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Su X, Li Y, Ren Y, Cao M, Yang G, Luo J, Hu Z, Deng H, Deng M, Liu B, Yao Z. A new strategy for overcoming drug resistance in liver cancer: Epigenetic regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116902. [PMID: 38870626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma has posed significant obstacles to effective treatment. Recent evidence indicates that, in addition to traditional gene mutations, epigenetic recoding plays a crucial role in HCC drug resistance. Unlike irreversible gene mutations, epigenetic changes are reversible, offering a promising avenue for preventing and overcoming drug resistance in liver cancer. This review focuses on various epigenetic modifications relevant to drug resistance in HCC and their underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we introduce current clinical epigenetic drugs and clinical trials of these drugs as regulators of drug resistance in other solid tumors. Although there is no clinical study to prevent the occurrence of drug resistance in liver cancer, the development of liquid biopsy and other technologies has provided a bridge to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Mingbo Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ziyi Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Haixia Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Meihai Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic-Splenic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Carvalho LADC, Noma IHY, Uehara AH, Siena ÁDD, Osaki LH, Mori MP, Pinto NCDS, Freitas VM, Junior WAS, Smalley KSM, Maria-Engler SS. Modeling Melanoma Heterogeneity In Vitro: Redox, Resistance and Pigmentation Profiles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 38790661 PMCID: PMC11118096 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment and transcriptional plasticity generate subpopulations within the tumor, and the use of BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis) contributes to the rise and selection of resistant clones. We stochastically isolated subpopulations (C1, C2, and C3) from naïve melanoma and found that the clones demonstrated distinct morphology, phenotypic, and functional profiles: C1 was less proliferative, more migratory and invasive, less sensitive to BRAFis, less dependent on OXPHOS, more sensitive to oxidative stress, and less pigmented; C2 was more proliferative, less migratory and invasive, more sensitive to BRAFis, less sensitive to oxidative stress, and more pigmented; and C3 was less proliferative, more migratory and invasive, less sensitive to BRAFis, more dependent on OXPHOS, more sensitive to oxidative stress, and more pigmented. Hydrogen peroxide plays a central role in oxidative stress and cell signaling, and PRDXs are one of its main consumers. The intrinsically resistant C1 and C3 clones had lower MITF, PGC-1α, and PRDX1 expression, while C1 had higher AXL and decreased pigmentation markers, linking PRDX1 to clonal heterogeneity and resistance. PRDX2 is depleted in acquired BRAFi-resistant cells and acts as a redox sensor. Our results illustrate that decreased pigmentation markers are related to therapy resistance and decreased antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Anastacio da Costa Carvalho
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.A.d.C.C.); (K.S.M.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (I.H.Y.N.); (A.H.U.)
| | - Isabella Harumi Yonehara Noma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (I.H.Y.N.); (A.H.U.)
| | - Adriana Hiromi Uehara
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (I.H.Y.N.); (A.H.U.)
| | - Ádamo Davi Diógenes Siena
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Luciana Harumi Osaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (L.H.O.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Mateus Prates Mori
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (M.P.M.); (N.C.d.S.P.)
| | - Nadja Cristhina de Souza Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (M.P.M.); (N.C.d.S.P.)
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Department of Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (L.H.O.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Wilson Araújo Silva Junior
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Keiran S. M. Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.A.d.C.C.); (K.S.M.S.)
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (I.H.Y.N.); (A.H.U.)
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Tanei T, Seno S, Sota Y, Hatano T, Kitahara Y, Abe K, Masunaga N, Tsukabe M, Yoshinami T, Miyake T, Shimoda M, Matsuda H, Shimazu K. High HER2 Intratumoral Heterogeneity Is a Predictive Factor for Poor Prognosis in Early-Stage and Locally Advanced HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1062. [PMID: 38473420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer tumors frequently have intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH). Tumors with high ITH cause therapeutic resistance and have human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) heterogeneity in response to HER2-targeted therapies. This study aimed to investigate whether high HER2 heterogeneity levels were clinically related to a poor prognosis for HER2-targeted adjuvant therapy resistance in primary breast cancers. METHODS This study included patients with primary breast cancer (n = 251) treated with adjuvant HER2-targeted therapies. HER2 heterogeneity was manifested by the shape of HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization amplification (FISH) distributed histograms with the HER2 gene copy number within a tumor sample. Each tumor was classified into a biphasic grade graph (high heterogeneity [HH]) group or a monophasic grade graph (low heterogeneity [LH]) group based on heterogeneity. Both groups were evaluated for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for a median of ten years of annual follow-up. RESULTS Of 251 patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, 46 (18.3%) and 205 (81.7%) were classified into the HH and LH groups, respectively. The HH group had more distant metastases and a poorer prognosis than the LH group (DFS: p < 0.001 (HH:63% vs. LH:91% at 10 years) and for the OS: p = 0.012 (HH:78% vs. LH:95% at 10 years). CONCLUSIONS High HER2 heterogeneity is a poor prognostic factor in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. A novel approach to heterogeneity, which is manifested by the shape of HER2 FISH distributions, might be clinically useful in the prognosis prediction of patients after HER2 adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tanei
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sota
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hatano
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitahara
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Abe
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nanae Masunaga
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Tsukabe
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yoshinami
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyake
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimoda
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuda
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenzo Shimazu
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-E10 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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Chen H, Zhai C, Xu X, Wang H, Han W, Shen J. Multilevel Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 38201487 PMCID: PMC10778489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) is a highly heterogeneous disease. Therapies that target both primary foci and liver metastasis are severely lacking. Therefore, understanding the features of metastatic tumor cells in the liver is valuable for the overall control of CRLM patients. In this review, we summarize the heterogeneity exhibited in CRLM from five aspects (gene, transcriptome, protein, metabolism, and immunity). In addition to genetic heterogeneity, the other four aspects exhibit significant heterogeneity. Compared to primary CRC, the dysregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, the enhanced metabolic activity, and the increased infiltration of immunosuppressive cells are detected in CRLM. Preclinical evidence shows that targeting the EMT process or enhancing cellular metabolism may represent a novel approach to increasing the therapeutic efficacy of CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (H.C.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (H.W.)
| | - Jiaying Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (H.C.); (C.Z.); (X.X.); (H.W.)
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Li J, Li L, You P, Wei Y, Xu B. Towards artificial intelligence to multi-omics characterization of tumor heterogeneity in esophageal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 91:35-49. [PMID: 36868394 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a unique and complex heterogeneous malignancy, with substantial tumor heterogeneity: at the cellular levels, tumors are composed of tumor and stromal cellular components; at the genetic levels, they comprise genetically distinct tumor clones; at the phenotypic levels, cells in distinct microenvironmental niches acquire diverse phenotypic features. This heterogeneity affects almost every process of esophageal cancer progression from onset to metastases and recurrence, etc. Intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity are major obstacles in the treatment of esophageal cancer, but also offer the potential to manipulate the heterogeneity themselves as a new therapeutic strategy. The high-dimensional, multi-faceted characterization of genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabonomics, etc. of esophageal cancer has opened novel horizons for dissecting tumor heterogeneity. Artificial intelligence especially machine learning and deep learning algorithms, are able to make decisive interpretations of data from multi-omics layers. To date, artificial intelligence has emerged as a promising computational tool for analyzing and dissecting esophageal patient-specific multi-omics data. This review provides a comprehensive review of tumor heterogeneity from a multi-omics perspective. Especially, we discuss the novel techniques single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, which have revolutionized our understanding of the cell compositions of esophageal cancer and allowed us to determine novel cell types. We focus on the latest advances in artificial intelligence in integrating multi-omics data of esophageal cancer. Artificial intelligence-based multi-omics data integration computational tools exert a key role in tumor heterogeneity assessment, which will potentially boost the development of precision oncology in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Health Committee Key (JHCK) Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peimeng You
- Nanchang University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Jiangxi Health Committee Key (JHCK) Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China.
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Ahmed YW, Alemu BA, Bekele SA, Gizaw ST, Zerihun MF, Wabalo EK, Teklemariam MD, Mihrete TK, Hanurry EY, Amogne TG, Gebrehiwot AD, Berga TN, Haile EA, Edo DO, Alemu BD. Epigenetic tumor heterogeneity in the era of single-cell profiling with nanopore sequencing. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:107. [PMID: 36030244 PMCID: PMC9419648 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing has brought the technology to the next generation in the science of sequencing. This is achieved through research advancing on: pore efficiency, creating mechanisms to control DNA translocation, enhancing signal-to-noise ratio, and expanding to long-read ranges. Heterogeneity regarding epigenetics would be broad as mutations in the epigenome are sensitive to cause new challenges in cancer research. Epigenetic enzymes which catalyze DNA methylation and histone modification are dysregulated in cancer cells and cause numerous heterogeneous clones to evolve. Detection of this heterogeneity in these clones plays an indispensable role in the treatment of various cancer types. With single-cell profiling, the nanopore sequencing technology could provide a simple sequence at long reads and is expected to be used soon at the bedside or doctor's office. Here, we review the advancements of nanopore sequencing and its use in the detection of epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannis Wondwosen Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhan Ababaw Alemu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Addisu Bekele
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Tebeje Gizaw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Fekadie Zerihun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endriyas Kelta Wabalo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maria Degef Teklemariam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehayneh Kelemu Mihrete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Yibru Hanurry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tensae Gebru Amogne
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assaye Desalegne Gebrehiwot
- Department of Medical Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Nida Berga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebsitu Abate Haile
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dessiet Oma Edo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuwork Derebew Alemu
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
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Cell-type-specific epigenetic effects of early life stress on the brain. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:326. [PMID: 35948532 PMCID: PMC9365848 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) induces long-term phenotypic adaptations that contribute to increased vulnerability to a host of neuropsychiatric disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA, are a proposed link between environmental stressors, alterations in gene expression, and phenotypes. Epigenetic modifications play a primary role in shaping functional differences between cell types and can be modified by environmental perturbations, especially in early development. Together with contributions from genetic variation, epigenetic mechanisms orchestrate patterns of gene expression within specific cell types that contribute to phenotypic variation between individuals. To date, many studies have provided insights into epigenetic changes resulting from ELS. However, most of these studies have examined heterogenous brain tissue, despite evidence of cell-type-specific epigenetic modifications in phenotypes associated with ELS. In this review, we focus on rodent and human studies that have examined epigenetic modifications induced by ELS in select cell types isolated from the brain or associated with genes that have cell-type-restricted expression in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Although significant challenges remain, future studies using these approaches can enable important mechanistic insight into the role of epigenetic variation in the effects of ELS on brain function.
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Rath S, Chakraborty D, Pradhan J, Imran Khan M, Dandapat J. Epigenomic interplay in tumor heterogeneity: Potential of epidrugs as adjunct therapy. Cytokine 2022; 157:155967. [PMID: 35905624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
"Heterogeneity" in tumor mass has immense importance in cancer progression and therapy. The impact of tumor heterogeneity is an emerging field and not yet fully explored. Tumor heterogeneity is mainly considered as intra-tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumor heterogeneity based on their origin. Intra-tumor heterogeneity refers to the discrepancy within the same cancer mass while inter-tumor heterogeneity refers to the discrepancy between different patients having the same tumor type. Both of these heterogeneity types lead to variation in the histopathological as well as clinical properties of the cancer mass which drives disease resistance towards therapeutic approaches. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) act as pinnacle progenitors for heterogeneity development along with various other genetic and epigenetic parameters that are regulating this process. In recent times epigenetic factors are one of the most studied parameters that drive oxidative stress pathways essential during cancer progression. These epigenetic changes are modulated by various epidrugs and have an impact on tumor heterogeneity. The present review summarizes various aspects of epigenetic regulation in the tumor microenvironment, oxidative stress, and progression towards tumor heterogeneity that creates complications during cancer treatment. This review also explores the possible role of epidrugs in regulating tumor heterogeneity and personalized therapy against drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvasmita Rath
- Center of Environment, Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Diptesh Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotsnarani Pradhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Artificial Intelligence for Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jagneshwar Dandapat
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India; Centre of Excellence in Integrated Omics and Computational Biology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India.
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Ge R, Wang Z, Cheng L. Tumor microenvironment heterogeneity an important mediator of prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:31. [PMID: 35508696 PMCID: PMC9068628 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity, which poses a major challenge to precision therapy and drug development. In this review, we discuss how nongenetic factors contribute to heterogeneity of prostate cancer. We also discuss tumor heterogeneity and phenotypic switching related to anticancer therapies. Lastly, we summarize the challenges targeting the tumor environments, and emphasize that continued exploration of tumor heterogeneity is needed in order to offer a personalized therapy for advanced prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Ge
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zongwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors: A Promising Weapon to Tackle Therapy Resistance in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073660. [PMID: 35409020 PMCID: PMC8998190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignant tumor, arising more commonly on the skin, while it can also occur on mucosal surfaces and the uveal tract of the eye. In the context of the unresectable and metastatic cases that account for the vast majority of melanoma-related deaths, the currently available therapeutic options are of limited value. The exponentially increasing knowledge in the field of molecular biology has identified epigenetic reprogramming and more specifically histone deacetylation (HDAC), as a crucial regulator of melanoma progression and as a key driver in the emergence of drug resistance. A variety of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been developed and evaluated in multiple solid and hematologic malignancies, showing promising results. In melanoma, various experimental models have elucidated a critical role of histone deacetylases in disease pathogenesis. They could, therefore, represent a promising novel therapeutic approach for advanced disease. A number of clinical trials assessing the efficacy of HDACi have already been completed, while a few more are in progress. Despite some early promising signs, a lot of work is required in the field of clinical studies, and larger patient cohorts are needed in order for more valid conclusions to be extracted, regarding the potential of HDACi as mainstream treatment options for melanoma.
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Deciphering Tumour Heterogeneity: From Tissue to Liquid Biopsy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061384. [PMID: 35326534 PMCID: PMC8946040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most malignant tumours are highly heterogeneous at molecular and phenotypic levels. Tumour variability poses challenges for the management of patients, as it arises between patients and even evolves in space and time within a single patient. Currently, treatment-decision making usually relies on the molecular characteristics of a limited tumour tissue sample at the time of diagnosis or disease progression but does not take into account the complexity of the bulk tumours and their constant evolution over time. In this review, we explore the extent of tumour heterogeneity and report the mechanisms that promote and sustain this diversity in cancers. We summarise the clinical strikes of tumour diversity in the management of patients with cancer. Finally, we discuss the current material and technological approaches that are relevant to adequately appreciate tumour heterogeneity. Abstract Human solid malignancies harbour a heterogeneous set of cells with distinct genotypes and phenotypes. This heterogeneity is installed at multiple levels. A biological diversity is commonly observed between tumours from different patients (inter-tumour heterogeneity) and cannot be fully captured by the current consensus molecular classifications for specific cancers. To extend the complexity in cancer, there are substantial differences from cell to cell within an individual tumour (intra-tumour heterogeneity, ITH) and the features of cancer cells evolve in space and time. Currently, treatment-decision making usually relies on the molecular characteristics of a limited tumour tissue sample at the time of diagnosis or disease progression but does not take into account the complexity of the bulk tumours and their constant evolution over time. In this review, we explore the extent of tumour heterogeneity with an emphasis on ITH and report the mechanisms that promote and sustain this diversity in cancers. We summarise the clinical strikes of ITH in the management of patients with cancer. Finally, we discuss the current material and technological approaches that are relevant to adequately appreciate ITH.
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Niklas M, Schlegel J, Liew H, Zimmermann F, Rein K, Walsh DW, Dzyubachyk O, Holland-Letz T, Rahmanian S, Greilich S, Runz A, Jäkel O, Debus J, Abdollahi A. Biosensor for deconvolution of individual cell fate in response to ion beam irradiation. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100169. [PMID: 35474967 PMCID: PMC9017136 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clonogenic survival assay constitutes the gold standard method for quantifying radiobiological effects. However, it neglects cellular radiation response variability and heterogeneous energy deposition by ion beams on the microscopic scale. We introduce "Cell-Fit-HD4D" a biosensor that enables a deconvolution of individual cell fate in response to the microscopic energy deposition as visualized by optical microscopy. Cell-Fit-HD4D enables single-cell dosimetry in clinically relevant complex radiation fields by correlating microscopic beam parameters with biological endpoints. Decrypting the ion beam's energy deposition and molecular effects at the single-cell level has the potential to improve our understanding of radiobiological dose concepts as well as radiobiological study approaches in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Niklas
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Schlegel
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Liew
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Zimmermann
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Rein
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich W.M. Walsh
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Department of Radiology and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Holland-Letz
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shirin Rahmanian
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Greilich
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Armin Runz
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Jäkel
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology and Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
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Jacquemin V, Antoine M, Dom G, Detours V, Maenhaut C, Dumont JE. Dynamic Cancer Cell Heterogeneity: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:280. [PMID: 35053446 PMCID: PMC8773841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though heterogeneity of cancers is recognized and has been much discussed in recent years, the concept often remains overlooked in different routine examinations. Indeed, in clinical or biological articles, reviews, and textbooks, cancers and cancer cells are generally presented as evolving distinct entities rather than as an independent heterogeneous cooperative cell population with its self-oriented biology. There are, therefore, conceptual gaps which can mislead the interpretations/diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this short review, we wish to summarize and discuss various aspects of this dynamic evolving heterogeneity and its biological, pathological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications, using thyroid carcinoma as an illustrative example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Jacquemin
- Correspondence: (V.J.); (J.E.D.); Tel.: +32-2-555-32-26 (V.J.); +32-2-555-41-34 (J.E.D.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques E. Dumont
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (M.A.); (G.D.); (V.D.); (C.M.)
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Wang M, Xiong Z. The Mutation and Expression Level of LRP1B are Associated with Immune Infiltration and Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6343-6358. [PMID: 34629898 PMCID: PMC8495614 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s333390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore the expression level and mutation of LRP1B in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to analyse the relationship between its prognostic value and immune invasion. Methods HCC mutant gene sets were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas and International Cancer Genome Consortium databases. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to evaluate the prognostic value of LRP1B expression and mutation load in HCC. The relationships between LRP1B expression level and immune cells and immune marker molecules were analysed by using the TIMER database. The association of LRP1B expression with drug sensitivity was obtained by using CellMiner. Gene set enrichment analysis and co-expression by Spearman correlation analysis were used to explore the internal mechanism of LRP1B in HCC. Results Seventeen most commonly mutated genes were screened out, and LRP1B was the only gene associated with HCC prognosis. The copy number variations were significantly correlated with T cell CD8+ (P < 0.05). LRP1B expression level was positively correlated with the infiltration degree of macrophage (P < 0.05, R = 0.132), myeloid dendritic cell (P < 0.05, R = 0.093), neutrophil (P < 0.05, R = 0.134) and T cell CD8+ cells (P < 0.05, R = 0.102) and negatively correlated with B cell (P < 0.05, R = −0.014) and T cell CD4+ (P < 0.05, R = −0.075). LRP1B expression level was significantly correlated with immunomarker molecules and drug sensitivity (all P < 0.05). The prediction of lncRNA RUSC1-AS1/hsa-miR-215-5p/LRP1B axis by bioinformatics may be the potential mechanism underlying LRP1B’s effect on HCC prognosis and progression. Conclusion LRP1B plays a vital role in HCC prognostic value, which is expected to be a new potential therapeutic target for HCC. LRP1B provides a theoretical basis for the clinical targeted therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifan Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, People's Republic of China
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Fatfat Z, Fatfat M, Gali-Muhtasib H. Therapeutic potential of thymoquinone in combination therapy against cancer and cancer stem cells. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:522-543. [PMID: 34367926 PMCID: PMC8317652 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i7.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term success of standard anticancer monotherapeutic strategies has been hampered by intolerable side effects, resistance to treatment and cancer relapse. These monotherapeutic strategies shrink the tumor bulk but do not effectively eliminate the population of self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are normally present within the tumor. These surviving CSCs develop mechanisms of resistance to treatment and refuel the tumor, thus causing cancer relapse. To ensure durable tumor control, research has moved away from adopting the monotreatment paradigm towards developing and using combination therapy. Combining different therapeutic modalities has demonstrated significant therapeutic outcomes by strengthening the anti-tumor potential of monotreatment against cancer and cancer stem cells, mitigating their toxic adverse effects, and ultimately overcoming resistance. Recently, there has been growing interest in combining natural products from different sources or with clinically used chemotherapeutics to further improve treatment efficacy and tolerability. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa, has gained great attention in combination therapy research after demonstrating its low toxicity to normal cells and remarkable anticancer efficacy in extensive preclinical studies in addition to its ability to target chemoresistant CSCs. Here, we provide an overview of the therapeutic responses resulting from combining TQ with conventional therapeutic agents such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites and antimicrotubules as well as with topoisomerase inhibitors and non-coding RNA. We also review data on anticancer effects of TQ when combined with ionizing radiation and several natural products such as vitamin D3, melatonin and other compounds derived from Chinese medicinal plants. The focus of this review is on two outcomes of TQ combination therapy, namely eradicating CSCs and treating various types of cancers. In conclusion, the ability of TQ to potentiate the anticancer activity of many chemotherapeutic agents and sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy makes it a promising molecule that could be used in combination therapy to overcome resistance to standard chemotherapeutic agents and reduce their associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Fatfat
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Maamoun Fatfat
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Hala Gali-Muhtasib
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Drug Discovery, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Lv W, Zhang X, Dong H, Wu Q, Sun B, Zhang Y. Exploring effects of DNA methylation and gene expression on pan-cancer drug response by mathematical models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1626-1642. [PMID: 33910405 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since genetic alteration only accounts for 20%-30% in the drug effect-related factors, the role of epigenetic regulation mechanisms in drug response is gradually being valued. However, how epigenetic changes and abnormal gene expression affect the chemotherapy response remains unclear. Therefore, we constructed a variety of mathematical models based on the integrated DNA methylation, gene expression, and anticancer drug response data of cancer cell lines from pan-cancer levels to identify genes whose DNA methylation is associated with drug response and then to assess the impact of epigenetic regulation of gene expression on the sensitivity of anticancer drugs. The innovation of the mathematical models lies in: Linear regression model is followed by logistic regression model, which greatly shortens the calculation time and ensures the reliability of results by considering the covariates. Second, reconstruction of prediction models based on multiple dataset partition methods not only evaluates the model stability but also optimizes the drug-gene pairs. For 368,520 drug-gene pairs with P < 0.05 in linear models, 999 candidate pairs with both AUC ≥ 0.8 and P < 0.05 were obtained by logistic regression models between drug response and DNA methylation. Then 931 drug-gene pairs with 45 drugs and 491 genes were optimized by model stability assessment. Integrating both DNA methylation and gene expression markedly increased predictive power for 732 drug-gene pairs where 598 drug-gene pairs including 44 drugs and 359 genes were prioritized. Several drug target genes were enriched in the modules of the drug-gene-weighted interaction network. Besides, for cancer driver genes such as EGFR, MET, and TET2, synergistic effects of DNA methylation and gene expression can predict certain anticancer drugs' responses. In summary, we identified potential drug sensitivity-related markers from pan-cancer levels and concluded that synergistic regulation of DNA methylation and gene expression affect anticancer drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Lv
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xingda Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Huili Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Computational Biology Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Computational Biology Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 51000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 51000, China
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Orel VB, Syvak LA, Orel VE. Remote control of magnetic nanocomplexes for delivery and destruction of cancer cells. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:872-881. [PMID: 33840254 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211005098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although nanotechnology advances have been exploited for a myriad of purposes, including cancer diagnostics and treatment, still there is little discussion about the mechanisms of remote control. Our main aim here is to explain the possibility of a magnetic field control over magnetic nanocomplexes to improve their delivery, controlled release and antitumor activity. In doing so we considered the nonlinear dynamics of magnetomechanical and magnetochemical effects based on free radical mechanisms in cancer development for future pre-clinical studies.
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Meng Y, Zhao Q, An L, Jiao S, Li R, Sang Y, Liao J, Nie P, Wen F, Ju J, Zhou Z, Wei L. A TNFR2-hnRNPK Axis Promotes Primary Liver Cancer Development via Activation of YAP Signaling in Hepatic Progenitor Cells. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3036-3050. [PMID: 33619115 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most primary liver cancer (PLC) cases progress mainly due to underlying chronic liver inflammation, yet the underlying mechanisms of inflammation-mediated PLC remain unclear. Here we uncover a TNF receptor II (TNFR2)-hnRNPK-YAP signaling axis in hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) essential for PLC development. TNFR2, but not TNF receptor I (TNFR1), was required for TNFα-induced activation of YAP during malignant transformation of HPCs and liver tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein K (hnRNPK) acted downstream of TNFα-TNFR2 signaling to directly interact with and stabilize YAP on target gene promoters genome-wide, therefore coregulating the expression of YAP target genes. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed the association of TNFR2-hnRNPK with YAP expression and the pathologic importance of HPC. Accordingly, expressions of TNFR2, hnRNPK, and YAP were all upregulated in PLC tissues and were strongly associated with poor prognosis of PLC including patient survival. Collectively, this study clarifies the differential roles of TNFRs in HPC-mediated tumorigenesis, uncovering a TNFR2-hnRNPK-centered mechanistic link between the TNFα-mediated inflammatory milieu and YAP activation in HPCs during PLC development. SIGNIFICANCE: This work defines how hnRNPK links TNFα signaling and Hippo pathway transcription coactivator YAP in hepatic progenitor cells during primary liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiudong Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei An
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Li
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Sang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Liao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuping Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Ju
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Guo L, Lee YT, Zhou Y, Huang Y. Targeting epigenetic regulatory machinery to overcome cancer therapy resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:487-502. [PMID: 33421619 PMCID: PMC8257754 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance, either intrinsic or acquired, represents a major hurdle to achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes during cancer treatment. In addition to acquisition of resistance-conferring genetic mutations, accumulating evidence suggests an intimate involvement of the epigenetic machinery in this process as well. Recent studies have revealed that epigenetic reprogramming, such as altered expression or relocation of DNA/histone modulators accompanied with chromatin structure remodeling, can lead to transcriptional plasticity in tumor cells, thereby driving their transformation towards a persistent state. These "persisters" represent a pool of slow-growing cells that can either re-expand when treatment is discontinued or acquire permanent resistance. Targeting epigenetic reprogramming or plasticity represents a new strategy to prevent the emergence of drug-refractory populations and to enable more consistent clinical responses. With the growing numbers of drugs or drug candidates developed to target epigenetic regulators, more and more epigenetic therapies are under preclinical evaluation, early clinical trials or approved by FDA as single agent or in combination with existing antitumor drugs. In this review, we highlight latest discoveries in the mechanistic understanding of epigenetically-induced drug resistance. In parallel, we discuss the potential of combining epigenetic drugs with existing anticancer regimens as a promising strategy for overcoming cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Tsang Lee
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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20
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Metabolic regulation of prostate cancer heterogeneity and plasticity. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 82:94-119. [PMID: 33290846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the main hallmarks of cancer cells. It refers to the metabolic adaptations of tumor cells in response to nutrient deficiency, microenvironmental insults, and anti-cancer therapies. Metabolic transformation during tumor development plays a critical role in the continued tumor growth and progression and is driven by a complex interplay between the tumor mutational landscape, epigenetic modifications, and microenvironmental influences. Understanding the tumor metabolic vulnerabilities might open novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with the potential to improve the efficacy of current tumor treatments. Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease harboring different mutations and tumor cell phenotypes. While the increase of intra-tumor genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity is associated with tumor progression, less is known about metabolic regulation of prostate cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity. This review summarizes the central metabolic adaptations in prostate tumors, state-of-the-art technologies for metabolic analysis, and the perspectives for metabolic targeting and diagnostic implications.
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De Chiara L, Leiro-Fernandez V, Rodríguez-Girondo M, Valverde D, Botana-Rial MI, Fernández-Villar A. Comparison of Bisulfite Pyrosequencing and Methylation-Specific qPCR for Methylation Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239242. [PMID: 33287451 PMCID: PMC7730915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Different methodological approaches are available to assess DNA methylation biomarkers. In this study, we evaluated two sodium bisulfite conversion-dependent methods, namely pyrosequencing and methylation-specific qPCR (MS-qPCR), with the aim of measuring the closeness of agreement of methylation values between these two methods and its effect when setting a cut-off. Methylation of tumor suppressor gene p16/INK4A was evaluated in 80 lung cancer patients from which cytological lymph node samples were obtained. Cluster analyses were used to establish methylated and unmethylated groups for each method. Agreement and concordance between pyrosequencing and MS-qPCR was evaluated with Pearson’s correlation, Bland–Altman, Cohen’s kappa index and ROC curve analyses. Based on these analyses, cut-offs were derived for MS-qPCR. An acceptable correlation (Pearson’s R2 = 0.738) was found between pyrosequencing (PYRmean) and MS-qPCR (NMP; normalized methylation percentage), providing similar clinical results when categorizing data as binary using cluster analysis. Compared to pyrosequencing, MS-qPCR tended to underestimate methylation for values between 0 and 15%, while for methylation >30% overestimation was observed. The estimated cut-off for MS-qPCR data based on cluster analysis, kappa-index agreement and ROC curve analysis were much lower than that derived from pyrosequencing. In conclusion, our results indicate that independently of the approach used for estimating the cut-off, the methylation percentage obtained through MS-qPCR is lower than that calculated for pyrosequencing. These differences in data and therefore in the cut-off should be examined when using methylation biomarkers in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta De Chiara
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-813-841
| | - Virginia Leiro-Fernandez
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, EOXI Vigo, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (V.L.-F.); (M.I.B.-R.); (A.F.-V.)
- PneumoVigo I +i Research Group, Sanitary Research Institute Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Girondo
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Diana Valverde
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Botana-Rial
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, EOXI Vigo, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (V.L.-F.); (M.I.B.-R.); (A.F.-V.)
- PneumoVigo I +i Research Group, Sanitary Research Institute Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Villar
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, EOXI Vigo, 36213 Vigo, Spain; (V.L.-F.); (M.I.B.-R.); (A.F.-V.)
- PneumoVigo I +i Research Group, Sanitary Research Institute Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain
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22
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Dzobo K, Ganz C, Thomford NE, Senthebane DA. Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Relation to Patient Survival Outcomes: Lessons for Integrative Diagnostics and Next-Generation Anticancer Drug Development. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 25:81-92. [PMID: 33170084 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors display a complex biology that requires a multipronged treatment strategy. Most anticancer interventions, including chemotherapy, are currently unable to prevent treatment resistance and relapse. In general, therapeutics target cancer cells and overlook the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) with self-renewal and tumorigenic abilities. CSCs have been postulated to play key roles in tumor initiation, progression, therapy resistance, and metastasis. Hence, CSC markers have been suggested as diagnostics to forecast cancer prognosis as well as molecular targets for new-generation cancer treatments, especially in resistant disease. We report here original findings on expression and prognostic significance of CSC markers in several cancers. We examined and compared the transcriptional expression of CSC markers (ABCB1, ABCG2, ALDH1A1, CD24, CD44, CD90, CD133, CXCR4, EPCAM, ICAM1, and NES) in tumor tissues versus the adjacent normal tissues using publicly available databases, The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. We found that CSC transcriptional markers were, to a large extent, expressed in higher abundance in solid tumors such as colon, lung, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers. On the other hand, no CSC marker in our analysis was expressed in the same pattern in all cancers, while individual CSC marker expression, alone, was not significantly associated with overall patient survival. Innovation in next-generation cancer therapeutics and diagnostics ought to combine CSC markers as well as integrative diagnostics that pool knowledge from CSCs and other TME components and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chelene Ganz
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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23
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Leung JY, Chia K, Ong DST, Taneja R. Interweaving Tumor Heterogeneity into the Cancer Epigenetic/Metabolic Axis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:946-965. [PMID: 31841357 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The epigenomic/metabolic landscape in cancer has been studied extensively in the past decade and forms the basis of various drug targets. Yet, cancer treatment remains a challenge, with clinical trials exhibiting limited efficacy and high relapse rates. Patients respond differently to therapy, which is fundamentally attributed to tumor heterogeneity, both across and within tumors. This review focuses on the interactions between the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) and the epigenomic/metabolic axis in cancer, as well as the emerging technologies under development to aid heterogeneity studies. Recent Advances: Interlinks between epigenetics and metabolism in cancer have been reported. Emerging studies have unveiled interactions between the TME and cancer cells that play a critical role in regulating epigenetics and reprogramming cancer metabolism, suggesting a three-way cross talk. Critical Issues: This cross talk accentuates the multiplex nature of cancer, and the importance of considering tumor heterogeneity in various epigenomic/metabolic cancer studies. Future Directions: With the advancement in single-cell profiling, it may be possible to identify cancer subclones and their unique vulnerabilities to develop a multimodal therapy. Drugs targeting the TME are currently being studied, and a better understanding of the TME in regulating cancer epigenetics and metabolism may hold the key to identifying novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu Leung
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kimberly Chia
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derrick Sek Tong Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Terry S, Engelsen AST, Buart S, Elsayed WS, Venkatesh GH, Chouaib S. Hypoxia-driven intratumor heterogeneity and immune evasion. Cancer Lett 2020; 492:1-10. [PMID: 32712233 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While it is widely accepted that high intratumoral heterogeneity confers serious challenges in the emerging resistance and the subsequent effective therapeutic targeting of cancer, the underlying biology of intratumoral heterogeneity remains elusive. In particular, it remains to be fully elucidated how microenvironmental factors shape genetic and non-genetic heterogeneity, which in turn determine the course of tumor evolution and clinical progression. In this context, hypoxia, a hallmark of most growing cancers, characterized by decreased O2 partial pressure is a key player of the tumor microenvironment. Despite extensive data indicating that hypoxia promotes cellular metabolic adaptation, immune suppression and various steps of tumor progression via hypoxia regulated gene transcription, much less is known about the role of hypoxia in mediating therapy resistance as a driver of tumor evolution through genetic and non-genetic mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss recent evidence supporting a prominent role of hypoxia as a driver of tumor heterogeneity and highlight the multifaceted manner by which this in turn could impact cancer evolution, reprogramming and immune escape. Finally, we will discuss how detailed knowledge of the hypoxic footprint may open up new therapeutic avenues for the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Terry
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Agnete S T Engelsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Stéphanie Buart
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Walid Shaaban Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, 4184, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Goutham Hassan Venkatesh
- Thumbay Research Institute of Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, 4184, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France; Thumbay Research Institute of Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, 4184, United Arab Emirates.
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25
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Kartal Ö, Schmid MW, Grossniklaus U. Cell type-specific genome scans of DNA methylation divergence indicate an important role for transposable elements. Genome Biol 2020; 21:172. [PMID: 32660534 PMCID: PMC7359245 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In population genomics, genetic diversity measures play an important role in genome scans for divergent sites. In population epigenomics, comparable tools are rare although the epigenome can vary at several levels of organization. We propose a model-free, information-theoretic approach, the Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD), as a flexible diversity index for epigenomic diversity. Here, we demonstrate how JSD uncovers the relationship between genomic features and cell type-specific methylome diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, JSD is applicable to any epigenetic mark and any collection of individuals, tissues, or cells, for example to assess the heterogeneity in healthy organs and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Kartal
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
- Creoptix AG, Zugerstrasse 76, Wädenswil, 8820 Switzerland
| | - Marc W. Schmid
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
- MWSchmid GmbH, Möhrlistrasse 25, Zurich, 8006 Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008 Switzerland
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26
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Multiresponsive Hybrid Microparticles for Stimuli-Responsive Delivery of Bioactive Compounds. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid microparticles based on an iron core and an amphiphilic polymeric shell have been prepared to respond simultaneously to magnetic and ultrasonic fields and variation in the surrounding pH to trigger and modulate the delivery of doxorubicin. The microparticles have been developed in four steps: (i) synthesis of the iron core; (ii) surface modification of the core; (iii) conjugation with the amphiphilic poly(lactic acid)-grafted chitosan; and (iv) doxorubicin loading. The particles demonstrate spherical shape, a size in the range of 1–3 µm and surface charge that is tuneable by changing the pH of the environment. The microparticles demonstrate good stability in simulated physiological solutions and are able to hold up to 400 µg of doxorubicin per mg of dried particles. The response to ultrasound and the changes in the shell structure during exposure to different pH levels allows the control of the burst intensity and release rate of the payload. Additionally, the magnetic response of the iron core is preserved despite the polymer coat. In vitro cytotoxicity tests performed on fibroblast NIH/3T3 demonstrate a reduction in the cell viability after administration of doxorubicin-loaded microparticles compared to the administration of free doxorubicin. The application of ultrasound causes a burst in the release of the doxorubicin from the carrier, causing a decrease in cell viability. The microparticles demonstrate in vitro cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility at concentrations of up to 50 and 60 µg/mL, respectively.
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27
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Dhar R. Role of Mitochondria in Generation of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Yeast. J Indian Inst Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Wang C, Yang J, Luo H, Wang K, Wang Y, Xiao ZX, Tao X, Jiang H, Cai H. CancerTracer: a curated database for intrapatient tumor heterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D797-D806. [PMID: 31701131 PMCID: PMC7145559 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive genomic analyses of cancers have revealed substantial intrapatient molecular heterogeneities that may explain some instances of drug resistance and treatment failures. Examination of the clonal composition of an individual tumor and its evolution through disease progression and treatment may enable identification of precise therapeutic targets for drug design. Multi-region and single-cell sequencing are powerful tools that can be used to capture intratumor heterogeneity. Here, we present a database we’ve named CancerTracer (http://cailab.labshare.cn/cancertracer): a manually curated database designed to track and characterize the evolutionary trajectories of tumor growth in individual patients. We collected over 6000 tumor samples from 1548 patients corresponding to 45 different types of cancer. Patient-specific tumor phylogenetic trees were constructed based on somatic mutations or copy number alterations identified in multiple biopsies. Using the structured heterogeneity data, researchers can identify common driver events shared by all tumor regions, and the heterogeneous somatic events present in different regions of a tumor of interest. The database can also be used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between primary and metastatic tumors. It is our hope that CancerTracer will significantly improve our understanding of the evolutionary histories of tumors, and may facilitate the identification of predictive biomarkers for personalized cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Xiao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haoyang Cai
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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29
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Van Bockstal MR, Agahozo MC, van Marion R, Atmodimedjo PN, Sleddens HFBM, Dinjens WNM, Visser LL, Lips EH, Wesseling J, van Deurzen CHM. Somatic mutations and copy number variations in breast cancers with heterogeneous HER2 amplification. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:671-685. [PMID: 32058674 PMCID: PMC7138394 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumour heterogeneity fuels carcinogenesis and allows circumventing specific targeted therapies. HER2 gene amplification is associated with poor outcome in invasive breast cancer. Heterogeneous HER2 amplification has been described in 5-41% of breast cancers. Here, we investigated the genetic differences between HER2-positive and HER2-negative admixed breast cancer components. We performed an in-depth analysis to explore the potential heterogeneity in the somatic mutational landscape of each individual tumour component. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue of ten patients with at least one HER2-negative and at least one HER2-positive component was microdissected. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed using a customized 53-gene panel. Somatic mutations and copy number variations were analysed. Overall, the tumours showed a heterogeneous distribution of 12 deletions, 9 insertions, 32 missense variants and 7 nonsense variants in 26 different genes, which are (likely) pathogenic. Three splice site alterations were identified. One patient had an EGFR copy number gain restricted to a HER2-negative in situ component, resulting in EGFR protein overexpression. Two patients had FGFR1 copy number gains in at least one tumour component. Two patients had an 8q24 gain in at least one tumour component, resulting in a copy number increase in MYC and PVT1. One patient had a CCND1 copy number gain restricted to a HER2-negative tumour component. No common alternative drivers were identified in the HER2-negative tumour components. This series of 10 breast cancers with heterogeneous HER2 gene amplification illustrates that HER2 positivity is not an unconditional prerequisite for the maintenance of tumour growth. Many other molecular aberrations are likely to act as alternative or collaborative drivers. This study demonstrates that breast carcinogenesis is a dynamically evolving process characterized by a versatile somatic mutational profile, of which some genetic aberrations will be crucial for cancer progression, and others will be mere 'passenger' molecular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronald van Marion
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute RotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Lindy L. Visser
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Esther H. Lips
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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30
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An Y, Wang B, Wang X, Dong G, Jia J, Yang Q. SIRT1 inhibits chemoresistance and cancer stemness of gastric cancer by initiating an AMPK/FOXO3 positive feedback loop. Cell Death Dis 2020. [PMID: 32051395 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2308-4.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the standard care for patients with gastric cancer (GC); however, resistance to existing drugs has limited its success. The persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is considered to be responsible for treatment failure. In this study, we demonstrated that SIRT1 expression was significantly downregulated in GC tissues, and that a low SIRT1 expression level indicated a poor prognosis in GC patients. We observed a suppressive role of SIRT1 in chemoresistance of GC both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that SIRT1 eliminated CSC properties of GC cells. Mechanistically, SIRT1 exerted inhibitory activities on chemoresistance and CSC properties through FOXO3 and AMPK. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was revealed between FOXO3 and AMPK. AMPK promoted nuclear translocation of FOXO3 and enhanced its transcriptional activities. In addition, FOXO3 increased the expression level and activation of AMPKα by directly binding to its promoter and activating the transcription of AMPKα. Similar to SIRT1, low expression levels of p-AMPKα and FOXO3a are also related to the poor prognosis of GC patients. Moreover, we revealed a correlation between the expression levels of SIRT1, p-AMPKα, and FOXO3a. These findings indicated the importance of the SIRT1-AMPK/FOXO3 pathway in reversing chemoresistance and CSC properties of GC. Thus, exploring efficient strategies to activate the SIRT1-AMPK/FOXO3 pathway may lead to improving the survival of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei An
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guoying Dong
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institute Collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institute Collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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31
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An Y, Wang B, Wang X, Dong G, Jia J, Yang Q. SIRT1 inhibits chemoresistance and cancer stemness of gastric cancer by initiating an AMPK/FOXO3 positive feedback loop. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:115. [PMID: 32051395 PMCID: PMC7015918 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the standard care for patients with gastric cancer (GC); however, resistance to existing drugs has limited its success. The persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is considered to be responsible for treatment failure. In this study, we demonstrated that SIRT1 expression was significantly downregulated in GC tissues, and that a low SIRT1 expression level indicated a poor prognosis in GC patients. We observed a suppressive role of SIRT1 in chemoresistance of GC both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that SIRT1 eliminated CSC properties of GC cells. Mechanistically, SIRT1 exerted inhibitory activities on chemoresistance and CSC properties through FOXO3 and AMPK. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was revealed between FOXO3 and AMPK. AMPK promoted nuclear translocation of FOXO3 and enhanced its transcriptional activities. In addition, FOXO3 increased the expression level and activation of AMPKα by directly binding to its promoter and activating the transcription of AMPKα. Similar to SIRT1, low expression levels of p-AMPKα and FOXO3a are also related to the poor prognosis of GC patients. Moreover, we revealed a correlation between the expression levels of SIRT1, p-AMPKα, and FOXO3a. These findings indicated the importance of the SIRT1-AMPK/FOXO3 pathway in reversing chemoresistance and CSC properties of GC. Thus, exploring efficient strategies to activate the SIRT1-AMPK/FOXO3 pathway may lead to improving the survival of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei An
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guoying Dong
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institute Collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institute Collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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32
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Ramón y Cajal S, Sesé M, Capdevila C, Aasen T, De Mattos-Arruda L, Diaz-Cano SJ, Hernández-Losa J, Castellví J. Clinical implications of intratumor heterogeneity: challenges and opportunities. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:161-177. [PMID: 31970428 PMCID: PMC7007907 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the role of intratumoral heterogeneity, focusing on the clinical and biological ramifications this phenomenon poses. Intratumoral heterogeneity arises through complex genetic, epigenetic, and protein modifications that drive phenotypic selection in response to environmental pressures. Functionally, heterogeneity provides tumors with significant adaptability. This ranges from mutual beneficial cooperation between cells, which nurture features such as growth and metastasis, to the narrow escape and survival of clonal cell populations that have adapted to thrive under specific conditions such as hypoxia or chemotherapy. These dynamic intercellular interplays are guided by a Darwinian selection landscape between clonal tumor cell populations and the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the involved drivers and functional consequences of such tumor heterogeneity is challenging but also promises to provide novel insight needed to confront the problem of therapeutic resistance in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Pathology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Pg. Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sesé
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Capdevila
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Trond Aasen
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia De Mattos-Arruda
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, c/Natzaret, 115-117, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador J. Diaz-Cano
- Department of Histopathology, King’s College Hospital and King’s Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Javier Hernández-Losa
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Pathology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Pathology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Limonta P, Queirolo P. New insights in melanoma biology: Running fast towards precision medicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:161-164. [PMID: 31562958 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy.
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Tsai CC, Chien MN, Chang YC, Lee JJ, Dai SH, Cheng SP. Overexpression of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Trimethylation Is Associated with Aggressiveness and Dedifferentiation of Thyroid Cancer. Endocr Pathol 2019; 30:305-311. [PMID: 31396854 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-019-09586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A variety of epigenetic dysregulations are observed in thyroid malignancies. EZH2, the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2, is upregulated in advanced thyroid cancers. EZH2 can catalyze trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and contribute to transcriptional silencing of target genes. Here, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of H3K27me3 in neoplastic and normal thyroid tissues. Normal thyroid epithelial cells typically exhibited nuclear staining of moderate intensity. A similar expression pattern was observed in nodular goiters and follicular adenomas. By contrast, strong H3K27me3 expression was evident in 80% (8/10) lymphocytic thyroiditis, 63% (80/127) papillary thyroid cancer, 41% (7/17) follicular thyroid cancer, and 73% (8/11) poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer. In differentiated thyroid cancer, strong H3K27me3 expression was associated with extrathyroidal extension (p < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.029), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.006), and higher risk of recurrence (p = 0.003). Our results indicate that H3K27me3 overexpression may be implicated in aggressiveness and dedifferentiation of thyroid cancer. In addition to prognostication, the predictive value of H3K27me3 expression deserves further investigation given the recent development of epigenetic targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Tsai
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ching Chang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Han Dai
- Department of Pathology, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Cancer arises from a single cell through a series of acquired mutations and epigenetic alterations. Tumors gradually develop into a complex tissue comprised of phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cell populations, as well as noncancer cells that make up the tumor microenvironment. The phenotype, or state, of each cancer and stromal cell is influenced by a plethora of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors. The diversity of these cellular states promotes tumor progression, enables metastasis, and poses a challenge for effective cancer treatments. Thus, the identification of strategies for the therapeutic manipulation of tumor heterogeneity would have significant clinical implications. A major barrier in the field is the difficulty in functionally investigating heterogeneity in tumors in cancer patients. Here we review how mouse models of human cancer can be leveraged to interrogate tumor heterogeneity and to help design better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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36
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Amirkhah R, Naderi-Meshkin H, Shah JS, Dunne PD, Schmitz U. The Intricate Interplay between Epigenetic Events, Alternative Splicing and Noncoding RNA Deregulation in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080929. [PMID: 31430887 PMCID: PMC6721676 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from a transformation of colonic epithelial cells into adenocarcinoma cells due to genetic and epigenetic instabilities, alongside remodelling of the surrounding stromal tumour microenvironment. Epithelial-specific epigenetic variations escorting this process include chromatin remodelling, histone modifications and aberrant DNA methylation, which influence gene expression, alternative splicing and function of non-coding RNA. In this review, we first highlight epigenetic modulators, modifiers and mediators in CRC, then we elaborate on causes and consequences of epigenetic alterations in CRC pathogenesis alongside an appraisal of the complex feedback mechanisms realized through alternative splicing and non-coding RNA regulation. An emphasis in our review is put on how this intricate network of epigenetic and post-transcriptional gene regulation evolves during the initiation, progression and metastasis formation in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Amirkhah
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
- Nastaran Center for Cancer Prevention (NCCP), Mashhad 9185765476, Iran
| | - Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin
- Nastaran Center for Cancer Prevention (NCCP), Mashhad 9185765476, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad 9177949367, Iran
| | - Jaynish S Shah
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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37
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Pelham CJ, Nagane M, Madan E. Cell competition in tumor evolution and heterogeneity: Merging past and present. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:11-18. [PMID: 31323289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, cancers are difficult to eliminate because they develop resistance to a primary chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Tumors grow into diverse cell subpopulations, increasing the ability to resist elimination. The phenomenon of 'cell competition' describes our body's natural surveillance system to optimize tissue fitness by forcing viable but aberrant cells to undergo cell death. Cell competition is not simply comparison of cell division potential. Competition factors signal for 'loser' cell elimination and 'winner' cell dominance. New evidence demonstrates it is possible to restrict cancer growth by strengthening the cell fitness of surrounding healthy tissue via anti-apoptotic pathways. Hence, cell competition provides strong conceptual explanation for oncogenesis, tumor growth and suppression. Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of many cancers and establishes gradients in which competitive interactions are able to occur among tumor cell subpopulations as well as neighboring stromal tissue. Here we review cellular/molecular competition pathways in the context of tumor evolution, heterogeneity and response to interventions. We propose strategies to exploit these mediators and design novel broad-spectrum therapeutic approaches that eliminate cancer and enhance fitness of neighboring tissue to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pelham
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
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38
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Langevin SM, Kuhnell D, Niu L, Biesiada J, Leung YK, Deka R, Chen A, Medvedovic M, Kelsey KT, Kasper S, Zhang X. Comprehensive mapping of the methylation landscape of 16 CpG-dense regions in oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Epigenomics 2019; 11:987-1002. [PMID: 31215230 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The goal of this study was to comprehensively interrogate and map DNA methylation across 16 CpG-dense regions previously associated with oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Materials & methods: Targeted multiplex bisulfite amplicon sequencing was performed on four OPSCC cell lines and primary non-neoplastic oral epithelial cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed for a subset of associated genes. Results: There was clear differential methylation between one or more OPSCC cell lines and control cells for the majority of CpG-dense regions. Conclusion: Targeted multiplex bisulfite amplicon sequencing allowed us to efficiently map methylation across the entire region of interest with a high degree of sensitivity and helps shed light on novel differentially methylated regions that may have value as biomarkers of OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Langevin
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Damaris Kuhnell
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Liang Niu
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jacek Biesiada
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Environmental Genetics & Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Karl T Kelsey
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Susan Kasper
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Environmental Genetics & Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.,Division of Environmental Genetics & Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Wang T, Chuffart F, Bourova-Flin E, Wang J, Mi J, Rousseaux S, Khochbin S. Histone variants: critical determinants in tumour heterogeneity. Front Med 2019; 13:289-297. [PMID: 30280307 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cell transformation could be considered as a series of cell reprogramming events driven by oncogenic transcription factors and upstream signalling pathways. Chromatin plasticity and dynamics are critical determinants in the control of cell reprograming. An increase in chromatin dynamics could therefore constitute an essential step in driving oncogenesis and in generating tumour cell heterogeneity, which is indispensable for the selection of aggressive properties, including the ability of cells to disseminate and acquire resistance to treatments. Histone supply and dosage, as well as histone variants, are the best-known regulators of chromatin dynamics. By facilitating cell reprogramming, histone under-dosage and histone variants should also be crucial in cell transformation and tumour metastasis. Here we summarize and discuss our knowledge of the role of histone supply and histone variants in chromatin dynamics and their ability to enhance oncogenic cell reprogramming and tumour heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France.,State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Pôle Sino-Français des Sciences du Vivant et Genomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Florent Chuffart
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Ekaterina Bourova-Flin
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Pôle Sino-Français des Sciences du Vivant et Genomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianqing Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Pôle Sino-Français des Sciences du Vivant et Genomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sophie Rousseaux
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Saadi Khochbin
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France.
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40
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Menschikowski M, Jandeck C, Friedemann M, Richter S, Thiem D, Lange BS, Suttorp M. Identification and Quantification of Heterogeneously-methylated DNA Fragments Using Epiallele-sensitive Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (EAST-ddPCR). Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:299-312. [PMID: 29976635 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM DNA methylation plays an important role in the initiation and propagation of carcinogenesis; however, the role of heterogeneously methylated epialleles is currently not well studied, also due to the lack of sensitive, unbiased and high throughput methods. Here, a newly developed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)-based method was evaluated regarding its ability to quantify such heterogeneously methylated epialleles with sufficient analytical sensitivity and specificity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA from blood leukocytes and bone marrow aspirate of an 8-year old male with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and from normal and malignant prostate cell lines were analysed using ddPCR. RESULTS By using these DNA samples, the specificity of an applied set of fluorescence-labeled probes was demonstrated as a proof of concept. CONCLUSION All individual heterogeneously-methylated epialleles were quantifiable by a set of fluorescence-labeled probes with complementary sequences to epialleles in a closed-tube and high-throughput manner. The new method named epiallele-sensitive droplet digital PCR (EAST-ddPCR) may give new insights in the generation and regulation of epialleles and may help in finding new biomarkers for the diagnosis of benign und malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Menschikowski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Jandeck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Friedemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Richter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dana Thiem
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Sönke Lange
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Meinolf Suttorp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Orel VE, Tselepi M, Mitrelias T, Rykhalskyi A, Romanov A, Orel VB, Shevchenko A, Burlaka A, Lukin S, Barnes CHW. Nanomagnetic Modulation of Tumor Redox State. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1249-1256. [PMID: 29597047 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in a tumor could be exploited for nanotherapeutic benefits. We investigate the antitumor effect in Walker-256 carcinosarcoma of magnetic nanodots composed of doxorubicin-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles combined with electromagnetic fields. Treatment using the magnetic nanodot with the largest hysteresis loop area (3402 erg/g) had the greatest antitumor effect with the minimum growth factor 0.49 ± 0.02 day-1 (compared to 0.58 ± 0.02 day-1 for conventional doxorubicin). Electron spin resonance spectra of Walker-256 carcinosarcoma treated with the nanodots, indicate an increase of 2.7 times of free iron (that promotes the formation of highly reactive oxygen species), using the nanodot with the largest hysteresis loop area, compared to conventional doxorubicin treatment as well as increases in ubisemiquinone, lactoferrin, NO-FeS-proteins. Hence, we provide evidence that the designed magnetic nanodots can modulate the tumor redox state. We discuss the implications of these results for cancer nanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerii E Orel
- Medical Physics and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine; Biomedical Engineering Department, NTUU "Igor Sikorsky KPI", Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Marina Tselepi
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Alexander Rykhalskyi
- Medical Physics and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Andriy Romanov
- Medical Physics and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Valerii B Orel
- Bogomolets National Medical University, Medical Faculty 2, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | | | - Anatoliy Burlaka
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Sergey Lukin
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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