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Aljabery F, Shabo I, Saudi A, Holmbom M, Olson H, Jahnson S. The emerging role of cell cycle protein p53 expression by tumor cells and M2-macrophage infiltration in urinary bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:148.e9-148.e16. [PMID: 36702703 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between p53 expression in tumor cells and intratumoral macrophage infiltration in muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer (MIBC) in relation to clinical and pathological variables and outcomes after radical cystectomy. METHODS Tumor specimens of the primary tumor from patients treated with radical cystectomy for MIBC were immunostained with the M2-macrophage-specific marker CD163 and the cell cycle protein p53. The expression of these markers was analyzed in relation to patients´ and tumor characteristics and outcome. RESULTS Out of 100 patients with urinary bladder cancer (UBC) pathological stage T1-4 N0-3 M0, 77% were men. The patients had a median age of 69 years and 80% had nonorgan-confined tumors (pT3-4). Lymph node metastasis was found in 42 (42%) of all patients. P53-positive expressions were found in 63 (63%) patients. Strong macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment was shown in 74 (74%) patients. Combinations of CD163/p53 status were as follows: CD163+/p53+, 50%; CD163+/p53-, 24%; CD163-/p53+, 13%; and CD163-/p53-, 13%. Patients with CD163+/P53+ had higher proportions of organ-confined tumors. CONCLUSIONS In the present series of patients with MIBC treated with cystectomy, we found that high CD163+ macrophage infiltration in the tumor micro-environment often was combined with p53+ cancer cells. This simultaneous expression of p53 by tumor cells and increased infiltration of M2-macrophages in the tumor microenvironment was associated with improved CSS, which might indicate a possible protective effect of M2 macrophages in p53+ tumors. Further investigations are needed to explore the biological relation between mutational burden and immune profile in MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Aljabery
- Department of Urology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ivan Shabo
- Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Breast, Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aus Saudi
- Department of Urology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Holmbom
- Department of Urology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Olson
- Department of Pathology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Staffan Jahnson
- Department of Urology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Kaynak A, Davis HW, Kogan AB, Lee JH, Narmoneva DA, Qi X. Phosphatidylserine: The Unique Dual-Role Biomarker for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2536. [PMID: 35626139 PMCID: PMC9139557 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. In recent years, many cancer-associated biomarkers have been identified that are used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, screening, and early detection, as well as for predicting and monitoring carcinogenesis and therapeutic effectiveness. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid which is predominantly located in the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. In many cancer cells, PS externalizes to the outer cell membrane, a process regulated by calcium-dependent flippases and scramblases. Saposin C coupled with dioleoylphosphatidylserine (SapC-DOPS) nanovesicle (BXQ-350) and bavituximab, (Tarvacin, human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibodies) are cell surface PS-targeting drugs being tested in clinical trial for treating a variety of cancers. Additionally, a number of other PS-selective agents have been used to trigger cytotoxicity in tumor-associated endothelial cells or cancer cells in pre-clinical studies. Recent studies have demonstrated that upregulation of surface PS exposure by chemodrugs, radiation, and external electric fields can be used as a novel approach to sensitize cancer cells to PS-targeting anticancer drugs. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of a unique dual-role of PS as a biomarker/target for cancer imaging and therapy, and to discuss PS-based anticancer strategies that are currently under active development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kaynak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Harold W. Davis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Andrei B. Kogan
- Physics Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Jing-Huei Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Daria A. Narmoneva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (A.K.); (J.-H.L.); (D.A.N.)
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
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3
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Yitgin Y, Erdem S, Serilmez M, Duranyıldız D, Verep S, Gasimov K, Tefik T, Sanli O, Ozcan F. Can serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 and SMAD-2 levels predict lamina propria invasion in bladder urothelial carcinoma? Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14277. [PMID: 33928727 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has a role in the destruction of lamina propria (LP) of the bladder wall and SMAD-2 promotes cell-to-cell adhesion. This study aimed to investigate the association between LP invasion and serum protein and mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 and SMAD-2 in bladder cancer (BC) patients. METHODS Serum samples were taken from 57 patients with suspicious BC before TUR-BT (Group 1) and 20 patients with benign diseases as control (Group 2). The mRNA expression and serum protein levels of MMP-9 and SMAD-2 were analyzed using Real-Time PCR and ELISA methods, respectively. The comparison of protein and mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 and SMAD-2 were done statistically between Group 1 and 2, as well as for different T stages of BC. RESULTS The protein levels of MMP-9 (2448 vs 637.5 pg/mL, P = .0001) and SMAD-2 (6.85 vs 1.61 P = .0001) were significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2. The mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 (P = .89) and SMAD-2 (P = .99) did not significantly differ between the groups. The protein levels of MMP-9 in T1 patients were significantly higher from both of pTa patients (P = .018) and pT2 (P = .02). The protein levels of SMAD-2 were not statistically different between T stages. Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 and SMAD-2 were not different between T stages. CONCLUSIONS The protein levels of MMP-9 and SMAD-2 were increased in BC patients while mRNA expressions were not different. Furthermore, the increased protein level of MMP-9 in T1 patients was more pronounced which may be related to LP invasion of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Yitgin
- Depatment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Erdem
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Serilmez
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Duranyıldız
- Istanbul Medical Faculty, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Samed Verep
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamranbay Gasimov
- Depatment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe Universtiy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tzevat Tefik
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oner Sanli
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Ozcan
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Shan L, Liu W, Zhan Y. LncRNA HAND2-AS1 exerts anti-oncogenic effects on bladder cancer via restoration of RARB as a sponge of microRNA-146. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:361. [PMID: 34238300 PMCID: PMC8268400 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence has shown that long noncoding RNA: microRNA: mRNA is implicated in tumor initiation, development, and progression. Long noncoding RNA HAND2-AS1 exhibits anti-cancer effects in diverse cancers. However, the knowledge of HAND-AS1 in bladder cancer development remains unknown. Methods LncRNA and miRNA microarray was conducted to explore different expressed RNA in primary bladder cancer specimens. RNA-RNA interaction prediction tools miRcode (http://www.mircode.org/), DIANA-lncBase v2 (https://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/diana_tools/web/index.php?r=lncbasev2%2Findex-experimental), DIANA-TarBase v.8 (https://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/diana_tools/web/index.php?r=tarbasev8%2Findex) and miRDB (http://www.mirdb.org/) were employed to predict the interactions between RNA. Bladder cancer cell lines were used to perform cell proliferation and apoptosis assays. Western blot and quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction were used to determine the expression of protein and RNA separately. Dual-luciferase assay was conducted to determine the activity of three prime untranslated region of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB). Furthermore, 5637 human bladder cancer mouse models were established to investigate the interactions of lncRNA: miRNA: mRNA in vivo. Results Based on the RT2 lncRNA PCR Arrays analysis, we validated HAND2-AS1 declined in bladder cancer and negatively correlated with the depth of invasion and grades. The overexpression of HAND2-AS1 in human bladder cancer cells 5637 and RT4 hampered cell proliferation by provoking Caspase 3-triggered cell apoptosis. Besides, one of the HAND2-AS1 sponges, miR-146, elevated in bladder cancer and targeted the tumor suppressor, retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB). We further demonstrated that the HAND2-AS1: miR-146: RARB complex promoted Caspase 3-mediated apoptosis by suppressing COX-2 expression. Finally, the results gained in mouse xenografts suggested that HAND2-AS1 diminished miR-146 expression, thereby reversing the suppression of miR-146 on RARB-mediated apoptosis and contributing to bladder cancer regression. Conclusion The present study sheds light on the fact that lncRNA HAND2-AS1 exerted as a tumor suppressor by releasing RARB from miR-146, leading to tumor proliferation and invasion inhibition. The findings expanded HAND2-AS-mediated regulatory networks' knowledge and provided novel insights to improve the RARB-targeted regimens against bladder cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02063-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Shan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Emergency Department, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunhong Zhan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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Jacob J, Necchi A, Grivas P, Hughes M, Sanford T, Mollapour M, Shapiro O, Talal A, Sokol E, Vergilio JA, Killian J, Lin D, Williams E, Tse J, Ramkissoon S, Severson E, Hemmerich A, Ferguson N, Edgerly C, Duncan D, Huang R, Chung J, Madison R, Alexander B, Venstrom J, Reddy P, McGregor K, Elvin J, Schrock A, Danziger N, Pavlick D, Ross J, Bratslavsky G. Comprehensive genomic profiling of histologic subtypes of urethral carcinomas. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:731.e1-731.e15. [PMID: 34215504 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma of the urethra (UrthCa) is an uncommon Genitourinary (GU) malignancy that can progress to advanced metastatic disease. METHODS One hundred twenty-seven metastatic UrthCa underwent hybrid capture-based comprehensive genomic profiling to evaluate all classes of genomic alterations (GA). Tumor mutational burden was determined on up to 1.1 Mbp of sequenced DNA, and microsatellite instability was determined on 114 loci. PD-L1 expression was determined by IHC (Dako 22C3). RESULTS Forty-nine (39%) urothelial (UrthUC), 31 (24%) squamous (UrthSCC), 24 (19%) adenocarcinomas NOS (UrthAC), and 12 (9%) clear cell (UrthCC) were evaluated. UrthUC and UrthSCC are more common in men; UrthAC and UrthCC are more common in women. Ages were similar in all 4 groups. GA in PIK3CA were the most frequent potentially targetable GA; mTOR pathway GA in PTEN were also identified. GA in other potentially targetable genes were also identified including ERBB2 (6% in UrthUC, 3% in UrthSCC, and 12% in UrthAC), FGFR1-3 (3% in UrthSCC), BRAF (3% in UrthAC), PTCH1 (8% in UrthCC), and MET (8% in UrthCC). Possibly reflecting their higher GA/tumor status, potential for immunotherapy benefit associated with higher tumor mutational burden and PD-L1 staining levels were seen in UrthUC and UrthSCC compared to UrthAC and UrthCC. Microsatellite instability high status was absent throughout. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive genomic profiling reveals GA that may be predictive of both targeted and immunotherapy benefit in patients with advanced UrthCa and that could potentially be used in future adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and metastatic disease trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jacob
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY
| | | | | | - Michael Hughes
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY
| | - Thomas Sanford
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY; SUNY Upstate Medical University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Syracuse, NY
| | - Oleg Shapiro
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Ross
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY; Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Urology, Syracuse, NY; SUNY Upstate Medical University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Syracuse, NY.
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Li WQ, Guo HF, Li LY, Zhang YF, Cui JW. The promising role of antibody drug conjugate in cancer therapy: Combining targeting ability with cytotoxicity effectively. Cancer Med 2021; 10:4677-4696. [PMID: 34165267 PMCID: PMC8290258 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traditional cancer therapy has many disadvantages such as low selectivity and high toxicity of chemotherapy, as well as insufficient efficacy of targeted therapy. To enhance the cytotoxic effect and targeting ability, while reducing the toxicity of antitumor drugs, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) was developed to deliver small molecular cytotoxic payloads directly to tumor cells by binding to specific antibodies via linkers. Method By reviewing published literature and the current progress of ADCs, we aimed to summarize the basic characteristics, clinical progress, and challenges of ADCs to provide a reference for clinical practice and further research. Results ADC is a conjugate composed of three fundamental components, including monoclonal antibodies, cytotoxic payloads, and stable linkers. The mechanisms of ADC including the classical internalization pathway, antitumor activity of antibodies, bystander effect, and non‐internalizing mechanism. With the development of new drugs and advances in technology, various ADCs have achieved clinical efficacy. To date, nine ADCs have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the field of hematologic tumors and solid tumors, which have become routine clinical treatments. Conclusion ADC has changed traditional treatment patterns for cancer patients, which enable the same treatment for pancreatic cancer patients and promote individualized precision treatment. Further exploration of indications could focus on early‐stage cancer patients and combined therapy settings. Besides, the mechanisms of drug resistance, manufacturing techniques, optimized treatment regimens, and appropriate patient selection remain the major topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Li
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Han-Fei Guo
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Fei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiu-Wei Cui
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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A 5-lncRNA Signature Associated with Smoking Predicts the Overall Survival of Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8839747. [PMID: 33688381 PMCID: PMC7914096 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8839747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated that noncoding RNA is abnormally expressed in cancer tissues and serves a vital role in tumorigenesis, tumor development, and metastasis. The aim of the present study was to determine an lncRNA signature in order to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). A total of 246 patients with pathologically confirmed MIBC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were recruited and included in the present study. We choose patients who have smoked less (including never smoking) or more than 15 years. A total of 44 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified with a fold change larger than 1.5 and a P value < 0.05 through the limma package. Subsequently, a comparison between patients with no tobacco smoke exposure for <15 years and patients who had been exposed to tobacco smoke for >15 years was performed by using the matchIt package. Among the 44 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 5 lncRNAs were identified to be significantly associated with OS. Based on the characteristic risk scores of these 5 lncRNAs, patients were divided into low-risk and high-risk groups and exhibited significant differences in OS. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the 5-lncRNA signature was independent of age, tumor-node metastasis (TNM) staging, lymphatic node status, and adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy. In the present study, a novel 5-lncRNA signature was developed and was demonstrated to be useful in predicting the survival of patients with MIBC. If validated, this lncRNA signature may assist in the selection of a high-risk subpopulation that requires more aggressive therapeutic intervention. The risk scores involved in several associated pathways were identified using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). However, the clinical implications and mechanism of these 5 lncRNAs require further investigation.
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Yu L, Peng F, Dong X, Chen Y, Sun D, Jiang S, Deng C. Sex-Determining Region Y Chromosome-Related High-Mobility-Group Box 10 in Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564740. [PMID: 33344444 PMCID: PMC7744619 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group-box 10 (SOX10), a member of the SOX family, has recently been highlighted as an essential transcriptional factor involved in developmental biology. Recently, the functionality of SOX 10 has been increasingly revealed by researchers worldwide. It has been reported that SOX10 significantly regulates the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of tumors and is closely associated with the progression of cancer. In this review, we first introduce the basic background of the SOX family and SOX10 and then discuss the pathophysiological roles of SOX10 in cancer. Besides, we enumerate the application of SOX10 in the pathological diagnosis and therapeutic potential of cancer. Eventually, we summarize the potential directions and perspectives of SOX10 in neoplastic theranostics. The information compiled herein may assist in additional studies and increase the potential of SOX10 as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Outpatient Department of Liaoning Military Region, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Aragon-Ching JB, Nizam A, Henson DE. Carcinomas of the Renal Pelvis, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder Share a Carcinogenic Field as Revealed in Epidemiological Analysis of Tumor Registry Data. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:436-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Lin G, Sheng H, Xie H, Zheng Q, Shen Y, Shi G, Ye D. circLPAR1 is a novel biomarker of prognosis for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with invasion and metastasis by miR-762. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3537-3547. [PMID: 30867795 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a specific form of non-coding RNAs, that serve a pivotal role in the development of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and cancer; however, only a few are known with respect to cancer. The present study identified a novel circRNA, circ lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) (hsa_circ_0087960), derived from two exons 226 base pairs in length, in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) tissues. circLPAR1 was identified to be lowly expressed in MIBC tissues in a cohort of 125 cases, and predicted a poor disease-specific survival time, compared with patients with high circLPAR1 expression (52.4 vs. 56.0 months; P=0.001) by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Matrigel and wound healing assays also demonstrated that the invasion of 5637 and T24 bladder cancer cells were significantly enhanced following the knockdown of circLPAR1 by small interfering RNA (si-circLPAR1-1 in T24 cell line, P=0.01; si-circLPAR1-2 in 5637 cell line, P=0.003; si-circLPAR1-2 in T24 cell line, P=0.002; si-circLPAR1-2 in 5637 cell line, P=0.006). The bioinformatics analysis indicated that circLPAR1 may harbor specific microRNAs (miRNAs) according to the miRNAs seed sequence matching. A luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-762 can inhibit the activity of the transfected luciferase gene when inserted in a circLPAR1 wild-type fragment, and this inhibition could be alleviated when the luciferase gene was inserted in a circLPAR1 fragment with the mutated miR-762 target site. In conclusion, the circLPAR1 may function as a potential novel and stable biomarker for the prognosis of MIBC and may be associated with the invasion and metastasis by miR-762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Lin
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Haoyue Sheng
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Huyang Xie
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qiupeng Zheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Shen
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guohai Shi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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11
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Büttner R, Longshore JW, López-Ríos F, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Normanno N, Rouleau E, Penault-Llorca F. Implementing TMB measurement in clinical practice: considerations on assay requirements. ESMO Open 2019; 4:e000442. [PMID: 30792906 PMCID: PMC6350758 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence demonstrates that treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy agents can have considerable benefit across multiple tumours. However, there is a need for the development of predictive biomarkers that identify patients who are most likely to respond to immunotherapy. Comprehensive characterisation of tumours using genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches continues to lead the way in advancing precision medicine. Genetic correlates of response to therapy have been known for some time, but recent clinical evidence has strengthened the significance of high tumour mutational burden (TMB) as a biomarker of response and hence a rational target for immunotherapy. Concordantly, immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed clinical practice for lung cancer and melanoma, which are tumour types with some of the highest mutational burdens. TMB is an implementable approach for molecular biology and/or pathology laboratories that provides a quantitative measure of the total number of mutations in tumour tissue of patients and can be assessed by whole genome, whole exome, or large targeted gene panel sequencing of biopsied material. Currently, TMB assessment is not standardised across research and clinical studies. As a biomarker that affects treatment decisions, it is essential to unify TMB assessment approaches to allow for reliable, comparable results across studies. When implementing TMB measurement assays, it is important to consider factors that may impact the method workflow, the results of the assay, and the interpretation of the data. Such factors include biopsy sample type, sample quality and quantity, genome coverage, sequencing platform, bioinformatic pipeline, and the definitions of the final threshold that determines high TMB. This review outlines the factors for adoption of TMB measurement into clinical practice, providing an understanding of TMB assay considerations throughout the sample journey, and suggests principles to effectively implement TMB assays in a clinical setting to aid and optimise treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - John W Longshore
- Atrium Health, Carolinas Pathology Group, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fernando López-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Dianas Terapéuticas, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédérique Penault-Llorca
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,UMR INSERM 1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Aljabery F, Shabo I, Gimm O, Jahnson S, Olsson H. The expression profile of p14, p53 and p21 in tumour cells is associated with disease-specific survival and the outcome of postoperative chemotherapy treatment in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:530.e7-530.e18. [PMID: 30539751 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of alterations in the biological markers p14, p53, p21, and p16 in relation to tumour cell proliferation, T-category, N- category, lymphovascular invasion, and the ability to predict prognosis in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treated with cystectomy and, if applicable, chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively studied patients with urinary bladder cancer pathological stage pT1 to pT4 treated with cystectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection and postoperative chemotherapy. Tissue microarrays from paraffin-embedded cystectomy tumour samples were examined for expression of immunostaining of p14, p53, p21, p16 and Ki-67 in relation to other clinical and pathological factors as well as cancer-specific survival. RESULTS The median age of the 110 patients was 70 years (range 51-87 years), and 85 (77%) were male. Pathological staging was pT1 to pT2 (organ-confined) in 28 (25%) patients and pT3 to pT4 (non-organ-confined) in 82 (75%) patients. Lymph node metastases were found in 47 patients (43%). P14 expression was more common in tumours with higher T-stages (P = 0.05). The expression of p14 in p53 negative tumours was associated with a significantly shorter survival time (P=0.003). Independently of p53 expression, p14 expression was associated with an impaired response to chemotherapy (P=0.001). The expression of p21 in p53 negative tumours was associated with significantly decrease levels of tumour cell proliferation detected as Ki-67 expression (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous expression of the senescence markers involved in the p53-pathway shows a more relevant correlation to the pathological outcome of MIBC than each protein separately. P14 expression in tumours with non-altered (p53-) tumours is associated with poor prognosis. P14 expression is associated with impaired response to chemotherapy. P21 expression is related to decreased tumour cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Aljabery
- Department of Urology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ivan Shabo
- Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Breast, Endocrine and Sarcoma Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Gimm
- Department of Surgery and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Staffan Jahnson
- Department of Urology, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Olsson
- Department of Pathology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, SE 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
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13
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Chang MM, Lai MS, Hong SY, Pan BS, Huang H, Yang SH, Wu CC, Sun HS, Chuang JI, Wang CY, Huang BM. FGF9/FGFR2 increase cell proliferation by activating ERK1/2, Rb/E2F1, and cell cycle pathways in mouse Leydig tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3503-3518. [PMID: 30191630 PMCID: PMC6215879 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) promotes cancer progression; however, its role in cell proliferation related to tumorigenesis remains elusive. We investigated how FGF9 affected MA‐10 mouse Leydig tumor cell proliferation and found that FGF9 significantly induced cell proliferation by activating ERK1/2 and retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylations within 15 minutes. Subsequently, the expressions of E2F1 and the cell cycle regulators: cyclin D1, cyclin E1 and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in G1 phase and cyclin A1, CDK2 and CDK1 in S‐G2/M phases were increased at 12 hours after FGF9 treatment; and cyclin B1 in G2/M phases were induced at 24 hours after FGF9 stimulation, whereas the phosphorylations of p53, p21 and p27 were not affected by FGF9. Moreover, FGF9‐induced effects were inhibited by MEK inhibitor PD98059, indicating FGF9 activated the Rb/E2F pathway to accelerate MA‐10 cell proliferation by activating ERK1/2. Immunoprecipitation assay and ChIP‐quantitative PCR results showed that FGF9‐induced Rb phosphorylation led to the dissociation of Rb‐E2F1 complexes and thereby enhanced the transactivations of E2F1 target genes, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1 and Cyclin A1. Silencing of FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) using lentiviral shRNA inhibited FGF9‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation, indicating that FGFR2 is the obligate receptor for FGF9 to bind and activate the signaling pathway in MA‐10 cells. Furthermore, in a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse xenograft model, FGF9 significantly promoted MA‐10 tumor growth, a consequence of increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Conclusively, FGF9 interacts with FGFR2 to activate ERK1/2, Rb/E2F1 and cell cycle pathways to induce MA‐10 cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shao Lai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Ying Hong
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hsin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ing Chuang
- Department of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Sharma B, Kanwar SS. Phosphatidylserine: A cancer cell targeting biomarker. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Shi F, Li T, Liu Z, Qu K, Shi C, Li Y, Qin Q, Cheng L, Jin X, Yu T, Di W, Que J, Xia H, She J. FOXO1: Another avenue for treating digestive malignancy? Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 50:124-131. [PMID: 28965871 PMCID: PMC5874167 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Digestive malignancies are the leading cause of mortality among all neoplasms, contributing to estimated 3 million deaths in 2012 worldwide. The mortality rate hassurpassed lung cancer and prostate cancer in recent years. The transcription factor Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) is a key member of Forkhead Box family, regulating diverse cellular functions during tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. In this review, we focus on recent studies investigating the antineoplastic role of FOXO1 in digestive malignancy. This review aims to serve as a guide for further research and implicate FOXO1 as a potent therapeutic target in digestive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengxin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaguang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wencheng Di
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianwen Que
- Center for Human Development & Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Hongping Xia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Junjun She
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Favaretto RL, Zequi SC, Oliveira RAR, Santana T, Costa WH, Cunha IW, Guimarães GC. Tissue-based molecular markers in upper tract urothelial carcinoma and their prognostic implications. Int Braz J Urol 2018; 44:22-37. [PMID: 29135410 PMCID: PMC5815529 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare and aggressive disease that is associated with high rates of recurrence and death. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with excision of the bladder cuff is considered the standard of care for high-risk UTUC, whereas kidney-sparing techniques can be indicated for select patients with low-risk disease. There is a significant lack of clinical and pathological prognostic factors for stratifying patients with regard to making treatment decisions. Incorporation of tissue-based molecular markers into prognostic tools could help accurately stratify patients for clinical decision-making in this heterogeneous disease. Although the number of studies on tissue-based markers in UTUC has risen dramatically in the past several years-many of which are based on single centers and small cohorts, with a low level of evidence-many discrepancies remain between their results. Nevertheless, certain biomarkers are promising tools, necessitating prospective multi-institution studies to validate their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo L Favaretto
- Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica, Serviço de Urologia AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brasil, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Stênio C Zequi
- Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica, Serviço de Urologia AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brasil, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renato A R Oliveira
- Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica, Serviço de Urologia AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brasil, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thiago Santana
- Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica, Serviço de Urologia AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brasil, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Walter H Costa
- Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica, Serviço de Urologia AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brasil, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Isabela W Cunha
- Departamento de Patologia, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gustavo C Guimarães
- Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica, Serviço de Urologia AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brasil, São Paulo, Brasil
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17
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Yang HJ, Liu GL, Liu B, Liu T. GP73 promotes invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1650-1665. [PMID: 29349903 PMCID: PMC5824402 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Golgi membrane protein 73 (GP73) on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and on bladder cancer cell invasion and metastasis through the TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling pathway. Paired bladder cancer and adjacent tissue samples (102) and normal bladder tissue samples (106) were obtained. Bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637, RT4, 253J and J82) were selected and assigned to blank, negative control (NC), TGF-β, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), TGF-β1+ TSP-1, GP73-siRNA-1, GP73-siRNA-2, GP73-siRNA-1+ TSP-1, GP73-siRNA-1+ pcDNA-GP73, WT1-siRNA and WT1-siRNA + GP73-siRNA-1 groups. Expressions of GP73, TGF-β1, Smad2, p-Smad2, E-cadherin and vimentin were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined using MTT assay, scratch testing and Transwell assay, respectively. Compared with the blank and NC groups, levels of GP73, TGF-β1, Smad2, p-Smad2, N-cadherin and vimentin decreased, and levels of WT1 and E-cadherin increased in the GP73-siRNA-1 and GP73-siRNA-2 groups, while the opposite results were observed in the WT1 siRNA, TGF-β, TSP-1 and TGF-β + TSP-1 groups. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion notably decreased in the GP73-siRNA-1 and GP73-siRNA-2 groups in comparison with the blank and NC groups, while in the WT1 siRNA, TGF-β, TSP-1 and TGF-β + TSP-1 groups, cell migration, invasion and proliferation showed the reduction after the EMT. These results suggest that GP73 promotes bladder cancer invasion and metastasis by inducing the EMT through down-regulating WT1 levels and activating the TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jie Yang
- Department of Urology, Pingxiang Affiliated, Southern Medical University, Pingxiang, China
| | - Ge-Liang Liu
- Department of Urology, Pingxiang Affiliated, Southern Medical University, Pingxiang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya 2nd Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya 2nd Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Skvortsova
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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