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Sallemi JE, Di Yorio MP, Hermida GN, Breccia A, Battista AG, Vissio PG. The saccus vasculosus of the neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus: characterization, developmental studies and its response to photoperiod. Cell Tissue Res 2024:10.1007/s00441-024-03895-6. [PMID: 38771348 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The saccus vasculosus is an organ present in gnathostome fishes, located ventral to the hypothalamus and posterior to the pituitary gland, whose structure is highly variable among species. In some fishes, this organ is well-developed; however, its physiological function is still under debate. Recently, it has been proposed that this organ is a seasonal regulator of reproduction. In the present work, we examined the histology, ultrastructure, and development of the saccus vasculosus in Cichlasoma dimerus. In addition, immunohistochemical studies of proteins related to reproductive function were performed. Finally, the potential response of this organ to different photoperiods was explored. C. dimerus presented a well-developed saccus vasculosus consisting of a highly folded epithelium, composed of coronet and supporting cells, closely associated with blood vessels, and a highly branched lumen connected to the third ventricle. Coronet cells showed all the major characteristics described in other fish species. In addition, some of the vesicles of the globules were positive for thyrotropin beta subunit, while luteinizing hormone beta subunit immunostaining was observed at the edge of the apical processes of some coronet cells. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone innervation in the saccus vasculosus of C. dimerus were shown. Finally, animals exposed to the long photoperiod showed lower levels of thyrotropin beta and common alpha subunits expression in the saccus compared to those of animals exposed to short photoperiod. All these results support the hypothesis that the saccus vasculosus is involved in the regulation of reproductive function in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Emilse Sallemi
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología del Crecimiento y la Reproducción, DBBE-FCEN, UBA/IBBEA-UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Di Yorio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología del Crecimiento y la Reproducción, DBBE-FCEN, UBA/IBBEA-UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gladys Noemí Hermida
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios-Histología Animal, DBBE-FCEN-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Breccia
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología del Crecimiento y la Reproducción, DBBE-FCEN, UBA/IBBEA-UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Paula Gabriela Vissio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología del Crecimiento y la Reproducción, DBBE-FCEN, UBA/IBBEA-UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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2
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Lamanna F, Hervas-Sotomayor F, Oel AP, Jandzik D, Sobrido-Cameán D, Santos-Durán GN, Martik ML, Stundl J, Green SA, Brüning T, Mößinger K, Schmidt J, Schneider C, Sepp M, Murat F, Smith JJ, Bronner ME, Rodicio MC, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Medeiros DM, Arendt D, Kaessmann H. A lamprey neural cell type atlas illuminates the origins of the vertebrate brain. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1714-1728. [PMID: 37710042 PMCID: PMC10555824 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain emerged more than ~500 million years ago in common evolutionary ancestors. To systematically trace its cellular and molecular origins, we established a spatially resolved cell type atlas of the entire brain of the sea lamprey-a jawless species whose phylogenetic position affords the reconstruction of ancestral vertebrate traits-based on extensive single-cell RNA-seq and in situ sequencing data. Comparisons of this atlas to neural data from the mouse and other jawed vertebrates unveiled various shared features that enabled the reconstruction of cell types, tissue structures and gene expression programs of the ancestral vertebrate brain. However, our analyses also revealed key tissues and cell types that arose later in evolution. For example, the ancestral brain was probably devoid of cerebellar cell types and oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells); our data suggest that the latter emerged from astrocyte-like evolutionary precursors in the jawed vertebrate lineage. Altogether, our work illuminates the cellular and molecular architecture of the ancestral vertebrate brain and provides a foundation for exploring its diversification during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lamanna
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - A Phillip Oel
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Sobrido-Cameán
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Megan L Martik
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Green
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Thoomke Brüning
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Mößinger
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celine Schneider
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mari Sepp
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florent Murat
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France
| | - Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - María Celina Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
- Department of Functional Biology, CIBUS, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel M Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Kaessmann
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Korzh V. Development of the brain ventricular system from a comparative perspective. Clin Anat 2023; 36:320-334. [PMID: 36529666 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to scoliosis and neurodegenerative diseases, including hydrocephalus. This could be due to defects of CSF production by the choroid plexus or impaired CSF movement over the ependyma dependent on motile cilia. Most vertebrates have horizontal body posture. They retain additional evolutionary innovations assisting CSF flow, such as the Reissner fiber. The causes of hydrocephalus have been studied using animal models including rodents (mice, rats, hamsters) and zebrafish. However, the horizontal body posture reduces the effect of gravity on CSF flow, which limits the use of mammalian models for scoliosis. In contrast, fish swim against the current and experience a forward-to-backward mechanical force akin to that caused by gravity in humans. This explains the increased popularity of the zebrafish model for studies of scoliosis. "Slit-ventricle" syndrome is another side of the spectrum of BVS anomalies. It develops because of insufficient inflation of the BVS. Recent advances in zebrafish functional genetics have revealed genes that could regulate the development of the BVS and CSF circulation. This review will describe the BVS of zebrafish, a typical teleost, and vertebrates in general, in comparative perspective. It will illustrate the usefulness of the zebrafish model for developmental studies of the choroid plexus (CP), CSF flow and the BVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Mazan S, Anadón R, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. Developmental genoarchitectonics as a key tool to interpret the mature anatomy of the chondrichthyan hypothalamus according to the prosomeric model. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:901451. [PMID: 35991967 PMCID: PMC9385951 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.901451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key vertebrate brain region involved in survival and physiological functions. Understanding hypothalamic organization and evolution is important to deciphering many aspects of vertebrate biology. Recent comparative studies based on gene expression patterns have proposed the existence of hypothalamic histogenetic domains (paraventricular, TPa/PPa; subparaventricular, TSPa/PSPa; tuberal, Tu/RTu; perimamillary, PM/PRM; and mamillary, MM/RM), revealing conserved evolutionary trends. To shed light on the functional relevance of these histogenetic domains, this work aims to interpret the location of developed cell groups according to the prosomeric model in the hypothalamus of the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a representative of Chondrichthyans (the sister group of Osteichthyes, at the base of the gnathostome lineage). To this end, we review in detail the expression patterns of ScOtp, ScDlx2, and ScPitx2, as well as Pax6-immunoreactivity in embryos at stage 32, when the morphology of the adult catshark hypothalamus is already organized. We also propose homologies with mammals when possible. This study provides a comprehensive tool to better understand previous and novel data on hypothalamic development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N. Santos-Durán
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- CNRS-UMR 7232, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Observatoire Océanologique, Paris, France
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo NEURODEVO, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eva Candal,
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5
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A critique on the theory of homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Jékely G. The chemical brain hypothesis for the origin of nervous systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190761. [PMID: 33550946 PMCID: PMC7935135 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In nervous systems, there are two main modes of transmission for the propagation of activity between cells. Synaptic transmission relies on close contact at chemical or electrical synapses while volume transmission is mediated by diffusible chemical signals and does not require direct contact. It is possible to wire complex neuronal networks by both chemical and synaptic transmission. Both types of networks are ubiquitous in nervous systems, leading to the question which of the two appeared first in evolution. This paper explores a scenario where chemically organized cellular networks appeared before synapses in evolution, a possibility supported by the presence of complex peptidergic signalling in all animals except sponges. Small peptides are ideally suited to link up cells into chemical networks. They have unlimited diversity, high diffusivity and high copy numbers derived from repetitive precursors. But chemical signalling is diffusion limited and becomes inefficient in larger bodies. To overcome this, peptidergic cells may have developed projections and formed synaptically connected networks tiling body surfaces and displaying synchronized activity with pulsatile peptide release. The advent of circulatory systems and neurohemal organs further reduced the constraint imposed on chemical signalling by diffusion. This could have contributed to the explosive radiation of peptidergic signalling systems in stem bilaterians. Neurosecretory centres in extant nervous systems are still predominantly chemically wired and coexist with the synaptic brain. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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7
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Yang S, Emelyanov A, You MS, Sin M, Korzh V. Camel regulates development of the brain ventricular system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:835-852. [PMID: 32902807 PMCID: PMC7904751 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of the brain ventricular system of vertebrates and the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The developmental genes expressed in the elements of the brain ventricular system such as the ependyma and circumventricular organs act as molecular determinants of cell adhesion critical for the formation of brain ventricular system. They control brain development and function, including the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Here, we describe the novel distantly related member of the zebrafish L1-CAM family of genes-camel. Whereas its maternal transcripts distributed uniformly, the zygotic transcripts demonstrate clearly defined expression patterns, in particular in the axial structures: floor plate, hypochord, and roof plate. camel expresses in several other cell lineages with access to the brain ventricular system, including the midbrain roof plate, subcommissural organ, organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, median eminence, paraventricular organ, flexural organ, and inter-rhombomeric boundaries. This expression pattern suggests a role of Camel in neural development. Several isoforms of Camel generated by differential splicing of exons encoding the sixth fibronectin type III domain enhance cell adhesion differentially. The antisense oligomer morpholino-mediated loss-of-function of Camel affects cell adhesion and causes hydrocephalus and scoliosis manifested via the tail curled down phenotype. The subcommissural organ's derivative-the Reissner fiber-participates in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. The Reissner fiber fails to form upon morpholino-mediated Camel loss-of-function. The Camel mRNA-mediated gain-of-function causes the Reissner fiber misdirection. This study revealed a link between Chl1a/Camel and Reissner fiber formation, and this supports the idea that CHL1 is one of the scoliosis factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Translational Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alexander Emelyanov
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - May-Su You
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Melvin Sin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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8
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Sufieva DA, Razenkova VA, Antipova MV, Korzhevskii DE. Microglia and Tanycytes of the Infundibular Recess of the Brain in Early Postnatal Development and during Aging. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236042003008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Staudt N, Giger FA, Fielding T, Hutt JA, Foucher I, Snowden V, Hellich A, Kiecker C, Houart C. Pineal progenitors originate from a non-neural territory limited by FGF signalling. Development 2019; 146:dev.171405. [PMID: 31754007 PMCID: PMC7375831 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic development of the pineal organ, a neuroendocrine gland on top of the diencephalon, remains enigmatic. Classic fate-mapping studies suggested that pineal progenitors originate from the lateral border of the anterior neural plate. We show here, using gene expression and fate mapping/lineage tracing in zebrafish, that pineal progenitors originate, at least in part, from the non-neural ectoderm. Gene expression in chick indicates that this non-neural origin of pineal progenitors is conserved in amniotes. Genetic repression of placodal, but not neural crest, cell fate results in pineal hypoplasia in zebrafish, while mis-expression of transcription factors known to specify placodal identity during gastrulation promotes the formation of ectopic pineal progenitors. We also demonstrate that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) position the pineal progenitor domain within the non-neural border by repressing pineal fate and that the Otx transcription factors promote pinealogenesis by inhibiting this FGF activity. The non-neural origin of the pineal organ reveals an underlying similarity in the formation of the pineal and pituitary glands, and suggests that all CNS neuroendocrine organs may require a non-neural contribution to form neurosecretory cells. Highlighted Article: Gene expression and fate mapping/lineage tracing in zebrafish reveals that the pineal organ develops from the non-neural pre-placodal ectoderm under the control of FGF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Staudt
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Florence A Giger
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Triona Fielding
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James A Hutt
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Isabelle Foucher
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Vicky Snowden
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Agathe Hellich
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clemens Kiecker
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Corinne Houart
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Korzh V, Kondrychyn I. Origin and development of circumventricular organs in living vertebrate. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:13-20. [PMID: 31706729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) function by mediating chemical communication between blood and brain across the blood-brain barrier. Their origin and developmental mechanisms involved are not understood in enough detail due to a lack of molecular markers common for CVOs. These rather small and inconspicuous organs are found in close vicinity to the third and fourth brain ventricles suggestive of ancient evolutionary origin. Recently, an integrated approach based on analysis of CVOs development in the enhancer-trap transgenic zebrafish led to an idea that almost all of CVOs could be highlighted by GFP expression in this transgenic line. This in turn suggested that an enhancer along with a set of genes it regulates may illustrate the first common element of developmental regulation of CVOs. It seems to be related to a mechanism of suppression of the canonical Wnt/ β-catenin signaling that functions in development of fenestrated capillaries typical for CVOs. Based on that observation the common molecular elements of the putative developmental mechanism of CVOs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Zoological terms in the human histological nomenclature Terminologia Histologica. What we think, what we know, and what we think we know. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Lazcano I, Sánchez-Jaramillo E, Uribe RM, Jaimes-Hoy L, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Tanycytes and the Control of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Flux Into Portal Capillaries. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:401. [PMID: 31293518 PMCID: PMC6603095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral mechanisms that modulate energy intake, partition and expenditure determine energy homeostasis. Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate energy expenditure through the control of basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis; they also modulate food intake. TH concentrations are regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and by transport and metabolism in blood and target tissues. In mammals, hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus integrate energy-related information. They project to the external zone of the median eminence (ME), a brain circumventricular organ rich in neuron terminal varicosities and buttons, tanycytes, other glial cells and capillaries. These capillary vessels form a portal system that links the base of the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Tanycytes of the medio-basal hypothalamus express a repertoire of proteins involved in transport, sensing, and metabolism of TH; among them is type 2 deiodinase, a source of 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine necessary for negative feedback on TRH neurons. Tanycytes subtypes are distinguished by position and phenotype. The end-feet of β2-tanycytes intermingle with TRH varicosities and terminals in the external layer of the ME and terminate close to the ME capillaries. Besides type 2 deiodinase, β2-tanycytes express the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme (TRH-DE); this enzyme likely controls the amount of TRH entering portal vessels. TRH-DE is rapidly upregulated by TH, contributing to TH negative feedback on HPT axis. Alterations in energy balance also regulate the expression and activity of TRH-DE in the ME, making β2-tanycytes a hub for energy-related regulation of HPT axis activity. β2-tanycytes also express TRH-R1, which mediates positive effects of TRH on TRH-DE activity and the size of β2-tanycyte end-feet contacts with the basal lamina adjacent to ME capillaries. These end-feet associations with ME capillaries, and TRH-DE activity, appear to coordinately control HPT axis activity. Thus, down-stream of neuronal control of TRH release by action potentials arrival in the external layer of the median eminence, imbricated intercellular processes may coordinate the flux of TRH into the portal capillaries. In conclusion, β2-tanycytes appear as a critical cellular element for the somatic and post-secretory control of TRH flux into portal vessels, and HPT axis regulation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adair Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Iván Lazcano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Edith Sánchez-Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Molecular, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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13
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Braun K, Stach T. Morphology and evolution of the central nervous system in adult tunicates. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Braun
- Institut für Biologie, Vergleichende Zoologie Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Stach
- Institut für Biologie, Molekulare Parasitologie Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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14
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Al-Kaabi M, Hussam F, Al-Marsoummi S, Al-Anbaki A, Al-Salihi A, Al-Aubaidy H. Expression of ZO1, vimentin, pan-cadherin and AGTR1 in tanycyte-like cells of the sulcus medianus organum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:243-249. [PMID: 29803674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tanycytes are a specialized ependymal lining of brain ventricles with exceptional features of having long basal processes and junctional complexes between cell bodies. These tanycytes are present at the regions of circumventricular organs (CVOs) which possess common morphological and functional features enabling them to be described as the brain windows where the barrier systems have special properties. Previous studies detailed seven of these CVOs but little information is available regarding another putative site at the rostral part of the median sulcus of the 4th ventricle, or the sulcus medianus organum (SMO). Here we performed a pilot immunohistochemical study to support earlier observations suggesting the SMO as a novel CVO. We labeled rat brain with ZO1, vimentin, pan-cadherin and angiotensin II type 1 receptors markers which showed a morphologically distinct population of cells at the region of the SMO similar to tanycytes present in the median eminence, a known CVO. These cells had basal processes reaching the deeply seated blood vessels while the caudal part of the median sulcus did not show similar long cellular extensions. We concluded that tanycyte-like cells are present in the SMO in a pattern resembling that of other CVOs where the strategic location of the SMO is probably for signal integration between brainstem nuclei and the rostrally located neuronal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthanna Al-Kaabi
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq; University of Tasmania, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Medical Science Precinct, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Fadhil Hussam
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq; University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, North Dakota, USA
| | - Ali Al-Anbaki
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
| | - Anam Al-Salihi
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hayder Al-Aubaidy
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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15
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Falnikar A, Stratton J, Lin R, Andrews CE, Tyburski A, Trovillion VA, Gottschalk C, Ghosh B, Iacovitti L, Elliott MB, Lepore AC. Differential Response in Novel Stem Cell Niches of the Brain after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2195-2207. [PMID: 29471717 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a number of defined niches in the adult central nervous system (CNS) where they continually give rise to mature cell types throughout life, including newly born neurons. In addition to the prototypical niches of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, novel stem cell niches that are also neurogenic have recently been identified in multiple midline structures, including circumventricular organs (CVOs) of the brain. These resident NSCs serve as a homeostatic source of new neurons and glial cells under intact physiological conditions. Importantly, they may also have the potential for reparative processes in pathological states such as traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). As the response in these novel CVO stem cell niches has been characterized after stroke but not following SCI or TBI, we quantitatively assessed cell proliferation and the neuronal and glial lineage fate of resident NSCs in three CVO nuclei-area postrema (AP), median eminence (ME), and subfornical organ (SFO) -in rat models of cervical contusion-type SCI and controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced TBI. Using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling of proliferating cells, we find that TBI significantly enhanced proliferation in AP, ME, and SFO, whereas cervical SCI had no effects at early or chronic time-points post-injury. In addition, SCI did not alter NSC differentiation profile into doublecortin-positive neuroblasts, GFAP-expressing astrocytes, or Olig2-labeled cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage within AP, ME, or SFO at both time-points. In contrast, CCI induced a pronounced increase in Sox2- and doublecortin-labeled cells in the AP and Iba1-labeled microglia in the SFO. Lastly, plasma derived from CCI animals significantly increased NSC expansion in an in vitro neurosphere assay, whereas plasma from SCI animals did not exert such an effect, suggesting that signaling factors present in blood may be relevant to stimulating CVO niches after CNS injury and may explain the differential in vivo effects of SCI and TBI on the novel stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Falnikar
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jarred Stratton
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruihe Lin
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carrie E Andrews
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashley Tyburski
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Victoria A Trovillion
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chelsea Gottschalk
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Biswarup Ghosh
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie B Elliott
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are specialised neuroepithelial structures found in the midline of the brain, grouped around the third and fourth ventricles. They mediate the communication between the brain and the periphery by performing sensory and secretory roles, facilitated by increased vascularisation and the absence of a blood-brain barrier. Surprisingly little is known about the origins of the CVOs (both developmental and evolutionary), but their functional and organisational similarities raise the question of the extent of their relationship. Here, I review our current knowledge of the embryonic development of the seven major CVOs (area postrema, median eminence, neurohypophysis, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, pineal organ, subcommissural organ, subfornical organ) in embryos of different vertebrate species. Although there are conspicuous similarities between subsets of CVOs, no unifying feature characteristic of their development has been identified. Cross-species comparisons suggest that CVOs also display a high degree of evolutionary flexibility. Thus, the term 'CVO' is merely a functional definition, and features shared by multiple CVOs may be the result of homoplasy rather than ontogenetic or phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- Department of Developmental NeurobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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17
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Lin R, Lang M, Heinsinger N, Stricsek G, Zhang J, Iozzo R, Rosenwasser R, Iacovitti L. Stepwise impairment of neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis concomitant with disruption of blood-brain barrier in recurrent ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 115:49-58. [PMID: 29605425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke patients are at increased risk for recurrent stroke and development of post-stroke dementia. In this study, we investigated the effects of recurrent stroke on adult brain neurogenesis using a novel rat model of recurrent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) developed in our laboratory. Using BrdU incorporation, activation and depletion of stem cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) were assessed in control rats and rats after one or two strokes. In vitro neurosphere assay was used to assess the effects of plasma from normal and stroke rats. Also, EM and permeability studies were used to evaluate changes in the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) of the SGZ after recurrent stroke. We found that proliferation and neurogenesis was activated 14 days after MCAO. This was correlated with increased permeability in the BBB to factors which increase proliferation in a neurosphere assay. However, with each stroke, there was a stepwise decrease of proliferating stem cells and impaired neurogenesis on the ipsilateral side. On the contralateral side, this process stabilized after a first stroke. These studies indicate that stem cells are activated after MCAO, possibly after increased access to systemic stroke-related factors through a leaky BBB. However, the recruitment of stem cells for neurogenesis after stroke results in a stepwise ipsilateral decline with each ischemic event, which could contribute to post-stroke dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihe Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael Lang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nicolette Heinsinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Geoffrey Stricsek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Justine Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robert Rosenwasser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; The Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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18
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Korzh V. Development of brain ventricular system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:375-383. [PMID: 28780589 PMCID: PMC5765195 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system (BVS) consists of brain ventricles and channels connecting ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The disturbance of CSF flow has been linked to neurodegenerative disease including hydrocephalus, which manifests itself as an abnormal expansion of BVS. This relatively common developmental disorder has been observed in human and domesticated animals and linked to functional deficiency of various cells lineages facing BVS, including the choroid plexus or ependymal cells that generate CSF or the ciliated cells that cilia beating generates CSF flow. To understand the underlying causes of hydrocephalus, several animal models were developed, including rodents (mice, rat, and hamster) and zebrafish. At another side of a spectrum of BVS anomalies there is the "slit-ventricle" syndrome, which develops due to insufficient inflation of BVS. Recent advances in functional genetics of zebrafish brought to light novel genetic elements involved in development of BVS and circulation of CSF. This review aims to reveal common elements of morphologically different BVS of zebrafish as a typical representative of teleosts and other vertebrates and illustrate useful features of the zebrafish model for studies of BVS. Along this line, recent analyses of the two novel zebrafish mutants affecting different subunits of the potassium voltage-gated channels allowed to emphasize an important functional convergence of the evolutionarily conserved elements of protein transport essential for BVS development, which were revealed by the zebrafish and mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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19
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García-Lecea M, Gasanov E, Jedrychowska J, Kondrychyn I, Teh C, You MS, Korzh V. Development of Circumventricular Organs in the Mirror of Zebrafish Enhancer-Trap Transgenics. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:114. [PMID: 29375325 PMCID: PMC5770639 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures lining the cavities of brain ventricular system. They are associated with the semitransparent regions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence it is thought that CVOs mediate biochemical signaling and cell exchange between the brain and systemic blood. Their classification is still controversial and development not fully understood largely due to an absence of tissue-specific molecular markers. In a search for molecular determinants of CVOs we studied the green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression pattern in several zebrafish enhancer trap transgenics including Gateways (ET33-E20) that has been instrumental in defining the development of choroid plexus. In Gateways the GFP is expressed in regions of the developing brain outside the choroid plexus, which remain to be characterized. The neuroanatomical and histological analysis suggested that some previously unassigned domains of GFP expression may correspond to at least six other CVOs–the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), subfornical organ (SFO), paraventricular organ (PVO), pineal (epiphysis), area postrema (AP) and median eminence (ME). Two other CVOs, parapineal and subcommissural organ (SCO) were detected in other enhancer-trap transgenics. Hence enhancer-trap transgenic lines could be instrumental for developmental studies of CVOs in zebrafish and understanding of the molecular mechanism of disease such a hydrocephalus in human. Their future analysis may shed light on general and specific molecular mechanisms that regulate development of CVOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Lecea
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evgeny Gasanov
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Jedrychowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Kondrychyn
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Cathleen Teh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - May-Su You
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Identification of novel cellular clusters define a specialized area in the cerebellar periventricular zone. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40768. [PMID: 28106069 PMCID: PMC5247769 DOI: 10.1038/srep40768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The periventricular zone of cerebellum is a germinative niche during the embryonic development, nevertheless its structural organization and functional implications in adult have not been widely studied. Here we disclose the presence of two novel clusters of cells in that area. The first one was named the subventricular cellular cluster (SVCC) and is composed of cells that express glial and neuronal markers. The second was named the ventromedial cord (VMC) and appears as a streak of biciliated cells with microvillosities facing the ventricle, that includes GFAP+ and nestin+ cells organized along the periventricular vasculature. The dorsal limit of the SVCC is associated with myelinated axons of neurons of unknown origin. This paper describes the characteristics and organization of these groups of cells. They can be observed from late embryonic development in the transgenic mouse line GFAP-GFP. The SVCC and VMC expand during early postnatal development but are restricted to the central area of the ventricle in adulthood. We did not find evidence of cell proliferation, cell migration or the presence of fenestrated blood vessels. These findings provide new insights into the knowledge of the cellular composition and structural organization of the periventricular zone of cerebellum.
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21
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Kusakabe TG. Identifying Vertebrate Brain Prototypes in Deuterostomes. DIVERSITY AND COMMONALITY IN ANIMALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Santos-Durán GN, Ferreiro-Galve S, Menuet A, Quintana-Urzainqui I, Mazan S, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Candal E. The Shark Alar Hypothalamus: Molecular Characterization of Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:113. [PMID: 27932958 PMCID: PMC5121248 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an important physiologic center of the vertebrate brain involved in the elaboration of individual and species survival responses. To better understand the ancestral organization of the alar hypothalamus we revisit previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScTbr1, ScNkx2.1 expression and Pax6 immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScNeurog2, ScLhx9, ScLhx5, and ScNkx2.8 expression, in addition to immunoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT) and doublecortin (DCX) in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a key species for this purpose since cartilaginous fishes are basal representatives of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Our study revealed a complex genoarchitecture for the chondrichthyan alar hypothalamus. We identified terminal (rostral) and peduncular (caudal) subdivisions in the prosomeric paraventricular and subparaventricular areas (TPa/PPa and TSPa/PSPa, respectively) evidenced by the expression pattern of developmental genes like ScLhx5 (TPa) and immunoreactivity against Pax6 (PSPa) and 5-HT (PPa and PSPa). Dorso-ventral subdivisions were only evidenced in the SPa (SPaD, SPaV; respectively) by means of Pax6 and ScNkx2.8 (respectively). Interestingly, ScNkx2.8 expression overlaps over the alar-basal boundary, as Nkx2.2 does in other vertebrates. Our results reveal evidences for the existence of different groups of tangentially migrated cells expressing ScOtp, Pax6, and ScDlx2. The genoarchitectonic comparative analysis suggests alternative interpretations of the rostral-most alar plate in prosomeric terms and reveals a conserved molecular background for the vertebrate alar hypothalamus likely acquired before/during the agnathan-gnathostome transition, on which Otp, Pax6, Lhx5, and Neurog2 are expressed in the Pa while Dlx and Nkx2.2/Nkx2.8 are expressed in the SPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Santos-Durán
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- CNRS, UMR 7355, University of Orleans Orleans, France
| | - Idoia Quintana-Urzainqui
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS UMR7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Observatoire Océanologique Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Herzine A, Laugeray A, Feat J, Menuet A, Quesniaux V, Richard O, Pichon J, Montécot-Dubourg C, Perche O, Mortaud S. Perinatal Exposure to Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Impairs Neurogenesis and Neuroblast Migration through Cytoskeleton Destabilization. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:191. [PMID: 27555806 PMCID: PMC4977287 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, a process of generating functional neurons from neural precursors, occurs throughout life in restricted brain regions such as the subventricular zone (SVZ). During this process, newly generated neurons migrate along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb to replace granule cells and periglomerular neurons. This neuronal migration is pivotal not only for neuronal plasticity but also for adapted olfactory based behaviors. Perturbation of this highly controlled system by exogenous chemicals has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We reported recently that perinatal exposure to low dose herbicide glufosinate ammonium (GLA), leads to long lasting behavioral defects reminiscent of Autism Spectrum Disorder-like phenotype in the offspring (Laugeray et al., 2014). Herein, we demonstrate that perinatal exposure to low dose GLA induces alterations in neuroblast proliferation within the SVZ and abnormal migration from the SVZ to the olfactory bulbs. These disturbances are not only concomitant to changes in cell morphology, proliferation and apoptosis, but are also associated with transcriptomic changes. Therefore, we demonstrate for the first time that perinatal exposure to low dose GLA alters SVZ neurogenesis. Jointly with our previous work, the present results provide new evidence on the link between molecular and cellular consequences of early life exposure to the herbicide GLA and the onset of ASD-like phenotype later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameziane Herzine
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Anthony Laugeray
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Justyne Feat
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Valérie Quesniaux
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Olivier Richard
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Jacques Pichon
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Céline Montécot-Dubourg
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
| | - Olivier Perche
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France; Genetics Department, Regional HospitalOrleans, France
| | - Stéphane Mortaud
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueOrleans, France; Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of OrleansOrleans, France
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24
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Marlier Q, Verteneuil S, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Mechanisms and Functional Significance of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:458. [PMID: 26696816 PMCID: PMC4672088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. After stroke, some limited spontaneous recovery occurs, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Multiple, parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. For years, clinical studies have tried to use exogenous cell therapy as a means of brain repair, with varying success. Since the rediscovery of adult neurogenesis and the identification of adult neural stem cells in the late nineties, one promising field of investigation is focused upon triggering and stimulating this self-repair system to replace the neurons lost following brain injury. For instance, it is has been demonstrated that the adult brain has the capacity to produce large numbers of new neurons in response to stroke. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of stroke-induced adult neurogenesis, from a cellular and molecular perspective, to its impact on brain repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marlier
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
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25
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Lin R, Iacovitti L. Classic and novel stem cell niches in brain homeostasis and repair. Brain Res 2015; 1628:327-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Sensitivity to the photoperiod and potential migratory features of neuroblasts in the adult sheep hypothalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3301-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cid P, Doldán MJ, De Miguel Villegas E. Morphogenesis of the saccus vasculosus of turbot Scophthalmus maximus: assessment of cell proliferation and distribution of parvalbumin and calretinin during ontogeny. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:17-27. [PMID: 25973992 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenesis of the saccus vasculosus (SV) of turbot Scophthalmus maximus is described using histological and immunohistochemical methods to assess the general morphology, as well as the distribution of proliferative cells and several calcium-binding proteins (CaBP). The results reveal that the SV begins to differentiate on hatching, when immature coronet cells are morphologically distinguishable. Further morphogenesis involves the formation of a tubular avascular SV, which remains until premetamorphic larval stages. Folding and vascularization of the SV occurs mostly during metamorphosis, when S. maximus settle down on the bottom. Proliferative cells were placed within the SV itself and in the neighbouring infundibular hypothalamus. Their putative relationship with the growth of the SV is discussed. The CaBPs analysed are expressed in coronet cells. Parvalbumin is expressed in these cells from the beginning of their differentiation, while calretinin expression arises in the tubular SV and becomes more widespread over time. These data emphasize the importance of calcium buffering in the function of coronet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cid
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Functional Biology, University of Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - M J Doldán
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Functional Biology, University of Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - E De Miguel Villegas
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Functional Biology, University of Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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Dulamea AO. The potential use of mesenchymal stem cells in stroke therapy--From bench to bedside. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:1-11. [PMID: 25818674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The rationale for the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in stroke is based on the capacity of MSCs to secrete a large variety of bioactive molecules such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines leading to reduction of inflammation, increased neurogenesis from the germinative niches of central nervous system, increased angiogenesis, effects on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and axons. This review presents the data derived from experimental studies and the evidence available from clinical trials about the use of MSCs in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- U.M.F. "Carol Davila", Fundeni Clinical Institute, Department of Neurology, 258 Sos. Fundeni, Sector 2, Bucharest, Romania.
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Lin R, Cai J, Nathan C, Wei X, Schleidt S, Rosenwasser R, Iacovitti L. Neurogenesis is enhanced by stroke in multiple new stem cell niches along the ventricular system at sites of high BBB permeability. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 74:229-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bill BR, Korzh V. Choroid plexus in developmental and evolutionary perspective. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:363. [PMID: 25452709 PMCID: PMC4231874 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid boundary is present at the level of epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. As one of the sources of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the choroid plexus (CP) plays an important role during brain development and function. Its formation has been studied largely in mammalian species. Lately, progress in other model animals, in particular the zebrafish, has brought a deeper understanding of CP formation, due in part to the ability to observe CP development in vivo. At the same time, advances in comparative genomics began providing information, which opens a possibility to understand further the molecular mechanisms involved in evolution of the CP and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid boundary formation. Hence this review focuses on analysis of the CP from developmental and evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Roy Bill
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Singapore, Singapore ; National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences Singapore, Singapore
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Anatomical, molecular and pathological consideration of the circumventricular organs. Neurochirurgie 2014; 61:90-100. [PMID: 24974365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are a diverse group of specialised structures characterized by peculiar vascular and position around the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. In humans, these organs are present during the fetal period and some become vestigial after birth. Some, such as the pineal gland (PG), subcommissural organ (SCO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), which are located around the third ventricle, might be the site of origin of periventricular tumours. In contrast to humans, CVOs are present in the adult rat and can be dissected by laser capture microdissection (LCM). METHODS In this study, we used LCM and microarrays to analyse the transcriptomes of three CVOs, the SCO, the subfornical organ (SFO) and the PG and the third ventricle ependyma of the adult rat, in order to better characterise these organs at the molecular level. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical study of Claudin-3 (CLDN3), a membrane protein involved in forming cellular tight junctions, was performed at the level of the SCO. RESULTS This study highlighted some potentially new or already described specific markers of these structures as Erbb2 and Col11a1 in ependyma, Epcam and CLDN3 in the SCO, Ren1 and Slc22a3 in the SFO and Tph, Anat and Asmt in the PG. Moreover, we found that CLDN3 expression was restricted to the apical pole of ependymocytes in the SCO.
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Ufnal M, Skrzypecki J. Blood borne hormones in a cross-talk between peripheral and brain mechanisms regulating blood pressure, the role of circumventricular organs. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:65-73. [PMID: 24485840 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that blood borne hormones modulate brain mechanisms regulating blood pressure. This appears to be mediated by the circumventricular organs which are located in the walls of the brain ventricular system and lack the blood-brain barrier. Recent evidence shows that neurons of the circumventricular organs express receptors for the majority of cardiovascular hormones. Intracerebroventricular infusions of hormones and their antagonists is one approach to evaluate the influence of blood borne hormones on the neural mechanisms regulating arterial blood pressure. Interestingly, there is no clear correlation between peripheral and central effects of cardiovascular hormones. For example, angiotensin II increases blood pressure acting peripherally and centrally, whereas peripherally acting pressor catecholamines decrease blood pressure when infused intracerebroventricularly. The physiological role of such dual hemodynamic responses has not yet been clarified. In the paper we review studies on hemodynamic effects of catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II, aldosterone, natriuretic peptides, endothelins, histamine and bradykinin in the context of their role in a cross-talk between peripheral and brain mechanisms involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Janusz Skrzypecki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
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Tosches MA, Arendt D. The bilaterian forebrain: an evolutionary chimaera. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:1080-9. [PMID: 24080363 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The insect, annelid and vertebrate forebrains harbour two major centres of output control, a sensory-neurosecretory centre releasing hormones and a primordial locomotor centre that controls the initiation of muscular body movements. In vertebrates, both reside in the hypothalamus. Here, we review recent comparative neurodevelopmental evidence indicating that these centres evolved from separate condensations of neurons on opposite body sides ('apical nervous system' versus 'blastoporal nervous system') and that their developmental specification involved distinct regulatory networks (apical six3 and rx versus mediolateral nk and pax gene-dependent patterning). In bilaterian ancestors, both systems approached each other and became closely intermingled, physically, functionally and developmentally. Our 'chimeric brain hypothesis' sheds new light on the vast success and rapid diversification of bilaterian animals in the Cambrian and revises our understanding of brain architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Tosches
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Horsburgh A, Massoud TF. The circumventricular organs of the brain: conspicuity on clinical 3T MRI and a review of functional anatomy. Surg Radiol Anat 2012; 35:343-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-012-1048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Moreno N, Domínguez L, Morona R, González A. Subdivisions of the turtle Pseudemys scripta hypothalamus based on the expression of regulatory genes and neuronal markers. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:453-78. [PMID: 21935937 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The patterns of distribution of a set of conserved brain developmental regulatory transcription factors and neuronal markers were analyzed in the hypothalamus of the juvenile turtle, Pseudemys scripta. Combined immunohistochemical techniques were used for the identification of the main boundaries and subdivisions in the optic, paraventricular, tuberal, and mammillary hypothalamic regions. The combination of Tbr1 and Pax6 with Nkx2.1 allowed identification of the boundary between the telencephalic preoptic area, rich in Nkx2.1 expression, and the prethalamic eminence, rich in Tbr1 expression. In addition, at this level Nkx2.2 expression defined the boundary between the telencephalon and the hypothalamus. The dorsalmost hypothalamic domain was the supraoptoparaventricular region that was defined by the expression of Otp/Pax6 and the lack of Nkx2.1/Isl1. It is subdivided into rostral, rich in Otp and Nkx2.2, and caudal, only Otp-positive, portions. Ventrally, the suprachiasmatic area was identified by its catecholaminergic groups and the lack of Otp, and could be further divided into a rostral portion, rich in Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.2, and a caudal portion, rich in Isl1 and devoid of Nkx2.1 expression. The expressions of Nkx2.1 and Isl1 defined the tuberal hypothalamus, whereas only the rostral portion expressed Otp. Its caudal boundary was evident by the lack of Isl1 in the adjacent mammillary area, which expressed Nkx2.1 and Otp. All these results provide an important set of data on the interpretation of the hypothalamic organization in a reptile, and hence make a useful contribution to the understanding of hypothalamic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Razy-Krajka F, Brown ER, Horie T, Callebert J, Sasakura Y, Joly JS, Kusakabe TG, Vernier P. Monoaminergic modulation of photoreception in ascidian: evidence for a proto-hypothalamo-retinal territory. BMC Biol 2012; 10:45. [PMID: 22642675 PMCID: PMC3414799 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retina of craniates/vertebrates has been proposed to derive from a photoreceptor prosencephalic territory in ancestral chordates, but the evolutionary origin of the different cell types making the retina is disputed. Except for photoreceptors, the existence of homologs of retinal cells remains uncertain outside vertebrates. Methods The expression of genes expressed in the sensory vesicle of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis including those encoding components of the monoaminergic neurotransmission systems, was analyzed by in situ hybridization or in vivo transfection of the corresponding regulatory elements driving fluorescent reporters. Modulation of photic responses by monoamines was studied by electrophysiology combined with pharmacological treatments. Results We show that many molecular characteristics of dopamine-synthesizing cells located in the vicinity of photoreceptors in the sensory vesicle of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis are similar to those of amacrine dopamine cells of the vertebrate retina. The ascidian dopamine cells share with vertebrate amacrine cells the expression of the key-transcription factor Ptf1a, as well as that of dopamine-synthesizing enzymes. Surprisingly, the ascidian dopamine cells accumulate serotonin via a functional serotonin transporter, as some amacrine cells also do. Moreover, dopamine cells located in the vicinity of the photoreceptors modulate the light-off induced swimming behavior of ascidian larvae by acting on alpha2-like receptors, instead of dopamine receptors, supporting a role in the modulation of the photic response. These cells are located in a territory of the ascidian sensory vesicle expressing genes found both in the retina and the hypothalamus of vertebrates (six3/6, Rx, meis, pax6, visual cycle proteins). Conclusion We propose that the dopamine cells of the ascidian larva derive from an ancestral multifunctional cell population located in the periventricular, photoreceptive field of the anterior neural tube of chordates, which also gives rise to both anterior hypothalamus and the retina in craniates/vertebrates. It also shows that the existence of multiple cell types associated with photic responses predates the formation of the vertebrate retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- Neurobiology and Development, UPR, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Szathmari A, Champier J, Ghersi-Egea JF, Jouvet A, Watrin C, Wierinckx A, Fèvre Montange M. Molecular characterization of circumventricular organs and third ventricle ependyma in the rat: potential markers for periventricular tumors. Neuropathology 2012; 33:17-29. [PMID: 22537279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2012.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are specialized ventricular structures around the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. In humans, these structures are present during the fetal period and some become vestigial after birth. Some of these organs, such as the pineal gland (PG), subcommissural organ (SCO), and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, might be the sites of origin of periventricular tumors, notably pineal parenchymal tumors, papillary tumor of the pineal region and chordoid glioma. In contrast to the situation in humans, CVOs are present in the adult rat and can be dissected by laser capture microdissection (LCM). In this study, we used LCM and microarrays to analyze the transcriptomes of three CVOs, the SCO, the subfornical organ (SFO), and the PG and the third ventricle ependyma in the adult rat, in order to better characterize these organs at the molecular level. Several genes were expressed only, or mainly, in one of these structures, for example, Erbb2 and Col11a1 in the ependyma, Epcam and Claudin-3 (CLDN3) in the SCO, Ren1 and Slc22a3 in the SFO and Tph, Aanat and Asmt in the PG. The expression of these genes in periventricular tumors should be examined as evidence for a possible origin from the CVOs. Furthermore, we performed an immunohistochemical study of CLDN3, a membrane protein involved in forming cellular tight junctions and found that CLDN3 expression was restricted to the apical pole of ependymocytes in the SCO. This microarray study provides new evidence regarding the possible origin of some rare periventricular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Szathmari
- Fac Med RTH Laennec, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Equipe Neurooncologie et Neuroinflammation, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Lillesaar C. The serotonergic system in fish. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 41:294-308. [PMID: 21635948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurons using serotonin (5-HT) as neurotransmitter and/or modulator have been identified in the central nervous system in representatives from all vertebrate clades, including jawless, cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the anatomical organization of the central serotonergic system in fishes. Furthermore, selected key functions of 5-HT will be described. The main focus will be the adult brain of teleosts, in particular zebrafish, which is increasingly used as a model organism. It is used to answer not only genetic and developmental biology questions, but also issues concerning physiology, behavior and the underlying neuronal networks. The many evolutionary conserved features of zebrafish combined with the ever increasing number of genetic tools and its practical advantages promise great possibilities to increase our understanding of the serotonergic system. Further, comparative studies including several vertebrate species will provide us with interesting insights into the evolution of this important neurotransmitter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lillesaar
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Group, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Development (NED), Institute of Neurobiology Albert Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Moreno N, González A. The non-evaginated secondary prosencephalon of vertebrates. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21427782 PMCID: PMC3049325 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary prosencephalon (telencephalon plus hypothalamus) is probably the most complex area of the brain, with complicated patterning specifications. As yet, no prosomeric subdivisions have been reported and only distinct histogenetic territories have been recognized. In the present comparative study we analyzed cross-correlated expression maps in the non-evaginated territories of the secondary prosencephalon in different vertebrates throughout development, to assess the existence of comparable divisions and subdivisions in the different groups. Each division is characterized by expression of a unique combination of developmental regulatory genes, and each appears to represent a self-regulated and topologically constant histogenetic brain compartment that gives rise to a specific cell group. The non-evaginated area of the telencephalon corresponds to the preoptic region, whereas the hypothalamus, topologically rostral to the diencephalic prethalamus, includes basal (mammillary and tuberal) and alar (paraventricular and suprachiasmatic) parts. This complex area is specified by a cascade of transcription factors, among which the Dlx family members and Nkx2.1 are essential for the correct development. The only exception is found in the subdivision named termed the supraoptoparaventricular area, in which the transcription factor Orthopedia is essential in restricting the fate of multiple categories of neuroendocrine neurons, in the absence of the Dlx/Nkx2.1 combination. Our analysis, based on own data and published results by other researchers, suggests that common features are shared at least by all tetrapods and, therefore, they most likely were present in the stem tetrapods. The available data for agnathans (lampreys) and other fish groups indicate that not all subdivisions of the secondary prosencephalon were present at the origin of vertebrates, raising important questions about their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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40
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Kano S. Genomics and Developmental Approaches to an Ascidian Adenohypophysis Primordium. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:35-52. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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41
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Veeman MT, Newman-Smith E, El-Nachef D, Smith WC. The ascidian mouth opening is derived from the anterior neuropore: reassessing the mouth/neural tube relationship in chordate evolution. Dev Biol 2010; 344:138-49. [PMID: 20438724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relative positions of the brain and mouth are of central importance for models of chordate evolution. The dorsal hollow neural tube and the mouth have often been thought of as developmentally distinct structures that may have followed independent evolutionary paths. In most chordates however, including vertebrates and ascidians, the mouth primordia have been shown to fate to the anterior neural boundary. In ascidians such as Ciona there is a particularly intimate relationship between brain and mouth development, with a thin canal connecting the neural tube lumen to the mouth primordium at larval stages. This so-called neurohypophyseal canal was previously thought to be a secondary connection that formed relatively late, after the independent formation of the mouth primordium and the neural tube. Here we show that the Ciona neurohypophyseal canal is present from the end of neurulation and represents the anteriormost neural tube, and that the future mouth opening is actually derived from the anterior neuropore. The mouth thus forms at the anterior midline transition between neural tube and surface ectoderm. In the vertebrate Xenopus, we find that although the mouth primordium is not topologically continuous with the neural tube lumen, it nonetheless forms at this same transition point. This close association between the mouth primordium and the anterior neural tube in both ascidians and amphibians suggests that the evolution of these two structures may be more closely linked than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Veeman
- Department of Molecular, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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42
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Alunni A, Hermel JM, Heuzé A, Bourrat F, Jamen F, Joly JS. Evidence for neural stem cells in the medaka optic tectum proliferation zones. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70:693-713. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Suárez J, Romero-Zerbo SY, Rivera P, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Pérez J, De Fonseca FR, Fernández-Llebrez P. Endocannabinoid system in the adult rat circumventricular areas: An immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:3065-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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44
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Del Bigio MR. Ependymal cells: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:55-73. [PMID: 20024659 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The literature was reviewed to summarize the current understanding of the role of ciliated ependymal cells in the mammalian brain. Previous reviews were summarized. Publications from the past 10 years highlight interactions between ependymal cells and the subventricular zone and the possible role of restricted ependymal populations in neurogenesis. Ependymal cells provide trophic support and possibly metabolic support for progenitor cells. Channel proteins such as aquaporins may be important for determining water fluxes at the ventricle wall. The junctional and anchoring proteins are now fairly well understood, as are proteins related to cilia function. Defects in ependymal adhesion and cilia function can cause hydrocephalus through several different mechanisms, one possibility being loss of patency of the cerebral aqueduct. Ependymal cells are susceptible to infection by a wide range of common viruses; while they may act as a line of first defense, they eventually succumb to repeated attacks in long-lived organisms. Ciliated ependymal cells are almost certainly important during brain development. However, the widespread absence of ependymal cells from the adult human lateral ventricles suggests that they may have only regionally restricted value in the mature brain of large size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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45
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Distribution and structural diversity of cilia in tadpole larvae of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Dev Biol 2010; 337:42-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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46
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Neurodevelopment genes in lampreys reveal trends for forebrain evolution in craniates. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5374. [PMID: 19399187 PMCID: PMC2671401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The forebrain is the brain region which has undergone the most dramatic changes through vertebrate evolution. Analyses conducted in lampreys are essential to gain insight into the broad ancestral characteristics of the forebrain at the dawn of vertebrates, and to understand the molecular basis for the diversifications that have taken place in cyclostomes and gnathostomes following their splitting. Here, we report the embryonic expression patterns of 43 lamprey genes, coding for transcription factors or signaling molecules known to be involved in cell proliferation, stemcellness, neurogenesis, patterning and regionalization in the developing forebrain. Systematic expression patterns comparisons with model organisms highlight conservations likely to reflect shared features present in the vertebrate ancestors. They also point to changes in signaling systems –pathways which control the growth and patterning of the neuroepithelium-, which may have been crucial in the evolution of forebrain anatomy at the origin of vertebrates.
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Dahlberg C, Auger H, Dupont S, Sasakura Y, Thorndyke M, Joly JS. Refining the Ciona intestinalis model of central nervous system regeneration. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4458. [PMID: 19212465 PMCID: PMC2639796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New, practical models of central nervous system regeneration are required and should provide molecular tools and resources. We focus here on the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, which has the capacity to regenerate nerves and a complete adult central nervous system, a capacity unusual in the chordate phylum. We investigated the timing and sequence of events during nervous system regeneration in this organism. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We developed techniques for reproducible ablations and for imaging live cellular events in tissue explants. Based on live observations of more than 100 regenerating animals, we subdivided the regeneration process into four stages. Regeneration was functional, as shown by the sequential recovery of reflexes that established new criteria for defining regeneration rates. We used transgenic animals and labeled nucleotide analogs to describe in detail the early cellular events at the tip of the regenerating nerves and the first appearance of the new adult ganglion anlage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The rate of regeneration was found to be negatively correlated with adult size. New neural structures were derived from the anterior and posterior nerve endings. A blastemal structure was implicated in the formation of new neural cells. This work demonstrates that Ciona intestinalis is as a useful system for studies on regeneration of the brain, brain-associated organs and nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Dahlberg
- Department of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Hélène Auger
- U1126/INRA 〈〈Morphogenèse du système nerveux des chordés〉〉 group, DEPSN, UPR2197, Institut Fessard, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mike Thorndyke
- Department of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Jean-Stéphane Joly
- U1126/INRA 〈〈Morphogenèse du système nerveux des chordés〉〉 group, DEPSN, UPR2197, Institut Fessard, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
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Del Giacco L, Pistocchi A, Cotelli F, Fortunato AE, Sordino P. A peek inside the neurosecretory brain throughOrthopedialenses. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2295-303. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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García-Lecea M, Kondrychyn I, Fong SH, Ye ZR, Korzh V. In vivo analysis of choroid plexus morphogenesis in zebrafish. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3090. [PMID: 18769618 PMCID: PMC2525818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The choroid plexus (ChP), a component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and as a result plays a role in (i) protecting and nurturing the brain as well as (ii) in coordinating neuronal migration during neurodevelopment. Until now ChP development was not analyzed in living vertebrates due to technical problems. Methodology/Principal Findings We have analyzed the formation of the fourth ventricle ChP of zebrafish in the GFP-tagged enhancer trap transgenic line SqET33-E20 (Gateways) by a combination of in vivo imaging, histology and mutant analysis. This process includes the formation of the tela choroidea (TC), the recruitment of cells from rhombic lips and, finally, the coalescence of TC resulting in formation of ChP. In Notch-deficient mib mutants the first phase of this process is affected with premature GFP expression, deficient cell recruitment into TC and abnormal patterning of ChP. In Hedgehog-deficient smu mutants the second phase of the ChP morphogenesis lacks cell recruitment and TC cells undergo apoptosis. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first to demonstrate the formation of ChP in vivo revealing a role of Notch and Hedgehog signalling pathways during different developmental phases of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Lecea
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MGL); (VK)
| | - Igor Kondrychyn
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven H. Fong
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhang-Rui Ye
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MGL); (VK)
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Osório J, Rétaux S. The lamprey in evolutionary studies. Dev Genes Evol 2008; 218:221-35. [PMID: 18274775 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-008-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lampreys are a key species to study the evolution of morphological characters at the dawn of Craniates and throughout the evolution of the craniate's phylum. Here, we review a number of research fields where studies on lampreys have recently brought significant and fundamental insights on the timing and mechanisms of evolution, on the amazing diversification of morphology and on the emergence of novelties among Craniates. We report recent example studies on neural crest, muscle and the acquisition of jaws, where important technical advancements in lamprey developmental biology have been made (morpholino injections, protein-soaked bead applications or even the first transgenesis trials). We describe progress in the understanding and knowledge about lamprey anatomy and physiology (skeleton, immune system and buccal secretion), ecology (life cycle, embryology), phylogeny (genome duplications, monophyly of cyclostomes), paleontology, embryonic development and the beginnings of lamprey genomics. Finally, in a special focus on the nervous system, we describe how changes in signaling, neurogenesis or neuronal migration patterns during brain development may be at the origin of some important differences observed between lamprey and gnathostome brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osório
- UPR 2197 Développement, Evolution, Plasticité du Système Nerveux, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, C.N.R.S., Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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