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Krönert MIC, Schwarzenböck SM, Kurth J, Heuschkel M, Krause BJ, Emmert S, Tietze JK. Patient-Orientated Evaluation of Treatment of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with Rhenium-188 Compared to Surgery. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:921. [PMID: 38727478 PMCID: PMC11083370 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are responsible for up to one-third of all human malignancies. Surgery is usually the treatment of choice, but patients often experience pain during the procedure. Topical rhenium-188 resin skin cancer treatment (RSCT) may be a valid therapeutic alternative. METHODS In this monocentric pilot study, 19 patients suffering from NMSC were treated with RSCT. Most of these patients had also experienced surgery, either because they developed a new NMSC in aftercare, or they had suffered previously from NMSC. Three RSCT-treated patients, who had no exposure to surgery so far, were paired with three matched patients, who had received surgery. We sought to evaluate and compare the patients' experience with both treatments. A questionnaire assessed patients' perceptions regarding side effects, aesthetic outcomes, wound care, fear of complications, and personal treatment preferences. Patients evaluated the different parameters of their either RSCT- or surgery-treated lesions on a scale from 0-10. RESULTS Patients were more afraid of complications before surgery than before RSCT (p = 0.04). Treatment with RSCT caused significantly less pain on treatment day (mean 0.56) than surgery (mean 2.32) (0 no pain, 10 maximum pain) (p = 0.02) and 14 days after the procedure (mean 0.89 versus mean 2.47) (p = 0.02). On day 14, RSCT-treated lesions were also significantly less itchy (mean 0.34) than after surgery (mean 1.50). Most patients were very satisfied with the aesthetic outcome after both RSCT (mean 8.42) and surgery (mean 8.31) (p = 0.89). In the case of a new NMSC, the majority of patients who experienced both treatments would rather be treated primarily with RSCT (44%) or would consider both options (31%); only 19% preferred surgery. CONCLUSION Patients evaluated RSCT as less painful than surgery. The aesthetic outcomes of both treatments were comparable. For pain-sensitive patients, RSCT might be a preferable treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maila I. C. Krönert
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.I.C.K.); (S.E.)
| | - Sarah M. Schwarzenböck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Jens Kurth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Martin Heuschkel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Bernd J. Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.S.); (J.K.); (M.H.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.I.C.K.); (S.E.)
| | - Julia K. Tietze
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (M.I.C.K.); (S.E.)
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Sharma A, Dubey R, Asati V, Baweja GS, Gupta S, Asati V. Assessment of structural and activity-related contributions of various PIM-1 kinase inhibitors in the treatment of leukemia and prostate cancer. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10795-4. [PMID: 38642309 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
One of the most perilous illnesses in the world is cancer. The cancer may be associated with the mutation of different genes inside the body. The PIM kinase, also known as the serine/threonine kinase, plays a critical role in the biology of different kinds of cancer. They are widely distributed and associated with several biological processes, including cell division, proliferation, and death. Aberration of PIM-1 kinase is found in varieties of cancer. Prostate cancer and leukemia can both be effectively treated with PIM-1 kinase inhibitors. There are several potent compounds that have been explored in this review based on heterocyclic compounds for the treatment of prostate cancer and leukemia that have strong effects on the suppression of PIM-1 kinase. The present review summarizes the PIM-1 kinase pathway, their inhibitors under clinical trial, related patents, and SAR studies of several monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic compounds. The study related to their molecular interactions with receptors is also included in the present manuscript. The study may be beneficial to scientists for the development of novel compounds as PIM-1 inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Asati
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, MP, India
| | - Gurkaran Singh Baweja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Shankar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vivek Asati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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3
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Satomi K, Ichimura K, Shibahara J. Decoding the DNA methylome of central nervous system tumors: An emerging modality for integrated diagnosis. Pathol Int 2024; 74:51-67. [PMID: 38224248 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The definitive diagnosis and classification of individual cancers are crucial for patient care and cancer research. To achieve a robust diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, a genotype-phenotype integrated diagnostic approach was introduced in recent versions of the World Health Organization classification, followed by the incorporation of a genome-wide DNA methylome-based classification. Microarray-based platforms are widely used to obtain DNA methylome data, and the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [DKFZ]) has a webtool for a DNA methylation-based classifier (DKFZ classifier). Integration of DNA methylome will further enhance the precision of CNS tumor classification, especially in diagnostically challenging cases. However, in the clinical application of DNA methylome-based classification, challenges related to data interpretation persist, in addition to technical caveats, regulations, and limited accessibility. Dimensionality reduction (DMR) can complement integrated diagnosis by visualizing a profile and comparing it with other known samples. Therefore, DNA methylome-based classification is a highly useful research tool for auxiliary analysis in challenging diagnostic and rare disease cases, and for establishing novel tumor concepts. Decoding the DNA methylome, especially by DMR in addition to DKFZ classifier, emphasizes the capability of grasping the fundamental biological principles that provide new perspectives on CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishi Satomi
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Ramaraj JA, Narayan S. Anti-aging Strategies and Topical Delivery of Biopolymer-based Nanocarriers for Skin Cancer Treatment. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:31-48. [PMID: 36941817 DOI: 10.2174/1874609816666230320122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors like UV radiation and epigenetic changes are significant factors for skin cancer that trigger early aging. This review provides essential information on cancer development concerning aging, the receptors involved, and the therapeutic targets. Biopolymers like polysaccharide, polyphenols, proteins, and nucleic acid plays a vital role in the regulation of normal cell homeostasis. Therefore, it is pertinent to explore the role of biopolymers as antiaging formulations and the possibility of these formulations being used against cancer via topical administrations. As UV radiation is one of the predominant factors in causing skin cancer, the association of receptors between aging and cancer indicated that insulin receptor, melatonin receptor, toll-like receptor, SIRT 1 receptor, tumor-specific T cell receptor and mitochondria-based targeting could be used to direct therapeutics for suppression of cancer and prevent aging. Biopolymer-based nanoformulations have tremendously progressed by entrapment of drugs like curcumin and resveratrol which can prevent cancer and aging simultaneously. Certain protein signaling or calcium and ROS signaling pathways are different for cancer and aging. The involvement of mitochondrial DNA mutation along with telomere shortening with a change in cellular energetics leading to genomic instability in the aging process can also induce mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic alterations leading to skin cancer. Therefore, the use of biopolymers as a topical supplement during the aging process can result in the prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino Affrald Ramaraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
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Kumar N, Skubleny D, Parkes M, Verma R, Davis S, Kumar L, Aissiou A, Greiner R. Learning Individual Survival Models from PanCancer Whole Transcriptome Data. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3924-3936. [PMID: 37463063 PMCID: PMC10543961 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Personalized medicine attempts to predict survival time for each patient, based on their individual tumor molecular profile. We investigate whether our survival learner in combination with a dimension reduction method can produce useful survival estimates for a variety of patients with cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This article provides a method that learns a model for predicting the survival time for individual patients with cancer from the PanCancer Atlas: given the (16,335 dimensional) gene expression profiles from 10,173 patients, each having one of 33 cancers, this method uses unsupervised nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) to reexpress the gene expression data for each patient in terms of 100 learned NMF factors. It then feeds these 100 factors into the Multi-Task Logistic Regression (MTLR) learner to produce cancer-specific models for each of 20 cancers (with >50 uncensored instances); this produces "individual survival distributions" (ISD), which provide survival probabilities at each future time for each individual patient, which provides a patient's risk score and estimated survival time. RESULTS Our NMF-MTLR concordance indices outperformed the VAECox benchmark by 14.9% overall. We achieved optimal survival prediction using pan-cancer NMF in combination with cancer-specific MTLR models. We provide biological interpretation of the NMF model and clinical implications of ISDs for prognosis and therapeutic response prediction. CONCLUSIONS NMF-MTLR provides many benefits over other models: superior model discrimination, superior calibration, meaningful survival time estimates, and accurate probabilistic estimates of survival over time for each individual patient. We advocate for the adoption of these cancer survival models in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Skubleny
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Parkes
- Computing Science Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruchika Verma
- Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sacha Davis
- Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luke Kumar
- Microsoft, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Russell Greiner
- Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Computing Science Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Tietze JK, Heuschkel M, Krönert MIC, Kurth J, Bandow G, Ojak G, Grünwald P, Herold JI, Thiem A, Dreßler M, Krause BJ, Emmert S, Schwarzenböck SM. Topical 188Re Ionizing Radiation Therapy Exerts High Efficacy in Curing Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Clin Nucl Med 2023; 48:869-876. [PMID: 37682602 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000004824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REPORT Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent malignancy. Surgical intervention is the common treatment but may lead to disappointing results; alternative treatment options are needed. METHODS In this monocentric pilot study, topical 188Re resin was investigated as a treatment for invasive NMSC up to 3-mm thickness. Twenty-two patients with 40 histologically confirmed NMSCs with a median size of 1.25 cm2 (range, 0.04-16.8 cm2) and a median tumor thickness of 0.35 mm (range, 0.1-2.1 mm) were included. Patients were treated once with 188Re resin with a targeted dose of 50 Gy. The median applied activity was 111.4 MBq (range, 21.0-168.0 MBq), and the median treatment time was 89 minutes (range, 38-175 minutes). The response rate, adverse events, and cosmetic outcome were assessed at 14 days, 4 months, and 12 months. RESULTS Response rate at 12 months was 97.5%, with 95% complete responses (clinically or histologically proven in case of clinical doubt). Most adverse events were reported at 14 days, with 20% itching and 12.5% mostly minor pain. Forty-nine percent of the lesions showed hypopigmentation only at 12 months. Forty-one percent of the lesions were graded as cosmetically superior to the expected result after surgery and 51.3% as comparable to successful surgery. The cosmetic outcome on the head and face was superior compared with the trunk and leg (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION 188Re resin is a highly effective treatment for NMSC up to 3-mm thickness and a valid alternative to surgery, specifically for tumors located on sensitive areas such as nose or ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Tietze
- From the Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology
| | - Martin Heuschkel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Jens Kurth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gesine Bandow
- From the Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology
| | - Gregor Ojak
- From the Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology
| | - Pavel Grünwald
- From the Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology
| | | | - Alexander Thiem
- From the Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology
| | - Miriam Dreßler
- From the Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- From the Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology
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7
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Li M, Sun S, Bian Z, Yao S, Liu M, You X, Li M. SNHG15 promotes chemoresistance and glycolysis in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 246:154480. [PMID: 37148838 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in tumor progression. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15) is a lncRNA that has been confirmed to play an oncogenic role in multiple cancer types. However, its role in glycolysis and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. The expression of SNHG15 in CRC was analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases by bioinformatics methods. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were used to evaluate cell viability. Cell sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was detected by CCK-8. Glucose absorption and lactate production were used to evaluate the impact of SNHG15 on glycolysis. RNA-seq, real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting (WB) were used to reveal the potential molecular mechanism of SNHG15 in CRC. SNHG15 was upregulated in CRC tissues compared with paired noncancerous tissues. Ectopic SNHG15 expression increased proliferation, 5-FU chemoresistance, and glycolysis in CRC cells. In contrast, SNHG15 knockdown inhibited CRC proliferation, 5-FU chemoresistance and glycolysis. Multiple pathways, including apoptosis and glycolysis, were potentially regulated by SNHG15 based on RNA-seq and pathway enrichment analyses. RT-qPCR and WB experiments confirmed that SNHG15 promoted the expression of TYMS, BCL2, GLUT1 and PKM2 in CRC cells. In conclusion, SNHG15 promotes 5-FU chemoresistance and glycolysis in CRC by potentially regulating the expression of TYMS, BCL2, GLUT1 and PKM2 and appears to be a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Pharmacy Department, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, China.
| | - Shengbai Sun
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China
| | - Zehua Bian
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China
| | - Surui Yao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaohong You
- Pharmacy Department, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, China.
| | - Min Li
- Pharmacy Department, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, China
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Kuo HCD, Wu R, Sarwar MS, Zheng M, Wang C, Sargsyan D, Suh N, Kong ANT. DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Study of Triterpenoid CDDO in TPA-Mediated Skin Carcinogenesis Model. AAPS J 2022; 24:115. [PMID: 36324037 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation and environmental carcinogens drive skin cancer development through redox imbalance and gene mutation. Antioxidants such as triterpenoids have exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials to alleviate skin carcinogenesis. This study investigated the methylome and transcriptome altered by tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or TPA with 2-cyano 2,3-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO). The results show that CDDO blocks TPA-induced transformation dose dependently. Several differential expressed genes (DEGs) involved in skin cell transformation, while counteracted by CDDO, were revealed by differential expression analysis including Lyl1, Lad1, and Dennd2d. In CpG methylomic profiles, the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the promoter region altered by TPA while showing the opposite methylation status in the CDDO treatment group were identified. The correlation between DNA methylation and RNA expression has been established and DMRs showing inverse correlation were further studied as potential therapeutic targets. From the CpG methylome and transcriptome results, CDDO significantly restored gene expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) inhibited by TPA by decreasing their promoter CpG methylation. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) shows that CDDO neutralized the effect of TPA through modulating cell cycles, cell migration, and inflammatory and immune response regulatory pathways. Notably, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 (TNFR2) signaling was significantly downregulated by CDDO potentially contributing to prevention of TPA-induced cell transformation. Overall, incorporating the transcriptome, CpG methylome, and signaling pathway network, we reveal potential therapeutic targets and pathways by which CDDO could reverse TPA-induced carcinogenesis. The results could be useful for future human study and targets development for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chen Dina Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, Piscataway, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Md Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Meinizi Zheng
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, Piscataway, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, Piscataway, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, NJ, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, NJ, 08854, Piscataway, USA.
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Karami Fath M, Azargoonjahromi A, Soofi A, Almasi F, Hosseinzadeh S, Khalili S, Sheikhi K, Ferdousmakan S, Owrangi S, Fahimi M, Zalpoor H, Nabi Afjadi M, Payandeh Z, Pourzardosht N. Current understanding of epigenetics role in melanoma treatment and resistance. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:313. [PMID: 36224606 PMCID: PMC9555085 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer resulting from genetic mutations in melanocytes. Several factors have been considered to be involved in melanoma progression, including genetic alteration, processes of damaged DNA repair, and changes in mechanisms of cell growth and proliferation. Epigenetics is the other factor with a crucial role in melanoma development. Epigenetic changes have become novel targets for treating patients suffering from melanoma. These changes can alter the expression of microRNAs and their interaction with target genes, which involves cell growth, differentiation, or even death. Given these circumstances, we conducted the present review to discuss the melanoma risk factors and represent the current knowledge about the factors related to its etiopathogenesis. Moreover, various epigenetic pathways, which are involved in melanoma progression, treatment, and chemo-resistance, as well as employed epigenetic factors as a solution to the problems, will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Asma Soofi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Sheikhi
- School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Saeid Ferdousmakan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Nargund College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, 560085, India
| | - Soroor Owrangi
- Student Research Committe, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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10
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Meng Z, Xue H, Wang T, Chen B, Dong X, Yang L, Dai J, Lou X, Xia F. Aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy in cancer: from chemical to clinical. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:344. [PMID: 35883086 PMCID: PMC9327335 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a serious threat to human health owing to the lack of effective treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising non-invasive cancer treatment that consists of three main elements: photosensitizers (PSs), light and oxygen. However, some traditional PSs are prone to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), leading to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-PSs, due to their distorted structure, suppress the strong molecular interactions, making them more photosensitive in the aggregated state instead. Activated by light, they can efficiently produce ROS and induce cell death. PS is one of the core factors of efficient PDT, so proceeding from the design and preparation of AIE-PSs, including how to manipulate the electron donor (D) and receptor (A) in the PSs configuration, introduce heavy atoms or metal complexes, design of Type I AIE-PSs, polymerization-enhanced photosensitization and nano-engineering approaches. Then, the preclinical experiments of AIE-PSs in treating different types of tumors, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and its great potential clinical applications are discussed. In addition, some perspectives on the further development of AIE-PSs are presented. This review hopes to stimulate the interest of researchers in different fields such as chemistry, materials science, biology, and medicine, and promote the clinical translation of AIE-PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huiying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China
| | - Xiyuan Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China.
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China.
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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11
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Cammarata G, Barraco N, Giusti I, Gristina V, Dolo V, Taverna S. Extracellular Vesicles-ceRNAs as Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers: Looking into circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Code. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143404. [PMID: 35884464 PMCID: PMC9324482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with ovarian cancer have a very poor chance of long-term survival, usually due to advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles contain noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs, piwiRNAs, circular RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, with regulatory effects on ovarian cancer. In this review, we focus on ovarian cancer-associated circular RNA shuttled by extracellular vesicles as mediators of cancer progression and novel biomarkers in liquid biopsy. We propose a circular-RNA–microRNA-mRNA code that can reveal the regulatory network created by extracellular vesicles, noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs in ovarian cancer. Future research in this field will help to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers and druggable therapeutic targets, which will ultimately benefit patients. Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies in females worldwide. OC is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage due to a lack of specific symptoms and effective screening tests, resulting in a poor prognosis for patients. Age, genetic alterations, and family history are the major risk factors for OC pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying OC progression, identifying new biomarkers for early detection, and discovering potential targets for new drugs are urgent needs. Liquid biopsy (LB), used for cancer detection and management, consists of a minimally invasive approach and practical alternative source to investigate tumor alterations by testing extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating tumor cells, tumor-educated platelets, and cell-free nucleic acids. EVs are nanosize vesicles shuttling proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, such as DNA, RNA, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), that can induce phenotypic reprogramming of target cells. EVs are natural intercellular shuttles for ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular-RNAs (circRNAs), known to have regulatory effects in OC. Here we focus on the involvement of circRNAs and miRNAs in OC cancer progression. The circRNA-microRNA-mRNA axis has been investigated with Circbank and miRwalk analysis, unraveling the intricate and detailed regulatory network created by EVs, ncRNAs, and mRNAs in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cammarata
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Nadia Barraco
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (N.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.G.); (V.D.)
| | - Valerio Gristina
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (N.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.G.); (V.D.)
| | - Simona Taverna
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (S.T.)
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12
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Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: A Genetic Update and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102371. [PMID: 35625975 PMCID: PMC9139429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the main type of cancer in the Caucasian population, and the number of cases continues to rise. Research mostly focuses on clinical characteristics analysis, but genetic features are crucial to malignancies’ establishment and advance. We aim to explore the genetic basics of skin cancer, surrounding microenvironment interactions, and regulation mechanisms to provide a broader perspective for new therapies’ development. Abstract Skin cancer is one of the main types of cancer worldwide, and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent within this group. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common types. Multifactorial features are well-known for cancer development, and new hallmarks are gaining relevance. Genetics and epigenetic regulation play an essential role in cancer susceptibility and progression, as well as the variety of cells and molecules that interact in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we provide an update on the genetic features of NMSC, candidate genes, and new therapies, considering diverse perspectives of skin carcinogenesis. The global health situation and the pandemic have been challenging for health care systems, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer. We provide innovative approaches to overcome the difficulties in the current clinical dynamics.
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13
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Li Z, Li X, Yi X, Li T, Huang X, Ren X, Ma T, Li K, Guo H, Chen S, Ma Y, Shang L, Song B, Hu D. Characteristics, Prognosis, and Competing Risk Nomograms of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: Evidence for Pigmentary Disorders. Front Oncol 2022; 12:838840. [PMID: 35719966 PMCID: PMC9198425 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.838840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) always presents as a complex disease process with poor prognosis. The objective of the present study was to explore the influence of solitary or multiple cancers on the prognosis of patients with CMM to better understand the landscape of CMM. METHODS We reviewed the records of CMM patients between 2004 and 2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. The cumulative incidence function was used to represent the probabilities of death. A novel causal inference method was leveraged to explore the risk difference to death between different types of CMM, and nomograms were built based on competing risk models. RESULTS The analysis cohort contained 165,043 patients with CMM as the first primary malignancy. Patients with recurrent CMM and multiple primary tumors had similar overall survival status (p = 0.064), while their demographics and cause-specific death demonstrated different characteristics than those of patients with solitary CMM (p < 0.001), whose mean survival times are 75.4 and 77.3 months and 66.2 months, respectively. Causal inference was further applied to unveil the risk difference of solitary and multiple tumors in subgroups, which was significantly different from the total population (p < 0.05), and vulnerable groups with high risk of death were identified. The established competing risk nomograms had a concordance index >0.6 on predicting the probabilities of death of CMM or other cancers individually across types of CMM. CONCLUSION Patients with different types of CMM had different prognostic characteristics and different risk of cause-specific death. The results of this study are of great significance in identifying the high risk of cause-specific death, enabling targeted intervention in the early period at both the population and individual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaowei Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xingning Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoya Ren
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianyuan Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hanfeng Guo
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shengxiu Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yao Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Shang, ; Baoqiang Song, ; Dahai Hu,
| | - Baoqiang Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Shang, ; Baoqiang Song, ; Dahai Hu,
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Shang, ; Baoqiang Song, ; Dahai Hu,
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14
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Epigenetics of Cutaneous Sarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010422. [PMID: 35008848 PMCID: PMC8745302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes influence various physiological and pathological conditions in the human body. Recent advances in epigenetic studies of the skin have led to an appreciation of the importance of epigenetic modifications in skin diseases. Cutaneous sarcomas are intractable skin cancers, and there are no curative therapeutic options for the advanced forms of cutaneous sarcomas. In this review, we discuss the detailed molecular effects of epigenetic modifications on skin sarcomas, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma. We also discuss the application of epigenetic-targeted therapy for skin sarcomas.
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15
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Ahmad A. Special Issue: Epigenetic regulation of cancer progression: Promises and progress. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:1-3. [PMID: 34921992 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Is miRNA Regulation the Key to Controlling Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Evolution? Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121929. [PMID: 34946878 PMCID: PMC8701953 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is one of the most common types of skin cancer. It has a number of subtypes, which include basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. MicroRNAs are short, non-coding RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules, capable of regulating gene expression at a post transcriptional level. They play a pivotal role in a variety of physiologic cellular functions and pathologies, including malignant diseases. The development of miRNAs represents an important study field, which has been extensively exploited in melanoma for almost a decade with promising results, therefore we consider it a stepstone for further research projects also in non-melanoma skin cancers. The aim of our study was to explore the current literature in order to present the role of the different miRNAs in some of the most frequent types of NMSC pertaining to oncogenesis, evolution and therapy. The most relevant and accurate available data from the literature were evaluated. Our study concluded that there are almost 100 miRNAs which can be upregulated or downregulated and can play a role in oncogenesis. They can be easily identified in circulation, are stable and they can be important diagnosis/prognosis and therapy monitoring markers.
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17
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Epigenetic Dysregulations in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Driven Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111464. [PMID: 34768895 PMCID: PMC8584046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small DNA virus with oncogenic potential. MCPyV is the causative agent of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive tumor of the skin. The role of epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone posttranslational modifications (HPTMs), DNA methylation, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation on MCPyV-driven MCC has recently been highlighted. In this review, we aim to describe and discuss the latest insights into HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA regulation, as well as their regulative factors in the context of MCPyV-driven MCC, to provide an overview of current findings on how MCPyV is involved in the dysregulation of these epigenetic processes. The current state of the art is also described as far as potentially using epigenetic dysregulations and related factors as diagnostic and prognostic tools is concerned, in addition to targets for MCPyV-driven MCC therapy. Growing evidence suggests that the dysregulation of HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA pathways plays a role in MCPyV-driven MCC etiopathogenesis, which, therefore, may potentially be clinically significant for this deadly tumor. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms and related factors may improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for MCPyV-driven MCC.
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18
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Li L, Wei H, Zhang YW, Zhao S, Che G, Wang Y, Chen L. Differential expression of long non-coding RNAs as diagnostic markers for lung cancer and other malignant tumors. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23842-23867. [PMID: 34670194 PMCID: PMC8580341 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to advances in chip and sequencing technology, several types and numbers of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified. LncRNAs are defined as non-protein-coding RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides, and are now thought as a new frontier in the study of human malignant diseases including NSCLC. Diagnosis of numerous malignant tumors has been closely linked to the differential expression of certain lncRNAs. LncRNAs are involved in gene expression regulation at multiple levels of epigenetics, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional regulation. Mutations, deletions, or abnormal expression levels lead to physiological abnormalities, disease occurrence and are closely associated with human tumor diseases. LncRNAs play a crucial role in cancerous processes as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The expression of lncRNAs can regulate tumor cell in the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cycle, invasion, and metastasis. As such, lncRNAs are potential diagnostic and treatment targets for cancer. And that, tumor biomarkers need to be detectable in easily accessible body samples, should be characterized by high specificity and sufficient sensitivity. Herein, it is significant clinical importance to screen and supplement new biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer. This study aimed at systematically describing lncRNAs from five aspects based on recent studies: concepts, classification, structure, molecular mechanism, signal pathway, as well as review lncRNA implications in malignant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haitao Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, China
| | - Yi Wei Zhang
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Shizhe Zhao
- Basic Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Guowei Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Longqi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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19
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MicroRNA31 and MMP-1 contribute to the differentiated pathway of invasion -with enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition- in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:767-775. [PMID: 34647185 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism of invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) and has been found to be enhanced in tumors originated from actinic keratosis with transformation limited to the basal epithelial layer -differentiated pathway-, compared to cases with invasion subsequent to complete epidermal transformation -classical pathway-. Several microRNAs and proteins can contribute to EMT modulation in cSCCs. MicroRNA21 and microRNA31 are involved in posttranscriptional regulation of protein expression and could play a relevant role in EMT and cSCC progression. Throughout the EMT process upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) enhances invasiveness and MMP-1 and MMP-3 contribute to local invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis in cSCCs. Additionally, cSCC development is associated with PTEN loss and NF-κB, NOTCH-1 and p63 activation. The aim of this work is to identify differences in the expression of those molecules between both pathways of cSCCs development. Eight tissue microarrays from 80 consecutive cSCCs were analyzed using LNA-based miRNA in situ hybridization for miRNA21 and miRNA31 evaluation, and immunohistochemistry for MMP-1, MMP-3, PTEN, NOTCH-1, NF-κB, p63 and CD31. Significantly higher expression of miRNA31 (p < 0.0001) and MMP-1 (p = 0.0072) and angiogenesis (p = 0.0199) were found in the differentiated pathway, whereas PTEN loss (p = 0.0430) was more marked in the classical pathway. No significant differences were found for the other markers. Our findings support a contribution of miRNA31 and MMP-1 in the differentiated pathway, associated to EMT and increased microvascularization. The greater PTEN loss in the classical pathway indicate that its relevance in cSCC is not EMT-related.
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20
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Fernandez A, O’Leary C, O’Byrne KJ, Burgess J, Richard DJ, Suraweera A. Epigenetic Mechanisms in DNA Double Strand Break Repair: A Clinical Review. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:685440. [PMID: 34307454 PMCID: PMC8292790 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.685440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon the induction of DNA damage, the chromatin structure unwinds to allow access to enzymes to catalyse the repair. The regulation of the winding and unwinding of chromatin occurs via epigenetic modifications, which can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation are known to be reversible and have been indicated to play different roles in the repair of DNA. More importantly, the inhibition of such mechanisms has been reported to play a role in the repair of double strand breaks, the most detrimental type of DNA damage. This occurs by manipulating the chromatin structure and the expression of essential proteins that are critical for homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining repair pathways. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases have demonstrated efficacy in the clinic and represent a promising approach for cancer therapy. The aims of this review are to summarise the role of histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors involved in DNA double strand break repair and explore their current and future independent use in combination with other DNA repair inhibitors or pre-existing therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Fernandez
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Connor O’Leary
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth J O’Byrne
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua Burgess
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Amila Suraweera
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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21
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Mancini M, Cappello A, Pecorari R, Lena AM, Montanaro M, Fania L, Ricci F, Di Lella G, Piro MC, Abeni D, Dellambra E, Mauriello A, Melino G, Candi E. Involvement of transcribed lncRNA uc.291 and SWI/SNF complex in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:14. [PMID: 35201472 PMCID: PMC8777507 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common tumours in humans, only the sub-type cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), might become metastatic with high lethality. We have recently identified a regulatory pathway involving the lncRNA transcript uc.291 in controlling the expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes via the interaction with ACTL6A, a component of the chromatin remodelling complex SWI/SNF. Since transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs) are expressed in normal tissues and are deregulated in tumorigenesis, here we hypothesize a potential role for dysregulation of this axis in cSCC, accounting for the de-differentiation process observed in aggressive poorly differentiated cutaneous carcinomas. We therefore analysed their expression patterns in human tumour biopsies at mRNA and protein levels. The results suggest that by altering chromatin accessibility of the epidermal differentiation complex genes, down-regulation of uc.291 and BRG1 expression contribute to the de-differentiation process seen in keratinocyte malignancy. This provides future direction for the identification of clinical biomarkers in cutaneous SCC. Analysis of publicly available data sets indicates that the above may also be a general feature for SCCs of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mancini
- Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Cappello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - R. Pecorari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - A. M. Lena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Montanaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Fania
- Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Ricci
- Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Di Lella
- Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - M. C. Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - D. Abeni
- Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Dellambra
- Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Candi
- Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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