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AlJaafary AA, Alahmari R, AlHumaid NA. Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases in Individuals With Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e67721. [PMID: 39318963 PMCID: PMC11421309 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common and prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide. It affects men, women, and children and can cause severe organ damage, including kidney damage. The two most common types of DM are Type 1 DM and Type 2 DM. Similarly, periodontal disease (PD) affects a significant portion of the population and involves the tissues supporting the teeth. The bidirectional relationship between diabetes and PD is a well-established phenomenon. However, no comprehensive study on the prevalence of PD among diabetic patients has been conducted on the Saudi population. This systematic review aims to examine the current literature on the impact of these conditions on the Saudi population. A literature search was conducted from January 2001 through June 2024 using Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. An extensive search was performed, duplicates were removed, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Nine studies were selected for review, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The retrieved studies confirm the relationship between DM and PDs in regional studies. The review highlights the need for integrated healthcare approaches to manage both conditions effectively. Further research is recommended to understand the causal mechanisms and develop comprehensive treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A AlJaafary
- Family Medicine, King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh, Health Cluster 2, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Raed Alahmari
- Family Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Nora A AlHumaid
- Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Health Cluster 2, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
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Qadir Khan S, Alzayer HA, Alameer ST, Ajmal Khan M, Khan N, AlQuorain H, Gad MM. SEQUEL: Prevalence of dental caries in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:963-969. [PMID: 39035563 PMCID: PMC11255963 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis investigated the prevalence of dental caries throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) between 2011 and 2023 as a follow-up to a previously published review in 2013 by Khan et al. and aimed to provide an update on the current status of caries prevalence in the KSA. A literature search was conducted, and thirty-three articles were included in the final analysis. To determine the prevalence of caries in primary teeth, the 2- to 12-year-old Saudi population was included in the search, and an age range of 6-18 years was used for permanent teeth. The prevalence of caries in the primary and permanent dentition was analyzed separately. As the included studies for the primary and permanent teeth had insignificant heterogeneity, fixed-effect models and forest plots were used to evaluate caries prevalence in both dentitions. In the primary dentition, the mean decayed-missing-filled teeth (dmft) index was 4.14 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 3.11-5.18), with an average prevalence of 75.43 %. For the permanent teeth, the mean DMFT (uppercase used for permanent dentition) was 1.28 (95 % CI: 0.93-1.64), with an average prevalence of 67.7 %. The average dmft/DMFT scores decreased in both primary and permanent teeth compared to the previous meta-analysis by Khan et al., suggesting a beneficial effect of preventative measures on caries prevalence. Continuing these measures is necessary to maintain the downward trend of caries prevalence in the KSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soban Qadir Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A. Alzayer
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad T. Alameer
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Directorate of Library Affairs, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazeer Khan
- Professor of Biostatistics, Director of Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization. Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Haitham AlQuorain
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Triebl Z, Bencze B, Bányai D, Rózsa N, Hermann P, Végh D. Poor glycemic control impairs oral health in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:748. [PMID: 38943074 PMCID: PMC11212250 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are more than one million children and adolescents living with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and their number is steadily increasing. Diabetes affects oral health through numerous channels, including hyposalivation, immune suppression, and the inflammatory effect of glycation end-products. However, patients with type 1 diabetes must follow a strict sugar free diet that is proven to be carioprotective. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate whether children with type 1 diabetes have a difference in Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth index (DMFT), salivary function, and periodontal status than children without diabetes, with an emphasis on glycemic control. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Embase and Cochrane libraries were screened for articles, using predefined search keys without any language or date restrictions. Two independent authors performed the selection procedure, extracted data from the eligible articles, carried out a manual search of the reference lists, and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed in R using the random-effects model. Effect sizes were mean differences; subgroup analysis was performed on glycemic control. RESULTS 33 studies satisfied the eligibility criteria. 22 studies did not show a significant difference regarding the DMFT index between the diabetes and non-diabetes groups; six studies found that children living with diabetes had higher DMFT scores, compared to five studies that found significantly lower scores. Meta-analysis found no statistically significant differences in plaque, gingival, and calculus indexes, however it found significant differences in pooled DMFT indexes, and salivary flow rate. Subgroup analysis on glycemic control using DMFT values found significant differences in children with good and poor glycemic control with results of 0.26 (CI95%=-0.50; 1.03) and 1.46 (CI95%=0.57; 2.35), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Children with poor glycemic control face higher risk of developing caries compared to good control and non-diabetes children. Regular dental check-ups and strict control of glycemic levels are highly advised for children living with type 1 diabetes, further emphasizing the importance of cooperation between dentists and diabetologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Triebl
- Diabetes-Dental Workgroup, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Bulcsú Bencze
- Diabetes-Dental Workgroup, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Bányai
- Diabetes-Dental Workgroup, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Noémi Rózsa
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Péter Hermann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Dániel Végh
- Diabetes-Dental Workgroup, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi 47, Budapest, 1088, Hungary.
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Al-Dlaigan YH, Al-Dabaan RA. Dental health status of children with diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:926-931. [PMID: 38883900 PMCID: PMC11178960 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The impact of diabetes on oral diseases remains debatable. We aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries, gingival health status and knowledge, and oral hygiene level and practice in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods The teeth of Sixty children with diabetes (33 males and 27 females; age 11.3 ± 2.2 [7-14] years) were examined for dental caries following the modified World Health Organization criteria. Data on age, sex, medical history, gingival health status and knowledge, and oral hygiene level and practice were collected from parents. Results In this study, 53 % of the children had dental caries with decayed, missing, and filled primary and permanent teeth scores of 5.6 ± 3.8 and 3.6 ± 3.2, respectively, with similar scores for male and female children. Children with and without caries had similar oral hygiene practices and oral health knowledge but differed in the rates of good or fair oral hygiene status (89.2 vs. 56.6 %; P = 0.024) and normal gingival health status or mild gingivitis (96.5 vs. 81.3 %; P = 0.010). Conclusions We found that the oral hygiene status and rate of gingivitis differed in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus with or without dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef H Al-Dlaigan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. BOX 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A Al-Dabaan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. BOX 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Nassar M, Nassar O, Abosheaishaa H, Elhakim N. Association between type 1 diabetes mellitus and dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DENTISTRY REVIEW 2024; 4:100088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dentre.2024.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
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Lim S, Tellez M, Ismail AI. Emotional distress and risk of dental caries: Evaluating effect modification by chronic conditions among low-income African American caregivers in Detroit, Michigan. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1050511. [PMID: 36741955 PMCID: PMC9895370 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Limited research has been conducted regarding the association between mental illness and dental caries. We studied the impact of emotional distress on current and new dental caries among low-income African-American caregivers in Detroit, Michigan and if this association was mediated by poor oral hygiene and sugar consumption and modified by a chronic health condition. Methods Data came from Detroit Dental Health Project, a prospective cohort study of low-income African American caregivers and their children. We focused on baseline (n = 1,021) and 4-year follow-up participants (n = 614). Dental caries were assessed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. The study outcomes included two baseline caries outcomes (counts of non-cavitated lesions, baseline counts of cavitated lesions) and two outcomes of new caries over 4 years (new cavitated lesions and new non-cavitated lesions). The exposure was emotional distress. We performed multivariable quasi-Poisson regression analysis to test the association between emotional distress and caries. We tested effect modification by stratifying data by chronic health conditions and performed causal mediation analysis to test an indirect effect of oral hygiene and sugar consumption. Results Ninety six percent of the caregivers were female, and their average age was 28 years old. Thirteen percent reported emotional distress at baseline. After accounting for potential confounding, emotional distress was positively associated with cavitated lesions at baseline (IRR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.70). Among those with a chronic health condition, stronger association was observed (IRR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.27, 2.35). After 4 years, those with emotional distress and chronic health conditions had an increased risk of developing non-cavitated carious lesions (IRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.88). Poor oral hygiene explained 51% of the association between emotional distress and baseline cavitated lesions (natural indirect effect = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.33), but there was no evidence for an indirect effect of sugar consumption. Conclusion In this group of young, African-American caregivers with low socioeconomic status, dental caries was associated with emotional distress. This association was explained by poor oral hygiene and strengthened among those who reported a chronic health condition.
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Assiri SA, El Meligy OAES, Alzain IO, Bamashmous NO. Assessment of dental caries and salivary characteristics among type 1 diabetic Saudi children. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1634-1639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sabharwal A, Stellrecht E, Scannapieco FA. Associations between dental caries and systemic diseases: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:472. [PMID: 34563194 PMCID: PMC8466895 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate and present evidence from animal and human clinical studies on associations between dental caries and systemic diseases, and to suggest potential mechanisms that might explain such associations. METHODS An electronic search was conducted of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for articles published from 2010 to 2020 in the English language. From the initial search, 404 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility. After excluding studies for technical and study limitations, a total of 67 studies were included in the summary tables and additional studies were included in the review to support evidence. RESULTS Few systemic disease and conditions were found to be clinically meaningfully associated with caries experience. Best evidence from human and animal studies described association between metabolic diseases and dental caries. Several interesting animal studies were noted that could generate clinical hypotheses and further investigations in rodent models for cardiovascular injury and hyperglycemia. Inadequate data was found to suggest any modifications to current clinical practice or prevention guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Limited clinical evidence was found connecting several systemic diseases and dental caries. Inadequate data was found to suggest any modifications to current clinical practice or prevention guidelines. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding of associations between dental caries and systemic diseases play a crucial role in the treatment planning and education of the dental patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Division of Periodontics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, DSB 0156A, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Elizabeth Stellrecht
- Health Sciences Library University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Frank A. Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
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