1
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Souza ACO, Martin-Vicente A, Nywening AV, Ge W, Lowes DJ, Peters BM, Fortwendel JR. Loss of Septation Initiation Network (SIN) kinases blocks tissue invasion and unlocks echinocandin cidal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009806. [PMID: 34370772 PMCID: PMC8376064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although considered effective treatment for many yeast fungi, the therapeutic efficacy of the echinocandin class of antifungals for invasive aspergillosis (IA) is limited. Recent studies suggest intense kinase- and phosphatase-mediated echinocandin adaptation in A. fumigatus. To identify A. fumigatus protein kinases required for survival under echinocandin stress, we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting to generate a protein kinase disruption mutant library in a wild type genetic background. Cell wall and echinocandin stress screening of the 118 disruption mutants comprising the library identified only five protein kinase disruption mutants displaying greater than 4-fold decreased echinocandin minimum effective concentrations (MEC) compared to the parental strain. Two of these mutated genes, the previously uncharacterized A. fumigatus sepL and sidB genes, were predicted to encode protein kinases functioning as core components of the Septation Initiation Network (SIN), a tripartite kinase cascade that is necessary for septation in fungi. As the A. fumigatus SIN is completely uncharacterized, we sought to explore these network components as effectors of echinocandin stress survival. Our data show that mutation of any single SIN kinase gene caused complete loss of hyphal septation and increased susceptibility to cell wall stress, as well as widespread hyphal damage and loss of viability in response to echinocandin stress. Strikingly, mutation of each SIN kinase gene also resulted in a profound loss of virulence characterized by lack of tissue invasive growth. Through the deletion of multiple novel regulators of hyphal septation, we show that the non-invasive growth phenotype is not SIN-kinase dependent, but likely due to hyphal septation deficiency. Finally, we also find that echinocandin therapy is highly effective at eliminating residual tissue burden in mice infected with an aseptate strain of A. fumigatus. Together, our findings suggest that inhibitors of septation could enhance echinocandin-mediated killing while simultaneously limiting the invasive potential of A. fumigatus hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Camila Oliveira Souza
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ashley V. Nywening
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Ge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David J. Lowes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jarrod R. Fortwendel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2
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Qiao Y, Pei Y, Luo M, Rajasekaran M, Hui KM, Chen J. Cytokinesis regulators as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1343-1354. [PMID: 33899543 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211008380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the final step of mitosis, is critical for maintaining the ploidy level of cells. Cytokinesis is a complex, highly regulated process and its failure can lead to genetic instability and apoptosis, contributing to the development of cancer. Human hepatocellular carcinoma is often accompanied by a high frequency of aneuploidy and the DNA ploidy pattern observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma results mostly from impairments in cytokinesis. Many key regulators of cytokinesis are abnormally expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma, and their expression levels are often correlated with patient prognosis. Moreover, preclinical studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of key cytokinesis regulators can suppress the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the signaling networks regulating cytokinesis, the key cytokinesis regulators involved in the initiation and development of human hepatocellular carcinoma, and their applications as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yunxin Pei
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Miao Luo
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
| | - Muthukumar Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Kam M Hui
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, The affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
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3
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Morano AA, Dvorin JD. The Ringleaders: Understanding the Apicomplexan Basal Complex Through Comparison to Established Contractile Ring Systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:656976. [PMID: 33954122 PMCID: PMC8089483 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.656976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin contractile ring is a key feature of eukaryotic cytokinesis, conserved across many eukaryotic kingdoms. Recent research into the cell biology of the divergent eukaryotic clade Apicomplexa has revealed a contractile ring structure required for asexual division in the medically relevant genera Toxoplasma and Plasmodium; however, the structure of the contractile ring, known as the basal complex in these parasites, remains poorly characterized and in the absence of a myosin II homolog, it is unclear how the force required of a cytokinetic contractile ring is generated. Here, we review the literature on the basal complex in Apicomplexans, summarizing what is known about its formation and function, and attempt to provide possible answers to this question and suggest new avenues of study by comparing the Apicomplexan basal complex to well-studied, established cytokinetic contractile rings and their mechanisms in organisms such as S. cerevisiae and D. melanogaster. We also compare the basal complex to structures formed during mitochondrial and plastid division and cytokinetic mechanisms of organisms beyond the Opisthokonts, considering Apicomplexan diversity and divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Morano
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Dvorin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Zhou X, Zheng L, Guan L, Ye J, Virag A, Harris SD, Lu L. The Scaffold Proteins Paxillin B and α-Actinin Regulate Septation in Aspergillus nidulans via Control of Actin Ring Contraction. Genetics 2020; 215:449-461. [PMID: 32317285 PMCID: PMC7268981 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, as the final step of cell division, plays an important role in fungal growth and proliferation. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, defective cytokinesis is able to induce abnormal multinuclear or nonnucleated cells and then result in reduced hyphal growth and abolished sporulation. Previous studies have reported that a conserved contractile actin ring (CAR) protein complex and the septation initiation network (SIN) signaling kinase cascade are required for cytokinesis and septation; however, little is known about the role(s) of scaffold proteins involved in these two important cellular processes. In this study, we show that a septum-localized scaffold protein paxillin B (PaxB) is essential for cytokinesis/septation in A. nidulans The septation defects observed in a paxB deletion strain resemble those caused by the absence of another identified scaffold protein, α-actinin (AcnA). Deletion of α-actinin (AcnA) leads to undetectable PaxB at the septation site, whereas deletion of paxB does not affect the localization of α-actinin at septa. However, deletion of either α-actinin (acnA) or paxB causes the actin ring to disappear at septation sites during cytokinesis. Notably, overexpression of α-actinin acnA partially rescues the septum defects of the paxB mutant but not vice versa, suggesting AcnA may play a dominant role over that of PaxB for cytokinesis and septation. In addition, PaxB and α-actinin affect the septal dynamic localization of MobA, a conserved component of the SIN pathway, suggesting they may affect the SIN protein complex function at septa. Protein pull-down assays combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identification indicate that α-actinin AcnA and PaxB likely do not directly interact, but presumably belong to an actin cytoskeleton protein network that is required for the assembly and contraction of the CAR. Taken together, findings in this study provide novel insights into the roles of conserved scaffold proteins during fungal septation in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | - Likun Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | - Luyu Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
| | | | - Steven D Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, China
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5
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Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals-Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030672. [PMID: 32164332 PMCID: PMC7140605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an actin cytoskeleton that comprises a set of protein components analogous to those found in the actin cytoskeletons of higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, the actin cytoskeletons of S. cerevisiae and of higher eukaryotes have some similar physiological roles. The genetic tractability of budding yeast and the availability of a stable haploid cell type facilitates the application of molecular genetic approaches to assign functions to the various actin cytoskeleton components. This has provided information that is in general complementary to that provided by studies of the equivalent proteins of higher eukaryotes and hence has enabled a more complete view of the role of these proteins. Several human functional homologues of yeast actin effectors are implicated in diseases. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of these proteins is critical to develop improved therapeutic strategies. In this article we chose as examples four evolutionarily conserved proteins that associate with the actin cytoskeleton: (1) yeast Hof1p/mammalian PSTPIP1, (2) yeast Rvs167p/mammalian BIN1, (3) yeast eEF1A/eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 and (4) yeast Yih1p/mammalian IMPACT. We compare the knowledge on the functions of these actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins that has arisen from studies of their homologues in yeast with information that has been obtained from in vivo studies using live animals or in vitro studies using cultured animal cell lines.
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6
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Matsuda K, Sugawa M, Yamagishi M, Kodera N, Yajima J. Visualizing dynamic actin cross‐linking processes driven by the actin‐binding protein anillin. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:1237-1247. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Matsuda
- Department of Life Sciences Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sugawa
- Department of Life Sciences Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
- Komaba Institute for Science The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamagishi
- Department of Life Sciences Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
- Komaba Institute for Science The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI‐NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Japan
| | - Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
- Komaba Institute for Science The University of Tokyo Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology The University of Tokyo Japan
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7
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Hercyk BS, Onwubiko UN, Das ME. Coordinating septum formation and the actomyosin ring during cytokinesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1645-1657. [PMID: 31533197 PMCID: PMC6904431 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, animal and fungal cells form a membrane furrow via actomyosin ring constriction. Our understanding of actomyosin ring-driven cytokinesis stems extensively from the fission yeast model system. However, unlike animal cells, actomyosin ring constriction occurs simultaneously with septum formation in fungi. While the formation of an actomyosin ring is essential for cytokinesis in fission yeast, proper furrow formation also requires septum deposition. The molecular mechanisms of spatiotemporal coordination of septum deposition with actomyosin ring constriction are poorly understood. Although the role of the actomyosin ring as a mechanical structure driving furrow formation is better understood, its role as a spatiotemporal landmark for septum deposition is not widely discussed. Here we review and discuss the recent advances describing how the actomyosin ring spatiotemporally regulates membrane traffic to promote septum-driven cytokinesis in fission yeast. Finally, we explore emerging questions in cytokinesis, and discuss the role of extracellular matrix during cytokinesis in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Hercyk
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Udo N Onwubiko
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Maitreyi E Das
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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8
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Onwubiko UN, Mlynarczyk PJ, Wei B, Habiyaremye J, Clack A, Abel SM, Das ME. A Cdc42 GEF, Gef1, through endocytosis organizes F-BAR Cdc15 along the actomyosin ring and promotes concentric furrowing. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs223776. [PMID: 30709916 PMCID: PMC6432710 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, fission yeast coordinates actomyosin ring constriction with septum ingression, resulting in concentric furrow formation by a poorly defined mechanism. We report that Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells lacking the Cdc42 activator Gef1, combined with an activated allele of the formin, Cdc12, display non-concentric furrowing. Non-concentrically furrowing cells display uneven distribution of the scaffold Cdc15 along the ring. This suggests that, after ring assembly, uniform Cdc15 distribution along the ring enables proper furrow formation. We find that, after assembly, Cdc15 is recruited to the ring in an Arp2/3 complex-dependent manner and is decreased in the activated cdc12 mutant. Cdc15 at cortical endocytic patches shows increased levels and extended lifetimes in gef1 and activated cdc12 mutants. We hypothesize endocytosis helps recruit Cdc15 to assembled rings; uneven Cdc15 distribution at the ring occurs when endocytic patches contain increased Cdc15 levels and the patch-association rate is slow. Based on this, we developed a mathematical model that captures experimentally observed Cdc15 distributions along the ring. We propose that, at the ring, Gef1 and endocytic events promote uniform Cdc15 organization to enable proper septum ingression and concentric furrow formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo N Onwubiko
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul J Mlynarczyk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Julius Habiyaremye
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Amanda Clack
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Steven M Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Maitreyi E Das
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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9
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Palani S, Srinivasan R, Zambon P, Kamnev A, Gayathri P, Balasubramanian MK. Steric hindrance in the upper 50 kDa domain of the motor Myo2p leads to cytokinesis defects in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.205625. [PMID: 29162650 PMCID: PMC5818058 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis in many eukaryotes requires a contractile actomyosin ring that is placed at the division site. In fission yeast, which is an attractive organism for the study of cytokinesis, actomyosin ring assembly and contraction requires the myosin II heavy chain Myo2p. Although myo2-E1, a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in the upper 50 kDa domain of Myo2p, has been studied extensively, the molecular basis of the cytokinesis defect is not understood. Here, we isolate myo2-E1-Sup2, an intragenic suppressor that contains the original mutation in myo2-E1 (G345R) and a second mutation in the upper 50 kDa domain (Y297C). Unlike myo2-E1-Sup1, a previously characterized myo2-E1 suppressor, myo2-E1-Sup2 reverses actomyosin ring contraction defects in vitro and in vivo Structural analysis of available myosin motor domain conformations suggests that a steric clash in myo2-E1, which is caused by the replacement of a glycine with a bulky arginine, is relieved in myo2-E1-Sup2 by mutation of a tyrosine to a smaller cysteine. Our work provides insight into the function of the upper 50 kDa domain of Myo2p, informs a molecular basis for the cytokinesis defect in myo2-E1, and may be relevant to the understanding of certain cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Palani
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ramanujam Srinivasan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Engineering and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Paola Zambon
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Pananghat Gayathri
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411 008, India
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Cheffings T, Burroughs N, Balasubramanian M. Actomyosin Ring Formation and Tension Generation in Eukaryotic Cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R719-R737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Lee IJ, Sun M, Lower CA, Runge KW, Ma J, Wu JQ. Roles of the novel coiled-coil protein Rng10 in septum formation during fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2528-41. [PMID: 27385337 PMCID: PMC4985255 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of Rho-GAP localization is not well understood. A novel coiled-coil protein Rng10 is characterized that localizes the Rho-GAP Rga7 in fission yeast. Rng10 and Rga7 physically interact and work together to regulate the accumulation and dynamics of glucan synthases for successful septum formation during cytokinesis. Rho GAPs are important regulators of Rho GTPases, which are involved in various steps of cytokinesis and other processes. However, regulation of Rho-GAP cellular localization and function is not fully understood. Here we report the characterization of a novel coiled-coil protein Rng10 and its relationship with the Rho-GAP Rga7 in fission yeast. Both rng10Δ and rga7Δ result in defective septum and cell lysis during cytokinesis. Rng10 and Rga7 colocalize on the plasma membrane at the cell tips during interphase and at the division site during cell division. Rng10 physically interacts with Rga7 in affinity purification and coimmunoprecipitation. Of interest, Rga7 localization is nearly abolished without Rng10. Moreover, Rng10 and Rga7 work together to regulate the accumulation and dynamics of glucan synthases for successful septum formation in cytokinesis. Our results show that cellular localization and function of the Rho-GAP Rga7 are regulated by a novel protein, Rng10, during cytokinesis in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - I-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mingzhai Sun
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Casey A Lower
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kurt W Runge
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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12
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Wei B, Hercyk BS, Mattson N, Mohammadi A, Rich J, DeBruyne E, Clark MM, Das M. Unique spatiotemporal activation pattern of Cdc42 by Gef1 and Scd1 promotes different events during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1235-45. [PMID: 26941334 PMCID: PMC4831878 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 regulates cell polarity and localizes to the cell division site. Cdc42 is activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). We report that Cdc42 promotes cytokinesis via a unique spatiotemporal activation pattern due to the distinct action of its GEFs, Gef1 and Scd1, in fission yeast. Before cytokinetic ring constriction, Cdc42 activation, is Gef1 dependent, and after ring constriction, it is Scd1 dependent. Gef1 localizes to the actomyosin ring immediately after ring assembly and promotes timely onset of ring constriction. Gef1 is required for proper actin organization during cytokinesis, distribution of type V myosin Myo52 to the division site, and timely recruitment of septum protein Bgs1. In contrast, Scd1 localizes to the broader region of ingressing membrane during cytokinetic furrowing. Scd1 promotes normal septum formation, andscd1Δcells display aberrant septa with reduced Bgs1 localization. Thus we define unique roles of the GEFs Gef1 and Scd1 in the regulation of distinct events during cytokinesis. Gef1 localizes first to the cytokinetic ring and promotes timely constriction, whereas Scd1 localizes later to the ingressing membrane and promotes septum formation. Our findings are consistent with reports that complexity in GTPase signaling patterns enables exquisite precision over the control of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Brian S Hercyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Nicholas Mattson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Ahmad Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Julie Rich
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Erica DeBruyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Mikayla M Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Maitreyi Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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13
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Davidson R, Liu Y, Gerien KS, Wu JQ. Real-Time Visualization and Quantification of Contractile Ring Proteins in Single Living Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1369:9-23. [PMID: 26519302 PMCID: PMC5312653 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3145-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell microscopy provides a powerful tool to visualize cellular and subcellular processes in wild-type and mutant cells by observing fluorescently tagged proteins. Here, we describe three simple methods to visualize fission yeast cells: gelatin slides, coverslip-bottom dishes, and tetrad fluorescence microscopy. These imaging methods and data analysis using free software make it possible to quantify protein localization, dynamics, and concentration with high spatial and temporal resolution. In fission yeast, the actomyosin contractile ring is essential for cytokinesis. We use the visualization and quantification of contractile ring proteins as an example to demonstrate how to use these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Davidson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 615 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 615 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kenneth S Gerien
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 615 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 615 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. *
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 333 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. *
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14
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Guzmán-Vendrell M, Rincon SA, Dingli F, Loew D, Paoletti A. Molecular control of the Wee1 regulatory pathway by the SAD kinase Cdr2. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2842-53. [PMID: 26071525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and division are tightly coordinated to maintain cell size constant during successive cell cycles. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the SAD kinase Cdr2 regulates the cell size at division and the positioning of the division plane. Cdr2 forms nodes on the medial cortex containing factors that constitute an inhibitory pathway for Wee1. This pathway is regulated by polar gradients of the DYRK kinase Pom1, and involves a direct inhibitor of Wee1, the SAD kinase Cdr1. Cdr2 also interacts with the anillin Mid1, which defines the division plane, and with additional components of the medial cortical nodes, including Blt1, which participate in the mitotic-promoting and cytokinetic functions of nodes. Here, we show that the interaction of Cdr2 with Wee1 and Mid1 requires the UBA domain of Cdr2, which is necessary for its kinase activity. In contrast, Cdr1 associates with the C-terminus of Cdr2, which is composed of basic and KA-1 lipid-binding domains. Mid1 also interacts with the C-terminus of Cdr2 and might bridge the N- and C-terminal domains, whereas Blt1 associates with the central spacer region. We propose that the association of Cdr2 effectors with different domains might constrain Cdr1 and Wee1 spatially to promote Wee1 inhibition upon Cdr2 kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Guzmán-Vendrell
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France CNRS UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Sergio A Rincon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France CNRS UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France CNRS UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
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15
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Goins LM, Mullins RD. A novel tropomyosin isoform functions at the mitotic spindle and Golgi in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2491-504. [PMID: 25971803 PMCID: PMC4571303 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells express multiple isoforms of the actin-binding protein tropomyosin that help construct a variety of cytoskeletal networks. Only one nonmuscle tropomyosin (Tm1A) has previously been described in Drosophila, but developmental defects caused by insertion of P-elements near tropomyosin genes imply the existence of additional, nonmuscle isoforms. Using biochemical and molecular genetic approaches, we identified three tropomyosins expressed in Drosophila S2 cells: Tm1A, Tm1J, and Tm2A. The Tm1A isoform localizes to the cell cortex, lamellar actin networks, and the cleavage furrow of dividing cells--always together with myosin-II. Isoforms Tm1J and Tm2A colocalize around the Golgi apparatus with the formin-family protein Diaphanous, and loss of either isoform perturbs cell cycle progression. During mitosis, Tm1J localizes to the mitotic spindle, where it promotes chromosome segregation. Using chimeras, we identified the determinants of tropomyosin localization near the C-terminus. This work 1) identifies and characterizes previously unknown nonmuscle tropomyosins in Drosophila, 2) reveals a function for tropomyosin in the mitotic spindle, and 3) uncovers sequence elements that specify isoform-specific localizations and functions of tropomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Goins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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16
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Beaufay F, Coppine J, Mayard A, Laloux G, De Bolle X, Hallez R. A NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase coordinates metabolism with cell division in Caulobacter crescentus. EMBO J 2015; 34:1786-800. [PMID: 25953831 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling cell cycle with nutrient availability is a crucial process for all living cells. But how bacteria control cell division according to metabolic supplies remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a molecular mechanism that coordinates central metabolism with cell division in the α-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. This mechanism involves the NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase GdhZ and the oxidoreductase-like KidO. While enzymatically active GdhZ directly interferes with FtsZ polymerization by stimulating its GTPase activity, KidO bound to NADH destabilizes lateral interactions between FtsZ protofilaments. Both GdhZ and KidO share the same regulatory network to concomitantly stimulate the rapid disassembly of the Z-ring, necessary for the subsequent release of progeny cells. Thus, this mechanism illustrates how proteins initially dedicated to metabolism coordinate cell cycle progression with nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Beaufay
- Bacterial Cell Cycle & Development (BCcD), URBM, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Coppine
- Bacterial Cell Cycle & Development (BCcD), URBM, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Mayard
- Bacterial Cell Cycle & Development (BCcD), URBM, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Laloux
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Bolle
- Bacterial Cell Cycle & Development (BCcD), URBM, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Régis Hallez
- Bacterial Cell Cycle & Development (BCcD), URBM, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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17
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Sun L, Guan R, Lee IJ, Liu Y, Chen M, Wang J, Wu JQ, Chen Z. Mechanistic insights into the anchorage of the contractile ring by anillin and Mid1. Dev Cell 2015; 33:413-26. [PMID: 25959226 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anillins and Mid1 are scaffold proteins that play key roles in anchorage of the contractile ring at the cell equator during cytokinesis in animals and fungi, respectively. Here, we report crystal structures and functional analysis of human anillin and S. pombe Mid1. The combined data show anillin contains a cryptic C2 domain and a Rho-binding domain. Together with the tethering PH domain, three membrane-associating elements synergistically bind to RhoA and phospholipids to anchor anillin at the cleavage furrow. Surprisingly, Mid1 also binds to the membrane through a cryptic C2 domain. Dimerization of Mid1 leads to high affinity and preference for PI(4,5)P2, which stably anchors Mid1 at the division plane, bypassing the requirement for Rho GTPase. These findings uncover the unexpected general machinery and the divergent regulatory logics for the anchorage of the contractile ring through the anillin/Mid1 family proteins from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruifang Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - I-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mengran Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhucheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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18
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Davidson R, Laporte D, Wu JQ. Regulation of Rho-GEF Rgf3 by the arrestin Art1 in fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:453-66. [PMID: 25473118 PMCID: PMC4310737 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The arrestin Art1 and the Rho1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rgf3 are interdependent for their localizations to the division site during fission yeast cytokinesis. Art1 physically interacts with Rgf3 to modulate active Rho1 GTPase levels for successful septal formation. Rho GTPases, activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), are essential regulators of polarized cell growth, cytokinesis, and many other cellular processes. However, the regulation of Rho-GEFs themselves is not well understood. Rgf3 is an essential GEF for Rho1 GTPase in fission yeast. We show that Rgf3 protein levels and localization are regulated by arrestin-related protein Art1. art1∆ cells lyse during cell separation with a thinner and defective septum. As does Rgf3, Art1 concentrates to the contractile ring starting at early anaphase and spreads to the septum during and after ring constriction. Art1 localization depends on its C-terminus, and Art1 is important for maintaining Rgf3 protein levels. Biochemical experiments reveal that the Rgf3 C-terminus binds to Art1. Using an Rgf3 conditional mutant and mislocalization experiments, we found that Art1 and Rgf3 are interdependent for localization to the division site. As expected, active Rho1 levels at the division site are reduced in art1∆ and rgf3 mutant cells. Taken together, these data reveal that the arrestin family protein Art1 regulates the protein levels and localization of the Rho-GEF Rgf3, which in turn modulates active Rho1 levels during fission yeast cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Davidson
- Graduate Program of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Damien Laporte
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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19
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Wang N, Wang M, Zhu YH, Grosel TW, Sun D, Kudryashov DS, Wu JQ. The Rho-GEF Gef3 interacts with the septin complex and activates the GTPase Rho4 during fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:238-55. [PMID: 25411334 PMCID: PMC4294672 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, activated by Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), are conserved molecular switches for signal transductions that regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell polarization and cytokinesis. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has six Rho GTPases (Cdc42 and Rho1-Rho5) and seven Rho GEFs (Scd1, Rgf1-Rgf3, and Gef1-Gef3). The GEFs for Rho2-Rho5 have not been unequivocally assigned. In particular, Gef3, the smallest Rho GEF, was barely studied. Here we show that Gef3 colocalizes with septins at the cell equator. Gef3 physically interacts with septins and anillin Mid2 and depends on them to localize. Gef3 coprecipitates with GDP-bound Rho4 in vitro and accelerates nucleotide exchange of Rho4, suggesting that Gef3 is a GEF for Rho4. Consistently, Gef3 and Rho4 are in the same genetic pathways to regulate septum formation and/or cell separation. In gef3∆ cells, the localizations of two potential Rho4 effectors--glucanases Eng1 and Agn1--are abnormal, and active Rho4 level is reduced, indicating that Gef3 is involved in Rho4 activation in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of active Rho4 or Eng1 rescues the septation defects of mutants containing gef3∆. Together our data support that Gef3 interacts with the septin complex and activates Rho4 GTPase as a Rho GEF for septation in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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20
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Rincon SA, Bhatia P, Bicho C, Guzman-Vendrell M, Fraisier V, Borek WE, Alves FDL, Dingli F, Loew D, Rappsilber J, Sawin KE, Martin SG, Paoletti A. Pom1 regulates the assembly of Cdr2-Mid1 cortical nodes for robust spatial control of cytokinesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:61-77. [PMID: 24982431 PMCID: PMC4085711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201311097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pom1 regulation of Cdr2 membrane association and interaction with Mid1 prevents Cdr2 assembly into stable nodes in the cell tip region, which ensures proper positioning of cytokinetic ring precursors and accurate division plane positioning in fission yeast. Proper division plane positioning is essential to achieve faithful DNA segregation and to control daughter cell size, positioning, or fate within tissues. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, division plane positioning is controlled positively by export of the division plane positioning factor Mid1/anillin from the nucleus and negatively by the Pom1/DYRK (dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase) gradients emanating from cell tips. Pom1 restricts to the cell middle cortical cytokinetic ring precursor nodes organized by the SAD-like kinase Cdr2 and Mid1/anillin through an unknown mechanism. In this study, we show that Pom1 modulates Cdr2 association with membranes by phosphorylation of a basic region cooperating with the lipid-binding KA-1 domain. Pom1 also inhibits Cdr2 interaction with Mid1, reducing its clustering ability, possibly by down-regulation of Cdr2 kinase activity. We propose that the dual regulation exerted by Pom1 on Cdr2 prevents Cdr2 assembly into stable nodes in the cell tip region where Pom1 concentration is high, which ensures proper positioning of cytokinetic ring precursors at the cell geometrical center and robust and accurate division plane positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rincon
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Payal Bhatia
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bicho
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Mercè Guzman-Vendrell
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Weronika E Borek
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Flavia de Lima Alves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Florent Dingli
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, FranceCentre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Kenneth E Sawin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Centre de Recherche and Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, F-75248 Paris, France
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21
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Wang N, Lo Presti L, Zhu YH, Kang M, Wu Z, Martin SG, Wu JQ. The novel proteins Rng8 and Rng9 regulate the myosin-V Myo51 during fission yeast cytokinesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:357-75. [PMID: 24798735 PMCID: PMC4018781 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201308146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The myosin-V family of molecular motors is known to be under sophisticated regulation, but our knowledge of the roles and regulation of myosin-Vs in cytokinesis is limited. Here, we report that the myosin-V Myo51 affects contractile ring assembly and stability during fission yeast cytokinesis, and is regulated by two novel coiled-coil proteins, Rng8 and Rng9. Both rng8Δ and rng9Δ cells display similar defects as myo51Δ in cytokinesis. Rng8 and Rng9 are required for Myo51's localizations to cytoplasmic puncta, actin cables, and the contractile ring. Myo51 puncta contain multiple Myo51 molecules and walk continuously on actin filaments in rng8(+) cells, whereas Myo51 forms speckles containing only one dimer and does not move efficiently on actin tracks in rng8Δ. Consistently, Myo51 transports artificial cargos efficiently in vivo, and this activity is regulated by Rng8. Purified Rng8 and Rng9 form stable higher-order complexes. Collectively, we propose that Rng8 and Rng9 form oligomers and cluster multiple Myo51 dimers to regulate Myo51 localization and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, and 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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22
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Coffman VC, Sees JA, Kovar DR, Wu JQ. The formins Cdc12 and For3 cooperate during contractile ring assembly in cytokinesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 203:101-14. [PMID: 24127216 PMCID: PMC3798249 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both de novo-assembled actin filaments at the division site and existing filaments recruited by directional cortical transport contribute to contractile ring formation during cytokinesis. However, it is unknown which source is more important. Here, we show that fission yeast formin For3 is responsible for node condensation into clumps in the absence of formin Cdc12. For3 localization at the division site depended on the F-BAR protein Cdc15, and for3 deletion was synthetic lethal with mutations that cause defects in contractile ring formation. For3 became essential in cells expressing N-terminal truncations of Cdc12, which were more active in actin assembly but depended on actin filaments for localization to the division site. In tetrad fluorescence microscopy, double mutants of for3 deletion and cdc12 truncations were severely defective in contractile ring assembly and constriction, although cortical transport of actin filaments was normal. Together, these data indicate that different formins cooperate in cytokinesis and that de novo actin assembly at the division site is predominant for contractile ring formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie C Coffman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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23
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Tseng KF, Foss M, Zhang D. Astral microtubules physically redistribute cortical actin filaments to the incipient contractile ring. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:983-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Karagiannis J. Ensuring the faithful execution of cytokinesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 5:265-71. [PMID: 22896789 PMCID: PMC3419111 DOI: 10.4161/cib.19860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells ensure error-free progress through the cell cycle by monitoring (1) the completion of cell cycle events, (2) damage to critical cellular components, or (3) structural changes such as the attachment of kinetochores to the mitotic spindle. In the presence of damage, or in the face of a reduced capacity to complete essential events, cells are capable of delaying the cell cycle so that damage can be repaired, or previous cell cycle phases can proceed to completion. Although such “checkpoints” have been extensively studied in many organisms—and much is understood with respect to the monitoring of DNA replication and DNA damage—little is known with regards to mechanisms that might monitor the completion of cytokinesis. In this review I summarize recent work from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, describing the existence of regulatory modules that aid in ensuring the faithful and reliable execution of cytokinesis. Together, these modules promote the maintenance of a “cytokinesis-competent” state characterized by delayed progression into mitosis and the continuous repair and/or re-establishment of the acto-myosin ring. In this way, fission yeast cells are able to increase the likelihood of successful cell division prior to committing to a subsequent cell cycle. The recent demonstration of conservation between S. pombe components of these modules, and human proteins with defined roles in preventing cell division failure, suggest that the lessons learned in S. pombe may be applicable to other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Karagiannis
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; London, ON Canada
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25
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Rincon SA, Paoletti A. Mid1/anillin and the spatial regulation of cytokinesis in fission yeast. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:764-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Laporte D, Ojkic N, Vavylonis D, Wu JQ. α-Actinin and fimbrin cooperate with myosin II to organize actomyosin bundles during contractile-ring assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3094-110. [PMID: 22740629 PMCID: PMC3418305 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the transient connections between nodes allow them to condense into the contractile ring. We find that α-actinin and fimbrin, two actin cross-linking proteins, are critical for node condensation as they stabilize transient linear actomyosin structures and thus modulate the morphology of the actomyosin network. The actomyosin contractile ring assembles through the condensation of a broad band of nodes that forms at the cell equator in fission yeast cytokinesis. The condensation process depends on actin filaments that interconnect nodes. By mutating or titrating actin cross-linkers α-actinin Ain1 and fimbrin Fim1 in live cells, we reveal that both proteins are involved in node condensation. Ain1 and Fim1 stabilize the actin cytoskeleton and modulate node movement, which prevents nodes and linear structures from aggregating into clumps and allows normal ring formation. Our computer simulations modeling actin filaments as semiflexible polymers reproduce the experimental observations and provide a model of how actin cross-linkers work with other proteins to regulate actin-filament orientations inside actin bundles and organize the actin network. As predicted by the simulations, doubling myosin II Myo2 level rescues the node condensation defects caused by Ain1 overexpression. Taken together, our work supports a cooperative process of ring self-organization driven by the interaction between actin filaments and myosin II, which is progressively stabilized by the cross-linking proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Laporte
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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Lee IJ, Wu JQ. Characterization of Mid1 domains for targeting and scaffolding in fission yeast cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2973-85. [PMID: 22427686 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Division-site selection and contractile-ring assembly are two crucial steps in cytokinesis. In fission yeast, the anillin-like Mid1 protein specifies the division site at the cell equator by assembling cortical nodes, the precursors of the contractile ring. Thus, Mid1 is essential for linking the positional cues for the cleavage site to contractile-ring formation. However, how Mid1 domains cooperate to regulate cytokinesis is poorly understood. Here we unravel the functions of different Mid1 domains (motifs) by a series of truncations. We report that the conserved PH domain stabilizes Mid1 in nodes by binding to lipids and is required for Mid1 cortical localization during interphase in the absence of Cdr2 kinase. Mid1 lacking an internal region that is approximately one third of the full-length protein has higher nuclear and cortical concentration and suppresses the division-site positioning defects in cells with a deletion of the dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase Pom1. The N-terminus of Mid1 physically interacts with cytokinesis node proteins. When fused to cortical node protein Cdr2, Mid1(1-100) is sufficient to assemble cytokinesis nodes and the contractile ring. Collectively, our study recognizes domains regulating Mid1 cortical localization and reveals domains sufficient for contractile-ring assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Taheri-Talesh N, Xiong Y, Oakley BR. The functions of myosin II and myosin V homologs in tip growth and septation in Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31218. [PMID: 22359575 PMCID: PMC3281053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the industrial and medical importance of members of the fungal genus Aspergillus, there is considerable interest in the functions of cytoskeletal components in growth and secretion in these organisms. We have analyzed the genome of Aspergillus nidulans and found that there are two previously unstudied myosin genes, a myosin II homolog, myoB (product = MyoB) and a myosin V homolog, myoE (product = MyoE). Deletions of either cause significant growth defects. MyoB localizes in strings that coalesce into contractile rings at forming septa. It is critical for septation and normal deposition of chitin but not for hyphal extension. MyoE localizes to the Spitzenkörper and to moving puncta in the cytoplasm. Time-lapse imaging of SynA, a v-SNARE, reveals that in myoE deletion strains vesicles no longer localize to the Spitzenkörper. Tip morphology is slightly abnormal and branching occurs more frequently than in controls. Tip extension is slower than in controls, but because hyphal diameter is greater, growth (increase in volume/time) is only slightly reduced. Concentration of vesicles into the Spitzenkörper before incorporation into the plasma membrane is, thus, not required for hyphal growth but facilitates faster tip extension and a more normal hyphal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeh Taheri-Talesh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yi Xiong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Berl R. Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ye Y, Lee IJ, Runge KW, Wu JQ. Roles of putative Rho-GEF Gef2 in division-site positioning and contractile-ring function in fission yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1181-95. [PMID: 22298427 PMCID: PMC3315812 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
How Rho-GEFs and Rho GTPases regulate division-site selection during cytokinesis in fission yeast is unknown. The Rho-GEF Gef2 interacts with the anillin Mid1 to regulate contractile-ring positioning and assembly in coordination with the polo kinase Plo1. In addition, Gef2 is involved in contractile-ring stability and disassembly. Cytokinesis is crucial for integrating genome inheritance and cell functions. In multicellular organisms, Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and Rho GTPases are key regulators of division-plane specification and contractile-ring formation during cytokinesis, but how they regulate early steps of cytokinesis in fission yeast remains largely unknown. Here we show that putative Rho-GEF Gef2 and Polo kinase Plo1 coordinate to control the medial cortical localization and function of anillin-related protein Mid1. The division-site positioning defects of gef2∆ plo1-ts18 double mutant can be partially rescued by increasing Mid1 levels. We find that Gef2 physically interacts with the Mid1 N-terminus and modulates Mid1 cortical binding. Gef2 localization to cortical nodes and the contractile ring depends on its last 145 residues, and the DBL-homology domain is important for its function in cytokinesis. Our data suggest the interaction between Rho-GEFs and anillins is an important step in the signaling pathways during cytokinesis. In addition, Gef2 also regulates contractile-ring function late in cytokinesis and may negatively regulate the septation initiation network. Collectively, we propose that Gef2 facilitates and stabilizes Mid1 binding to the medial cortex, where the localized Mid1 specifies the division site and induces contractile-ring assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Wu P, Zhao R, Ye Y, Wu JQ. Roles of the DYRK kinase Pom2 in cytokinesis, mitochondrial morphology, and sporulation in fission yeast. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28000. [PMID: 22174761 PMCID: PMC3236194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pom2 is predicted to be a dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase (DYRK) related to Pom1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. DYRKs share a kinase domain capable of catalyzing autophosphorylation on tyrosine and exogenous phosphorylation on serine/threonine residues. Here we show that Pom2 is functionally different from the well-characterized Pom1, although they share 55% identity in the kinase domain and the Pom2 kinase domain functionally complements that of Pom1. Pom2 localizes to mitochondria throughout the cell cycle and to the contractile ring during late stages of cytokinesis. Overexpression but not deletion of pom2 results in severe defects in cytokinesis, indicating that Pom2 might share an overlapping function with other proteins in regulating cytokinesis. Gain and loss of function analyses reveal that Pom2 is required for maintaining mitochondrial morphology independently of microtubules. Intriguingly, most meiotic pom2Δ cells form aberrant asci with meiotic and/or forespore membrane formation defects. Taken together, Pom2 is a novel DYRK kinase involved in regulating cytokinesis, mitochondrial morphology, meiosis, and sporulation in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
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