (HSP70), HSPA2, and HSPC (HSP90), because only these HSPs have been studied in the context of physiology and pathophysiology of the epidermis. The analysis of literature data shows that HSPB1 plays a role in the regulation of final steps of keratinization; HSPA1 is involved in the cytoprotection, HSPA2 contributes to the early steps of keratinocyte differentiation, while HSPC is essential in the re-epithelialization process. Since HSPs have diverse functions in various types of somatic tissues, in spite of multiple investigations, open questions still remain about detailed roles of a particular HSP isoform in the biology of epidermal keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Scieglinska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Zdzisław Krawczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Damian Robert Sojka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gogler-Pigłowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gogler-Pigłowska A, Klarzyńska K, Sojka DR, Habryka A, Głowala-Kosińska M, Herok M, Kryj M, Halczok M, Krawczyk Z, Scieglinska D. Novel role for the testis-enriched HSPA2 protein in regulating epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2629-2644. [PMID: 28786487 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
HSPA2, a poorly characterized member of the HSPA (HSP70) chaperone family, is a testis-enriched protein involved in male germ cell differentiation. Previously, we revealed that HSPA2 is present in human stratified epithelia, including epidermis, however the contribution of this protein to epithelial biology remained unknown. Here, we show for the first time that HSPA2 is expressed in basal epidermal keratinocytes, albeit not in keratinocytes exhibiting features attributed to primitive undifferentiated progenitors, and participates in the keratinocyte differentiation process. We found that HSPA2 is dispensable for protection of HaCaT keratinocytes against heat shock-induced cytotoxicity. We also shown that lentiviral-mediated shRNA silencing of HSPA2 expression in HaCaT cells caused a set of phenotypic changes characteristic for keratinocytes committed to terminal differentiation such as reduced clonogenic potential, impaired adhesiveness and increased basal and confluency-induced expression of differentiation markers. Moreover, the fraction of undifferentiated cells that rapidly adhered to collagen IV was less numerous in HSPA2-deficient cells than in the control. In a 3D reconstructed human epidermis model, HSPA2 deficiency resulted in accelerated development of a filaggrin-positive layer. Collectively, our results clearly show a link between HSPA2 expression and maintenance of keratinocytes in an undifferentiated state in the basal layer of the epidermis. It seems that HSPA2 could retain keratinocytes from premature entry into the terminal differentiation process. Overall, HSPA2 appears to be necessary for controlling development of properly stratified epidermis and thus for maintenance of skin homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gogler-Pigłowska
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klarzyńska
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian R Sojka
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Habryka
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Głowala-Kosińska
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcin Herok
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kryj
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Halczok
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Krawczyk
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Scieglinska
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Constitutive transgene expression of Stem Cell Antigen-1 in the hair follicle alters the sensitivity to tumor formation and progression. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
7
|
Isolating subpopulations of human epidermal basal cells based on polyclonal serum against trypsin-resistant CSPG4 epitopes. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:368-379. [PMID: 28011196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is highly expressed by human epidermal keratinocytes located at the tip of the dermal papilla where keratinocytes show characteristics of stem cells. However, since available antibodies to CSPG4 are directed against trypsin-sensitive epitopes we have been unable to study these keratinocytes isolated directly from skin samples by flow cytometry. By choosing epitopes of CSPG4 relatively close to the cell membrane we were able to generate a polyclonal antibody that successfully detects CSPG4 on keratinocytes after trypsinization. Although CSPG4-positive basal cells express higher levels of Itgβ1 the colony-forming efficiency is slightly lower than CSPG4-negative basal cells. Sorting the directly isolated keratinocytes based on Itgβ1 did not reveal differences in colony-forming efficiency between keratinocytes expressing high or low levels of Itgβ1. However, after the first passage Itgβ1 could be used to predict colony-forming efficiency whether the culture was established from CSPG4-positive or CSPG4-negative basal cell keratinocytes. Although we were unable to detect differences in the colony-forming assay, global gene expression profiling showed that CSPG4-positive basal cell keratinocytes are distinct from CSPG4-negative basal cell keratinocytes. Our study demonstrates that it is possible to generate antibodies against trypsin-resistant epitopes of CSPG4. Our study also documents a marked change in behaviour upon cell culturing and challenges the way we assess for stemness within the human epidermal basal layer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gunnarsson AP, Christensen R, Li J, Jensen UB. Dataset on gene expression profiling of multiple murine hair follicle populations. Data Brief 2016; 9:328-34. [PMID: 27672671 PMCID: PMC5030336 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine hair follicle contains several different keratinocyte progenitor populations within its compartments. By using antibodies against CD34, Itgα6, Sca-1 and Plet-1, we have isolated eight populations and compared their Krt10 and Krt14 expressions using fluorescence microscopy. This improved panel was used in our associated article doi:10.1016/j.scr.2016.06.002 (A.P. Gunnarsson, R. Christensen, J. Li, U.B. Jensen, 2016) [1] and the present dataset describes the basic controls for the FACS. We also used imaging flow cytometry to visualize the identified populations as control. A more detailed analysis of the global gene expression profiling is presented, focusing on the pilosebaceous unit. Murine whole-mounts were stained for heat shock protein Hspa2, which is exclusively expressed by keratinocytes with low or no expression of the four selection markers (IRK). Whole-mount labeling was also conducted to visualize Krt79 and Plet-1 coexpression within the hair follicle and quantification on the distribution of Krt79 positive keratinocytes is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Patrik Gunnarsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Christensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|