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Bioinspired Strategies for Stretchable Conductors. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Zeng M, He Y, Zhang C, Wan Q. Neuromorphic Devices for Bionic Sensing and Perception. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:690950. [PMID: 34267624 PMCID: PMC8275992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.690950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromorphic devices that can emulate the bionic sensory and perceptual functions of neural systems have great applications in personal healthcare monitoring, neuro-prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces. In order to realize bionic sensing and perception, it's crucial to prepare neuromorphic devices with the function of perceiving environment in real-time. Up to now, lots of efforts have been made in the incorporation of the bio-inspired sensing and neuromorphic engineering in the booming artificial intelligence industry. In this review, we first introduce neuromorphic devices based on diverse materials and mechanisms. Then we summarize the progress made in the emulation of biological sensing and perception systems. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in these fields are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qing Wan
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Electrical Characterization of a Double-Layered Conductive Pattern with Different Crack Configurations for Durable E-Textiles. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11110977. [PMID: 33143146 PMCID: PMC7694075 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For the conductive patterns of electronic textiles (e-textiles), it is still challenging to maintain low electrical resistance, even under large or cyclic tensile deformation. This study investigated a double-layered pattern with different crack configurations as a possible solution. Patterns with single crack growth exhibit a low initial resistance and resistance change rate. In contrast, patterns with multiple crack growth maintain their conductivity under deformation, where electrical failure occurs in those with single crack growth. We considered that a double-layered structure could combine the electrical characteristics of patterns with single and multiple crack growths. In this study, each layer was theoretically designed to control the crack configuration. Then, meandering copper patterns, silver ink patterns, and their double layers were fabricated on textiles as patterns with single and multiple crack growths and double-layered patterns, respectively. Their resistance changes under the single (large) and cyclic tensile deformations were characterized. The results confirmed that the double-layered patterns maintained the lowest resistance at the high elongation rate and cycle. The resistance change rates of the meandering copper and silver ink patterns were constant, and changed monotonically against the elongation rate/cycle, respectively. In contrast, the change rate of the double-layered patterns varied considerably when electrical failure occurred in the copper layer. The change rate after the failure was much higher than that before the failure, and on the same order as that of the silver ink patterns.
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Graudejus O, Barton C, Ponce Wong RD, Rowan CC, Oswalt D, Greger B. A soft and stretchable bilayer electrode array with independent functional layers for the next generation of brain machine interfaces. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:056023. [PMID: 33052886 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb4a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) hold great promises for advancing neuroprosthetics, robotics, and for providing treatment options for severe neurological diseases. The objective of this work is the development and in vivo evaluation of electrodes for BMIs that meet the needs to record brain activity at sub-millimeter resolution over a large area of the cortex while being soft and electromechanically robust (i.e. stretchable). APPROACH Current electrodes require a trade-off between high spatiotemporal resolution and cortical coverage area. To address the needs for simultaneous high resolution and large cortical coverage, the prototype electrode array developed in this study employs a novel bilayer routing of soft and stretchable lead wires from the recording sites on the surface of the brain (electrocorticography, ECoG) to the data acquisition system. MAIN RESULTS To validate the recording characteristics, the array was implanted in healthy felines for up to 5 months. Neural signals recorded from both layers of the device showed elevated mid-frequency structures typical of local field potential (LFP) signals that were stable in amplitude over implant duration, and also exhibited consistent frequency-dependent modulation after anesthesia induction by Telazol. SIGNIFICANCE The successful development of a soft and stretchable large-area, high resolution micro ECoG electrode array (lahrμECoG) is an important step to meet the neurotechnological needs of advanced BMI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Graudejus
- School of Molecular Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America. BMSEED, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
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Chen G, Matsuhisa N, Liu Z, Qi D, Cai P, Jiang Y, Wan C, Cui Y, Leow WR, Liu Z, Gong S, Zhang KQ, Cheng Y, Chen X. Plasticizing Silk Protein for On-Skin Stretchable Electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800129. [PMID: 29603437 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soft and stretchable electronic devices are important in wearable and implantable applications because of the high skin conformability. Due to the natural biocompatibility and biodegradability, silk protein is one of the ideal platforms for wearable electronic devices. However, the realization of skin-conformable electronic devices based on silk has been limited by the mechanical mismatch with skin, and the difficulty in integrating stretchable electronics. Here, silk protein is used as the substrate for soft and stretchable on-skin electronics. The original high Young's modulus (5-12 GPa) and low stretchability (<20%) are tuned into 0.1-2 MPa and > 400%, respectively. This plasticization is realized by the addition of CaCl2 and ambient hydration, whose mechanism is further investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, highly stretchable (>100%) electrodes are obtained by the thin-film metallization and the formation of wrinkled structures after ambient hydration. Finally, the plasticized silk electrodes, with the high electrical performance and skin conformability, achieve on-skin electrophysiological recording comparable to that by commercial gel electrodes. The proposed skin-conformable electronics based on biomaterials will pave the way for the harmonized integration of electronics into human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yajing Cui
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis North, 138632, Singapore
| | - Suxuan Gong
- Procter and Gamble, Singapore Innovation Center, 70 Biopolis Street, 138547, Singapore
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis North, 138632, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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Koshi T, Iwase E. Crack-Configuration Analysis of Metal Conductive Track Embedded in Stretchable Elastomer. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9030130. [PMID: 30424064 PMCID: PMC6187680 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the analysis of the crack configuration of a stretched metal conductive track that is embedded in a stretchable elastomer. The factor determining the crack configurations is analyzed by modeling as well as experiments. The modeling analysis indicates that the crack configuration is determined by the ratio of the elongation stiffness of the track and elastomer, and is classified into two types: multiple-crack growth and single-crack growth. When the track stiffness is considerably lower than the elastomer stiffness, multiple-crack growth type occurs; in the opposite case, single-crack growth type occurs. Hence, to verify the modeling analysis, metal conductive tracks with different thicknesses are fabricated, and the cracks are studied with respect to the crack width, number of cracks, and crack propagation speed. In this study, two conventional metal-track shapes are studied: straight-shaped tracks with track thickness of 0.04–1.17 µm, and wave-shaped tracks with track thickness of 2–10 µm. For straight-shaped tracks, multiple-crack growth type occurred, when the track thickness was 0.04 µm, and the crack configuration gradually changed to a single crack, with the increase in the track thickness. For wave-shaped tracks with track thickness of 2–10 µm, only single-crack growth type occurred; however, the crack propagation speed decreased and the maximum stretchability of the track increased, with the increase in the track thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Koshi
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Eiji Iwase
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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Liu Y, He K, Chen G, Leow WR, Chen X. Nature-Inspired Structural Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12893-12941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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8
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhu B, Yu J, He K, Leow WR, Wang M, Chandran BK, Qi D, Wang H, Chen G, Xu C, Chen X. Stretchable Motion Memory Devices Based on Mechanical Hybrid Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28681955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Animals possess various functional systems such as sensory, nervous, and motor systems, which show effective cooperation in order to realize complicated and intelligent behaviors. This inspires rational designs for the integration of individual electronic devices to exhibit a series of functions, such as sensing, memory, and feedback. Inspired by the fact that humans can monitor and memorize various body motions, a motion memory device is developed to mimic this biological process. In this work, mechanical hybrid substrates are introduced, in which rigid memory devices and stretchable strain sensors are integrated into a single module, which enables them to work cooperatively in the wearable state. When attached to the joints of limbs, the motion memory device can detect the deformations caused by limb motions and simultaneously store the corresponding information in the memory device. This work would be valuable in materials design and electronics technology toward the realization of wearable and multifunctional electronic modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiancan Yu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bevita K Chandran
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Cai Xu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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Ghosh S, Klek E, Zorman CA, Sankaran RM. Microplasma-Induced in Situ Formation of Patterned, Stretchable Electrical Conductors. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:194-199. [PMID: 35650912 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a microplasma-based process to fabricate stretchable, electrically conductive metal patterns from metal-cation containing polymers. The technique is compatible with prestraining strategies, allowing films to remain conductive with almost no drop in resistance up to 35% strain. We show that the stretchability of the films is related to uniform strain delocalization which is made possible by how the metallized layer is formed in situ, growing from within the polymer matrix rather than by deposition, to create a quasi-monolithic structure without a well-defined metal-polymer interfacial boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Erika Klek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Christian A. Zorman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - R. Mohan Sankaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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10
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Zhou C, Bette S, Schnakenberg U. Flexible and Stretchable Gold Microstructures on Extra Soft Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6664-9. [PMID: 26414621 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable gold microstructures are reliably transferred onto an extra-soft elastomeric substrate. Several major challenges, including failure-free transfer and reliable bonding with the substrate, are addressed. The simple and reproducible fabrication allows extensive study and optimization of the stretchability of meanders in terms of thickness, geometry, and substrate. The results provide new insights for designing stretchable electronics and novel routes for stretchrelated, mechanobiological cell-interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Lee J, Kim S, Lee J, Yang D, Park BC, Ryu S, Park I. A stretchable strain sensor based on a metal nanoparticle thin film for human motion detection. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11932-9. [PMID: 25175360 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors for human motion detection are being highlighted in various fields such as medical, entertainment and sports industry. In this paper, we propose a new type of stretchable strain sensor that can detect both tensile and compressive strains and can be fabricated by a very simple process. A silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) thin film patterned on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp by a single-step direct transfer process is used as the strain sensing material. The working principle is the change in the electrical resistance caused by the opening/closure of micro-cracks under mechanical deformation. The fabricated stretchable strain sensor shows highly sensitive and durable sensing performances in various tensile/compressive strains, long-term cyclic loading and relaxation tests. We demonstrate the applications of our stretchable strain sensors such as flexible pressure sensors and wearable human motion detection devices with high sensitivity, response speed and mechanical robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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Liu Z, Yu M, Lv J, Li Y, Yu Z. Dispersed, porous nanoislands landing on stretchable nanocrack gold films: maintenance of stretchability and controllable impedance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13487-13495. [PMID: 25090109 DOI: 10.1021/am502454t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronic devices have great potential for serving as bioelectrical interfaces due to their better deformability and modulus match with biological organs. However, surface modification, which is usually applied to enhance the capability of sensing and stimulating, as well as biocompatibility, may cause problems since their stretchability highly depends on the surface structure. In this work, stretchable nanocrack gold (SNCG) electrodes were fabricated, which can be stretched by a maximum 120% uniaxial strain while maintaining their electrical conductivity. We found that the electrodes lost their stretchability after surface modification of an additional continuous platinum layer, which was found to selectively weld or fully cover the nanocracks, consequently eliminating its crack structure. To address this issue, we designed a complex structure of dispersed, porous nanoislands landing on the SNCG film, which was further demonstrated as capable of maintaining the stretchability of electrodes while allowing the reshaping of cracks. Moreover, stretchable microelectrode arrays were then developed with this complex structure. Animal experiments demonstrated their capability of conformally wrapping on a rat brain cortex and effectively monitoring an intracranial electroencephalogram under deformation. In addition, their impedance can be precisely controlled by modulating the dispersity, diameter, and aspect ratio of individual nanoislands. This complex structure has great potential for developing highly stretchable, multiplexing sensors, allowing stiff materials to land on a stretchable conducting surface with maintenance of stretchability and controllable functional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liu
- Biomedical Microdevices Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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