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Wu M, Sun C, Shi Q, Luo Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Qin Y, Cui W, Yan C, Dai H, Wang Z, Zeng J, Zhou Y, Zhu M, Liu X. Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: Past, present and future. Virulence 2024; 15:2289779. [PMID: 38047740 PMCID: PMC10761022 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2289779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral infection, the innate immune system senses viral products, such as viral nucleic acids, to activate innate defence pathways, leading to inflammation and apoptosis, control of cell proliferation, and consequently, threat to the whole body. The ocular surface is exposed to the external environment and extremely vulnerable to viral infection. Several studies have revealed that viral infection can induce inflammation of the ocular surface and reduce tear secretion of the lacrimal gland (LG), consequently triggering ocular morphological and functional changes and resulting in dry eye disease (DED). Understanding the mechanisms of DED caused by viral infection and its potential therapeutic strategies are crucial for clinical interventional advances in DED. This review summarizes the roles of viral infection in the pathogenesis of DED, applicable diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and potential regions of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuilian Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of General Medicine, Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalu Luo
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihang Cui
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chufeng Yan
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huangyi Dai
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yamei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Hutsaliuk K, Skalska N, Ulianova N. Retinal Changes in Patients With Covid-19 and Different Expressiveness of Metabolic Changes. CESKA A SLOVENSKA OFTALMOLOGIE : CASOPIS CESKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI A SLOVENSKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI 2024; 80:156-166. [PMID: 38527912 DOI: 10.31348/2024/12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To study the relationship between the severity of COVID-induced metabolic changes and the structure and frequency of retinal changes, according to funduscopy data in patients with different clinical courses of COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS 117 patients with COVID-19 were examined. While examining patients, severity of the course of COVID-19, the expressiveness of changes in the metabolic status were determined; fundus image registration was performed with portable fundus cameras Pictor Plus Fundus Camera and VistaView (Volk Optical). RESULTS As a result of the research, retinal changes were found in 49 (41.9 %) patients with COVID-19. In 8 (16.3 %) cases, clinically significant (vitreous hemorrhage, prethrombosis of the central retinal vein or branches of the central retinal vein, thrombosis of the central retinal vein or branches of the central retinal vein) COVID-induced retinal and ophthalmological changes were observed, which caused a decrease in visual acuity. In 41 (83.7 %) cases, clinically insignificant changes (cotton wool spots, narrowed retinal vessels, intraretinal and petechial hemorrhages, tortuosity and dilatation of retinal venules) COVID-induced retinal changes were observed. Clinically significant retinal changes occur in patients with a statistically significantly higher level of D-dimer and a greater percentage of lung parenchyma lesion than in the group of patients with clinically insignificant retinal changes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The structure of retinal changes in patients with COVID-19 correlates with the severity of the clinical course of the disease and changes in the metabolic status of patients. Metabolic changes are correlated with retinal changes and can be predictive for preventing general vascular complications in COVID-19.
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Ding Q, Zhao H. Long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human brain and memory. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:196. [PMID: 37380640 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have caused several waves of outbreaks. From the ancestral strain to Omicron variant, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved with the high transmissibility and increased immune escape against vaccines. Because of the multiple basic amino acids in the S1-S2 junction of spike protein, the widespread distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in human body and the high transmissibility, SARS-CoV-2 can infect multiple organs and has led to over 0.7 billion infectious cases. Studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause more than 10% patients with the Long-COVID syndrome, including pathological changes in brains. This review mainly provides the molecular foundations for understanding the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 invading human brain and the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection interfering with human brain and memory, which are associated with the immune dysfunction, syncytia-induced cell death, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, microclots and biopsychosocial aspects. We also discuss the strategies for reducing the Long-COVID syndrome. Further studies and analysis of shared researches will allow for further clarity regarding the long-term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulu Ding
- School of Finance and Business, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - HanJun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Choroidal and Retinal Vascular Findings in Patients with COVID-19 Complicated with Pneumonia: Widefield Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061114. [PMID: 36980424 PMCID: PMC10047816 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze choroidal and retinal vascular alterations of both the macula and midperiphery areas in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection complicated with pneumonia within 30 days from discharge. Methods: A total of 46 eyes of 23 subjects with a history of symptomatic COVID-19 infection and recent hospitalization for pneumonia were enrolled in this observational study. Patients had not been previously vaccinated against COVID-19. A group of patients homogenous for age and sex was enrolled as controls. Microvascular retinal and choroidal features of the enrolled patients were studied with widefield optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Perfusion parameters in terms of the vessel density (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) on enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode OCT scans were analyzed. Results: Our cohort of patients showed a trend of reduction in VD, significantly in the SCP VD of the superior and inferior midperiphery sectors, whereas the CVI did not show significant differences between the cases and controls. Moreover, a positive correlation between CVI and vessel density in the deep capillary plexus in the macular area (VD-DCP-MAC) was found. Conclusion: The systemic disease due to COVID-19 can also involve the retina and choroid with multiple mechanisms: ischemic and inflammatory. Our study showed changes in perfusion occurring in the eyes of patients with a recent hospitalization for COVID-19 complicated with pneumonia and without any possible ocular effect due to the vaccines. There is still the need to better comprise how long COVID-19 actually affects vascular changes in the eye.
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Investigation of changes in retinal vascular parameters and choroidal vascular index values during the early recovery period of COVID-19: The COVID-OCTA study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103338. [PMID: 36804945 PMCID: PMC9930379 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 effects microvasculature in many tissues. This study investigated whether the choroidal structure is also affected. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 80 patients with COVID-19 and the same number of age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. All participants' right eye measurements were examined. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used for imaging. Otherwise, two independent researchers used the Choroidal vascular index (CVI) for choroidal parameters calculation. RESULTS Superior and deep flow values were lower in the COVID-19 group than in the control group, and vascular density (VD) values were lower in all regions in this group. Except for the superior mean VD, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). However, the COVID-19 group had significantly lower subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) measurements than the control group (p = 0.001). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the groups in evaluating mean CVI values (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Noninvasive diagnostic tools such as OCTA and EDI-OCT can be used to monitor early changes in diseases affecting microvessels, such as from COVID-19.
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Gavrilova TV, Sergienko AP, Chereshneva MV. COVID-19-associated retinovasculitis in the late stage of HIV infection: a clinical case. RUSSIAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.21516/2072-0076-2022-15-4-121-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A clinical case of retinovasculitis with coronavirus infection COVID-19 involving a female patient in the late stage of HIV infection is reported. The patient had no antiretroviral therapy. Clinical features of eye changes, their severity and dynamics influenced by the ophthalmic therapy were revealed. A relationship between the course of COVID-19 and the state of immunodeficiency causes by HIV was found. As a result of the long disease duration and the complications, the patient died.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. V. Chereshneva
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
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Akbari M, Dourandeesh M. Update on overview of ocular manifestations of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:877023. [PMID: 36177323 PMCID: PMC9513125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.877023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the most critical health crisis at present, and research is continued about the exact pathophysiology, presentations, and complications of this pandemic. It influences several organs, and many studies have addressed the organs, the involvement of which during the COVID-19 results in patients' death. One of the important organs that can be involved during COVID-19, which is also a transmission route of the disease, is the eye. According to the evidence, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can have ocular manifestations and complications. According to the literature, conjunctivitis is the most common presentation, which can develop at any stage of COVID-19 (during and even after the disease), and the major pathophysiology of the eye involvement during the disease is attributed to the direct effect of the virus on the eyes, tissue damage caused by inflammation, underlying diseases, and the adverse effect of the medications prescribed. There are also reports of life-threatening complications, such as rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis, which require urgent treatment and are associated with a great mortality rate. Ocular manifestations may also be the presentation of a life-threatening event, such as stroke; therefore, it is necessary to pay great attention to the ocular manifestations during COVID-19. In this review, after about 2 years of the pandemic started, we present a narrative review on ocular manifestations during COVID-19, categorized into three main categories; ophthalmic, orbital, and neuro-ophthalmological manifestations with a detailed description of the presenting symptoms, risk factor, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies suggested for each.
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Gregersen R, Jacobsen RK, Laursen J, Mobech R, Ostrowski SR, Iversen K, Petersen J. Association of COVID-19 Infection With Wearing Glasses in a High-Prevalence Area in Denmark and Sweden. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:957-964. [PMID: 36006635 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Observational studies have indicated that glasses might protect against contracting COVID-19 through reduced airborne and contact transmission. Objective To investigate the association between wearing one's own glasses with contracting COVID-19 when adjusting for relevant confounders. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (June to August 2020) in Denmark and Sweden, where personal protective equipment was not recommended for the general population at the time. Employees at Falck, an international rescue corps with different job functions (ambulance, health care, office, and field staff, firefighters, and roadside assistance) participated in the study. Exposures The main exposure was wearing glasses (also including contact lenses and reading glasses), which was assessed in a questionnaire. Persons wearing glasses were compared with those who did not wear glasses (ie, nonusers). To adjust for potential confounders, information on age, sex, job function, and number of workday contacts were included. Main Outcomes and Measures The outcome was COVID-19 infection before (positive polymerase chain reaction test) or during the study period (biweekly voluntary tests with a rapid test). The investigated hypothesis was formulated after collecting the data. Results A total of 1279 employees in Denmark and 841 in Sweden were included (839 [39.6%] female and 1281 [60.4%] male; 20.5% were aged <40 years; 57.0%, 40-60 years, and 22.5%, >60 years). Of these, 829 individuals (64.8%) in Denmark and 619 (73.6%) in Sweden wore glasses. Wearing glasses was inversely associated with COVID-19 infection in the Swedish cohort (odds ratio [OR], 0.61 [95% CI, 0.37-0.99]; P = .047; seroprevalence, 9.3%) but not in the Danish cohort (OR, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.53-2.45]; P = .73; seroprevalence, 2.4%). Adjusting for age, sex, job function, and number of workday contacts in Sweden, wearing glasses no longer was associated with COVID-19 infection (OR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.37-1.11]; P = .11). When stratifying by job function, a large difference was observed among office staff (OR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.06-0.70]; P = .01) but not ambulance staff (OR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.41-1.67]; P = .60) nor health care staff (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.35-2.30]; P = .81). Conclusions and Relevance While wearing one's glasses was inversely associated with COVID-19 in Sweden in an unadjusted analysis, an association no longer was identified when adjusting for confounders. These results provide inconclusive findings regarding whether wearing one's own glasses is associated with a decreased risk of COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Gregersen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kart Jacobsen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannie Laursen
- Department of Global Business Quality Management, Falck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regine Mobech
- Department of Global Business Quality Management, Falck, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Janne Petersen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Danshensu alleviates pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 induced mouse acute lung inflammation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:771-780. [PMID: 34267343 PMCID: PMC8280584 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can induce acute inflammatory response like acute lung inflammation (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome, leading to severe progression and mortality. Therapeutics for treatment of SARS-CoV-2-triggered respiratory inflammation are urgent to be discovered. Our previous study shows that Salvianolic acid C potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effects of a Salvia miltiorrhiza compound, Danshensu, in vitro and in vivo, including the mechanism of S protein-mediated virus attachment and entry into target cells. In authentic and pseudo-typed virus assays in vitro, Danshensu displayed a potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 of 0.97 μM, and potently inhibited the entry of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudo-typed virus (SARS-CoV-2 S) into ACE2-overexpressed HEK-293T cells (IC50 = 0.31 μM) and Vero-E6 cell (IC50 = 4.97 μM). Mice received SARS-CoV-2 S via trachea to induce ALI, while the VSV-G treated mice served as controls. The mice were administered Danshensu (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, i.v., once) or Danshensu (25, 50, 100 mg·kg-1·d-1, oral administration, for 7 days) before SARS-CoV-2 S infection. We showed that SARS-CoV-2 S infection induced severe inflammatory cell infiltration, severely damaged lung tissue structure, highly expressed levels of inflammatory cytokines, and activated TLR4 and hyperphosphorylation of the NF-κB p65; the high expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) and low expression of ACE2 at the mRNA level in the lung tissue were also observed. Both oral and intravenous pretreatment with Danshensu dose-dependently alleviated the pathological alterations in mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 S. This study not only establishes a mouse model of pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2 S) induced ALI, but also demonstrates that Danshensu is a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients to inhibit the lung inflammatory response.
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Amin MA, Nahin S, Dola TA, Afrin S, Hawlader MDH. Retinal hemorrhage of late post‐COVID‐19 and post‐vaccine‐related pathogenic mechanisms: A new challenge for ophthalmologist in COVID era. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05471. [PMID: 35223021 PMCID: PMC8850941 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ashraful Amin
- Department of Public Health North South University Dhaka Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Nahin
- Department of Physiology Green Life Medical College Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Taslima Ahmed Dola
- Department of Community Medicine East West Medical College and Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Public Health North South University Dhaka Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS) Dhaka Bangladesh
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Bayram N, Gundogan M, Ozsaygılı C, Adelman RA. Posterior ocular structural and vascular alterations in severe COVID-19 patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:993-1004. [PMID: 34605953 PMCID: PMC8488325 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate posterior ocular structural and vascular changes in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Methods This was an observational, prospective, and controlled study including 106 eyes of 53 severe COVID-19 patients, compared to after recovery and 106 eyes of 53 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. All subjects were previously healthy adults and were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and ImageJ software. Subfoveal over a 1500-μm span and macular over a 6000-μm span cross-sectional areas of the vascular, stromal, and total choroid were measured. Results Of the 53 included patients, 28 (52.8%) were male, and 25 (47.2%) were female, with a mean age of 50.2 ± 7.4 years. In the active period of the disease, compared to after recovery and healthy controls, the outer plexiform layer thickness showed a significant increase (p = 0.004), and mean choroidal thickness was significantly higher (p < 0.0001); however, choroidal vascularity was significantly lower (p < 0.0001). The stromal area to vascular area (S/V) ratio of the choroid was significantly increased (p < 0.0001). All quadrants of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses were significantly increased (for all, p < 0.05). The reflectivity of OCT echo of the choroid and peripapillary RNFL was significantly higher (p = 0.023, p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion This study detected significant posterior ocular structural and vascular alterations in patients with severe COVID-19 infections. These findings may be associated with direct host-virus interaction or linked to an autoimmune process, vasculopathy, or viral-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurettin Bayram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Medine Gundogan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ozsaygılı
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ron A Adelman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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The Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Ocular Surface and Prevention Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040796. [PMID: 33918318 PMCID: PMC8065845 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health problem. Although the respiratory system is the main impaired organ, conjunctivitis is one of its common findings. However, it is not yet understood if SARS-CoV-2 can infect the eye and if the ocular surface can be a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions. Our review focuses on the viral entry mechanisms to give a better understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the eye. We highlighted findings that give evidence for multiple potential receptors of SARS-CoV-2 on the ocular surface. Additionally, we focused on data concerning the detection of viral RNA and its spike protein in the various ocular tissues from patients. However, the expression level seemed to be relatively low compared to the respiratory tissues as a result of a unique environment surrounding the ocular surface and the innate immune response of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, our review suggests the ocular surface as a potential route for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and as a result of this study we strongly recommend the protection of the eyes for ophthalmologists and patients at risk.
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Wang Y, Chen X, Wang F, Geng J, Liu B, Han F. Value of anal swabs for SARS-COV-2 detection: a literature review. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2389-2393. [PMID: 33967616 PMCID: PMC8100643 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.59382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing the unprecedented global public health crisis caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), nucleic acid tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19. The asymptomatic carriers were not suspected of playing a significant role in the ongoing pandemic, and universal nucleic acid screening in close contacts of confirmed cases and asymptomatic carriers has been carried out in many medium- and high-risk areas for the spread of the virus. Recently, anal swabs for key population screening have been shown to not only reduce missed diagnoses but also facilitate the traceability of infectious sources. As a specimen for the detection of viruses, the goal of this paper is to briefly review the transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 and the necessity of using anal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 screening to minimize transmission and a threat to other people with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Unicell Life Science Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingxu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of rheumatology and immunology, Tianjin medical university general hospital, Tianjin, China
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14
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Sagnelli C, Sica A, Gallo M, Peluso G, Varlese F, D’Alessandro V, Ciccozzi M, Crocetto F, Garofalo C, Fiorelli A, Iannuzzo G, Reginelli A, Schonauer F, Santangelo M, Sagnelli E, Creta M, Calogero A. Renal involvement in COVID-19: focus on kidney transplant sector. Infection 2021; 49:1265-1275. [PMID: 34611792 PMCID: PMC8491762 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list for kidney transplant who acquire SARS-CoV-2 infection are at serious risk of developing severe COVID-19, with an increased risk of mortality for the their immunosuppressive state; other risk factors for mortality have been identified in some comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, asthma and chronic lung disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a sharp reduction in kidney transplants in most countries, mainly due to the concern of patients on the waiting list for their potential increased susceptibility to acquire SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare facilities and for the difficulties of transplant centers to ensure full activity as hospitals have had to focus most of their attention on COVID-19 patients. Indeed, while the infection curve continued its exponential rise, there was a vertical decline in kidney donation/transplant activity. CONCLUSION This review article focuses on the damage induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection on kidney and on the adverse effect of this pandemic on the entire kidney transplant sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Largo Madonna delle Grazie n. 1, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Sica
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaia Peluso
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Varlese
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D’Alessandro
- UOSD Centro Trapianti di rene e Chirurgia del Retroperitoneo, AOU-University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 80128 Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Garofalo
- Division of Nephrology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Iannuzzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Reginelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizo Schonauer
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Santangelo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Largo Madonna delle Grazie n. 1, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Creta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Calogero
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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