Intensive therapy alleviates subclinical synovitis on ultrasound and disease activity and reduces flare in rheumatoid arthritis patients who have achieved clinical target - a randomized controlled trial

Understanding Ultrasound Power Doppler Synovitis at Clinically Quiescent Joints and Thermographic Joint Inflammation Assessment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background/Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. We aim to study subclinical PD synovitis and thermographic joint inflammation assessment in patients with RA. Methods: We compared (1) PD synovitis at clinically quiescent (non-swollen; non-tender) joints based on patients' disease activity and (2) thermography (hands/wrists) outcomes based on PD joint inflammation findings and patient's disease activity. Results: Among eighty RA patients (mean (SD) age 57.0 (12.6) years; 61 of whom (76.3%) were female), the wrists (62.7%), second metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJs) (37.0%), third MCPJs (33.8%), fourth MCPJs (24.8%), and fifth MCPJs (20.9%) were the five joint sites most frequently displaying subclinical PD synovitis; with no statistically significance differences (p > 0.05) between patients with 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) < 3.2 versus those with DAS28 ≥ 3.2. At these five joint sites bilaterally, (1) the total maximum (Total Tmax), total average (Total Tavg), and total minimum (Total Tmin) temperatures were significantly greater (p < 0.05) for Total PD (TPD) score >1 versus TPD score ≤ 1, while their area under the ROC curve (AUC) values in identifying TPD score >1 ranged from 0.789 to 0.810, and (2) Total Tmax, Total Tavg, Total Tmin, and TPD score were significantly greater (p < 0.05) for patients with DAS28 ≥ 3.2 versus those with DAS28 < 3.2. Conclusions: Our results would serve as useful background data in studies on RA monitoring strategies detecting subclinical PD synovitis. Thermographic temperatures were greater in patients with greater disease activity and can help discriminate ultrasound PD joint inflammation severity.

What is the best target in a treat-to-target strategy in rheumatoid arthritis? Results from a systematic review and meta-regression analysis

OBJECTIVES

A treat-to-target (T2T) strategy has been shown to be superior to usual care in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the optimal target remains unknown. Targets are based on a disease activity measure (eg, Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28), Simplified Disease Activity Indices/Clinical Disease Activity Indices (SDAI/CDAI), and a cut-off such as remission or low disease activity (LDA). Our aim was to compare the effect of different targets on clinical and radiographic outcomes.

METHODS

Cochrane, Embase and (pre)MEDLINE databases were searched (1 June 2022) for randomised controlled trials and cohort studies after 2003 that applied T2T in RA patients for ≥12 months. Data were extracted from individual T2T study arms; risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Using meta-regression, we evaluated the effect of the target used on clinical and radiographic outcomes, correcting for heterogeneity between and within studies.

RESULTS

115 treatment arms were used in the meta-regression analyses. Aiming for SDAI/CDAI-LDA was statistically superior to targeting DAS-LDA regarding DAS-remission and SDAI/CDAI/Boolean-remission outcomes over 1-3 years. Aiming for SDAI/CDAI-LDA was also significantly superior to DAS-remission regarding both SDAI/CDAI/Boolean-remission (over 1-3 years) and mean SDAI/CDAI (over 1 year). Targeting DAS-remission rather than DAS-LDA only improved the percentage of patients in DAS-remission, and only statistically significantly after 2-3 years of T2T. No differences were observed in Health Assessment Questionnaire and radiographic progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting SDAI/CDAI-LDA, and to a lesser extent DAS-remission, may be superior to targeting DAS-LDA regarding several clinical outcomes. However, due to the risk of residual confounding and the lack of data on (over)treatment and safety, future studies should aim to directly and comprehensively compare targets.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42021249015.

Efficacy of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVES

To update the evidence on efficacy of DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) and inform the taskforce of the 2022 update of the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

This systematic literature review (SLR) investigated the efficacy of conventional synthetic (cs), biological (b), biosimilar and targeted synthetic (ts)DMARDs in patients with RA. Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL and Web of Science were used to identify all relevant articles published since the previous update in 2019 to 14 January 2022.

RESULTS

Of 8969 search results, 169 articles were selected for detailed review and 47 were finally included. Trials investigated the efficacy of csDMARDs, bDMARDs and tsDMARDs, DMARD switching, tapering and trials investigating different treatment strategies. The compounds investigated were csDMARDs (methotrexate (MTX), leflunomide, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine), bDMARDs (abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab-pegol, denosumab, etanercept, infliximab, levilimab, olokizumab, opineracept, rituximab, sarilumab, tocilizumab) and tsDMARDs (baricitinib, filgotinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib). The efficacy of csDMARDs+ short-term glucocorticoids in early RA was confirmed and similar to bDMARD+MTX combination therapy. Interleukin-6 pathway inhibition was effective in trials on olokizumab and levilimab. Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) was efficacious in different patient populations. After insufficient response to JAKi, patients could respond to TNFi treatment. Tapering of DMARDs was feasible for a proportion of patients, who were able to taper therapy while remaining in low disease activity or remission.

CONCLUSION

The results of this SLR, together with one SLR on safety of DMARD and one on glucocorticoids, informed the taskforce of the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for pharmacological management of RA.

Insights Into the Concept of Rheumatoid Arthritis Flare

Identification of a pathological change in the course of systemic chronic immune-inflammatory diseases is key to delivering effective treatment strategies. In this context, one of the most compelling issues is the concept of flare. The multifaceted expression of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) makes it challenging to provide an omni-comprehensive definition of flare, encompassing the pathology's different objective and subjective domains. Our incomplete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this process contributes to the partial comprehension of its potential clinical expression. This review focuses on the proposed pathophysiological processes underlying disease recrudescence in RA and the variable definitions adopted to capture flare in clinical practice through its objective, subjective, and temporal domains. Overall, what emerges is a complex landscape far from being unraveled.

Interleukin-17 as a predictor of subclinical synovitis in the remission state of rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVES

To compare the level of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenic mediators between Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with and without subclinical synovitis (SS) in remission state, to find the correlation of these mediators with Greyscale synovitis (GSS) and power Doppler (PD) scores, and to find the probable predictor/s of SS.

METHODS

52 RA patients in remission state were recruited and subdivided into with and without SS group by Ultrasonography (USG) of 14 joints. Total GSS and PD scoring was done. The serum levels of the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic mediators were compared between groups, and correlation and regression analysis were done with GSS and PD scores.

RESULT

63.46% patients had USG evidence of SS. Patients with SS had significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic mediators [matrix-metalloproteinase -3 (p = 0.0001), Tumour necrosis factor-α (p = 0.0001), Interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.001), IL-1b (p = 0.0001), IL-17 (p = 0.0005), IL-33 (p = 0.0003), Tie-2 (p = 0.0001), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF (p = 0.03)], and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-27 (p = 0.0003), IL-10(p = 0.0001)]. A strong positive correlation of GSS score was noted with IL-17(r = 0.7), IL-6 (r = 0.7), IL-1b (r = 0.7), and IL-33 (r = 0.6). Multiple linear regression model identified IL-17 and IL-6 as predictors of GSS score, and TNF-α and VEGF as predictors of PD score. IL-17 level > 249 picogram/millilitre (pg/ml) could predict the SS with high specificity (89.5%).

CONCLUSION

Patients with SS in the remission state of RA showed altered expression of some of the pro/anti-inflammatory/angiogenic markers compared to those not having SS. IL-17, IL-6, VEGF, and TNF-α could be the predictors of USG synovial scores.